January 2017

Advanced periodontal surgeries are amelioration of conventional periodontal surgeries. Advanced periodontal surgeries emphasizes on different regenerative procedures to reconstruct lost hard and soft tissue. It employs combination of 2 or more different surgical procedure, modification in incision & suturing techniques, exploit different materials, and interdisciplinary approach for favorable treatment outcome. This case report illustrating 2 cases with one year follow-up period which had been treated by utilizing principles of advanced periodontal surgeries. First case describes interdisciplinary approach for management of adjacent defect namely: Sieberts class III ridge defect and periapical cyst. Second case is management of palatal perforation associated with large periradicular cyst.

Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for stroke. (Gorelick, 2002; Pedelty and Gorelick, 2004) It is estimated that 25% or more of strokes may be attributable to hypertension. Because many patients with stroke have mild hypertension or prehypertension, we have shifted our focus and now think of stroke on a continuum of risk based on blood pressure (BP) level rather than on a threshold effect. (Elliott, 2007) Because high BP may not exist in isolation, a wider definition of hypertension has been proposed that also takes into account the absolute risk of cardiovascular events and associated metabolic factors or early disease markers. (Elliott, 2007)

Background: Neuropathy in diabetes mellitus is a disorder that occurs in the peripheral nervous system. The incidence of diabetic neuropathy was found more prevalent in elderly (44%) compared to adult (24%). Amitriptyline and Gabapentin are widely used on treatment of neuropathic pain. There were variations in the results of the studies that have been done related to effectiveness between both drugs, causes the need further research, especially on geriatrics. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Amitriptyline versus Gabapentin for diabetic neuropathic pain in geriatric. Methods: A prospective cohort study involving 70 elderly were observed during 4 weeks. The outcome targets were neuropathy pain scale reduction (≥ 2 unit). Non-parametric Wilcoxon, Mann Whitney U, and Chi-Square test were used to analyze the outcome. Result: The whole subjects who got Amitriptyline or Gabapentin decreased pain scale ≥ 2 units compared to baseline. Comparison head to head at low doses, Amitriptyline showed reduce pain intensity greater than Gabapentin (p < 0.05), while on therapeutic doses show there was no difference in efficacy between two drugs (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Amitriptyline was found better in reducing diabetic neuropathic pain intensity compared to Gabapentin.

Wound healing process involves the activity of leukocytes and platelets. The growth factors present in platelets are important to guide the regenerating cells to the area of healing. After the introduction of regenerative potentiality of platelets in 1974, various platelet concentrates platelet rich plasma (PRP) and platelet rich fibrin (PRF) were used as regenerative medicine preparations. Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) is an autogenous biomaterial consisting of growth factors and cytokines entrapped in a fibrin matrix. It combines the fibrant sealant properties along with growth factors thereby providing an ideal environment for wound healing and regeneration of tissues. PRF is produced with a simple method, low cost and easily available, which has been applied in different fields of dentistry, particularly oral and maxillofacial, orthopaedic and plastic surgery. The following review attempts regarding the technique of using PRF, focusing on its preparation, advantages, and disadvantages of using it in clinical applications.

Sleep related breathing disorders specially obstructive sleep apnea is a multifactorial complex condition associated with high co-morbidity and mortality rates. Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with decreased oxygen saturation due to mechanical obstruction at different level of upper airway associated with anatomical deviation like maxillary or mandibular retrognathism, large tongue, elongated soft palate inferior hyoid position and severe malocclusion. It affects both children and adults equally and causes neuropsychological impairment, metabolic and cardiovascular co-morbidity, sexual dysfunction, compromised economic potentiality and quality of life. Epworth sleepiness scale data, polysomnogram along with cephalometric radiographs, 2D-3D scans for anatomical variations and clinical evaluation are reliable measures to detect Obstructive Sleep Apneas. Multi disciplinary approaches from non invasive to advanced surgical procedures provided by specialty like ENT, Chest medicine, Sleep specialist, Maxillofacial surgeon and Orthodontist can serve better treatment to OSA patient. Orthodontic specialty has the opportunity to detect anatomical deviation early and can provided growth modifications with different non-invasive better compliant oral appliances for mild to moderate OSA patients. Classical treatment ranges from behavioral modification and MAD’s like oral appliances for mild to moderate OSA situation. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the most effective measure for moderate to severe conditions .In severe situation different surgical approaches are followed with variable responses. This article reviews the current basic scientific knowledge about Obstructive Sleep Apnea including definition, prevalence, riskfactor, pathophysiology, diagnosis, complication and conventional & advanced treatment modalities with special emphasis on orthodontic mode of treatment.

Gene therapy is a field of biotechnology and has proved to acquire the forefront of medical research by genetic modification of cells for therapeutic purposes. Safe methods have been advocated to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors. Two main strategies include in vivo and ex vivo modification. Gene transfer protocols have been approved for human use in inherited diseases, cancers and acquired disorders. It has a promising era in the field of dentistry. Gene therapy has been used as a mode for regeneration, treatment of salivary gland diseases, head and neck cancers and pain management. It encompasses various future strategies to modify microorganisms and treat various diseases at the very root of initiation. This review will highlight human gene therapy as an effective addition to the arsenal of approaches to many dental therapies in the 21st century.

Purpose of this study was to analyze clinical and radiographic features of odontogenic infection with underlying pathology. Systematic approach leads to narrow the differential diagnosis on the basis of exclusion. This results in correct diagnosis, proper treatment and avoiding overtreatment unnecessarily. This case report highlighted an unusual case of odontogenic infection involving adjacent fascial spaces with underlying pathology which was mimicking cyst, tumor and odontome. Systematic approach helped us to achieve an accurate diagnosis, treatment and avoiding overtreatment.

But : Evaluer les connaissances des médecins généralistes sur le cancer du col, son dépistage, et de connaitre le degré de participation pratique du médecin généraliste dans le dépistage du cancer du col. Matériels et méthodes : Il s’agit d’une étude de CAP, sur une période de deux mois. Ont été inclus les médecins généralistes exerçant dans les secteurs publics et privés. Tous les médecins généralistes, en arrêt de travail pour cause de maladie, ou en congé administratif ont été exclus. Résultats : Sur 52 médecins généralistes ayant participé à l’étude, 84,6% ignoraient l’incidence du cancer du col. Il le reconnaissaient à 94,2%, comme un problème de santé publique et qu’il était curable en cas de détection précoce pour 82,7% des participants. Le rôle de l’Human Papilloma Virus, comme facteur de risque du cancer du col de l’utérus était ignoré par 34,6% des participants. L’action du nombre de partenaire sexuel dans la survenue de ce cancer n’a été reconnue que par 48,1 % des médecins. Le tabagisme comme facteur de risque a été ignoré par 82,7% des participants. Sur les techniques de dépistage, 88,5% des participants reconnaissaient le frottis cervico-vaginal ; les méthodes d’inspection visuelle (IVA - IVL) 34,6 et 36,5 % ; et la recherche du HPV n’était reconnues que par 46,2 % des participants. L’appréciation des connaissances des participants sur le dépistage du cancer du col : Pour l’âge de début 57,7% de bonnes réponses ; l’âge limite ignoré par 69,2 participants et la périodicité avec 90,4 % de mauvaises réponses. L’évaluation de l’indice de connaissance n’a fait noter que 7,7% de bonnes connaissances. L’indice de pratique 96, 2% de mauvaises pratiques. L’appréciation de l’indice d’attitude des participants sur le dépistage, a fait noter une bonne attitude chez 82,7% des participants. La relation de dépendance connaissance-attitude, faisait noter 5participants avec association insuffisantes connaissances et d’attitudes. Pour l’indicateur de pratique et d’attitude, 9 avaient l’association mauvaise pratique avec mauvaises attitudes. Conclusion : Les connaissances des médecins généralistes sur le dépistage du cancer du col, et leur degré de participation pratique dans le dépistage sont encore insuffisantes.

Subareolar breast abscess is rare in male which may clinicoradiologicaly mimic gynaecomastia and diabetes mellitus is an associated risk factor. It may sometimes present with episode of nipple discharge. Cytology is a quick mode of diagnosis for further management in such cases.

Peripheral Giant Cell granuloma is benign inflammatory hyperplasic & reactive exophytic lesion of gingiva & alveolar ridge. This lesion commonly occure as a result of local irritating factors like plaque & calculus, chronic irritation by old prosthesis, overhanging restoration, food impaction and foreign body particles. peripheral giant cell granuloma originates from PDL & gingiva & responsible for pathological migration & mobility of associated teeth. This article presents a case report of large peripheral giant cell granuloma of mandibular gingiva & its management. An excisional biopsy of lesion was performed & diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination. The large size of lesion leading to pathological migration of adjacent teeth and reverting back to the original position, and after the treatment along with one year follow-up are discussed here.

Background: HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV; there are the main five viruses can cause hepatitis. Types B and C can lead to chronic disease and the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to estimate the awareness towards viral hepatitis in KSA AND Specially towards medical students in Jazan University Methods: A Cross sectional descriptive study by total of 384 questionnaires distributed. Results: 354 students returned completed forms (response rate: 92.19% [354/384]). The majority were females (94.89% [167/176]), in general males showed better knowledge toward viral hepatitis while females showed better altitude, however the level of knowledge and altitude were very poor among the students Conclusion: Generally; In this study we conclude the knowledge of medical students were poor reverse they attitude. The male are knowledgeable than female, but in attitude the female have a good attitude than male. But not a big difference.

Introduction: The regular sport increases the hope and the quality of life, also allows the control of the weight. Questions remain on the effects of the sport on the clinico-biological parameters of the body. Our aim was to study the effect the impact of the regular sport on the body composition and the hepatic and muscular enzymatic profile by comparing foot ball players to sedentary subjects. Methodology: It was an experimental study concerning twenty seven (27) men. They are 14 foot ball players and 13sedentary subjects, between 18 and 30 years old. They had all sudden a measure of their constitution in fat and an analysis of transaminases, ALP, GGT, Total bilirubin, Fasting blood sugar, Creatine Kinase and lipids. Results: We had noticed that the BMI, the total fat mass as visceral fat was always higher at the sedentary subjects but the difference was not significant. The hepatic biological parameters are all higher at the foot ball players. However this differences was statistically significant only for AST (p=0,01) and ALT (p=0,04). So CK was also higer at the foot ball players. After a linear regression, we noticed that AST remains associated with ALT (p=0,005) and with CK (p=0,015).

The term Ama refers to raw, unripe, unprocessed or improperly digested condition of food substances probably due to the result of mandagni (hypo functioning of Agni). Ayurveda is basically more oriented toward the management of lifestyle disorders which are in prominence due to stress-related phenomena and some other reasons among certain age groups in the society. Agni is the root cause of cause of Ayu, Bala and Varna. Agni may disturbed by life style disorders. Mandagni is the root cause of all diseases and is a causative factor for the production of Ama. Ama is described by all Acharya but the greatest clinical detail for this entity Ama has been for the first time described by Acharya Vagbhatta. It is very necessary how we can diagnose Ama formed in body for the purpose of treatment of disease. Ama acts as an antigen and possesses the potency to induce immunological reaction in a susceptible individual and Ama can also be generated within the body (endogenous ama) by virtue of excessively vitiated doshas (autoimmune). This paper will discuss about the various clinical aspect of Ama (Apakwa food) and its impact over body.

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term efficacy of Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT) in patients with first diagnosed and advanced primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: This study is a retrospective chart review of patients with OHT, first diagnosed early POAG without any medication and uncontrolled POAG with maximum tolerated medical therapy who underwent SLT at the Sifa University, between July 2010 and July 2011.The aforementioned data were gathered from the, 3-month, 6-month, 12-month, 24-month, and 36-month postoperative visits. Both groups were compared regarding decrease in IOP, percentage of IOP decrease, and success rate after SLT treatment. The data were analyzed using independent t-test to compare IOP levels and the decrease of IOP between the both groups at different time points. A P-Value of P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The mean IOP in the 3 groups at baseline was similar and did not reach statistical significance. The therapy effect was stronger in the early POAG patients in the first year. The success rate at the last visit at 36th month was 44.4% in the group of first diagnosed POAG, and 23.5% in the group of uncontrolled POAG. Conclusion: The long-term therapeutic effect in patients with OHT and first diagnosed POAG is moderate. The efficacy is lesser in advanced patients. However, the main advantage of SLT is the protecting of the ocular surface from the toxicity of the preservants of anti-glaucoma drops.

Fluid therapy is an integral aspect of trauma resuscitation.With advances in resuscitation research, controversies abound regarding approaches to the fluid management.To determine therapeutic strategies, patients response to the initial fluid challenge is very important. In this case, we discuss the life saving massive fluid resuscitation in hemorrhaging patient who had been operated three times and stayed in the ICU for days because of a knife injury resulting from a stab wound in the chest, abdomen and right shoulder.

Background: Conventional NERS (New Risk Stratification) Score (Fajadet and Chieffo, 2012) are proven to be superior to SYNTAX score in predicting MACE, but involved complex calculation. This is duly addressed by a simplified version, by the NERS Score II. (Kalbfleisch and Hort, 1977) We performed a prospective pilot study to assess efficacy of NERS II to predict clinical outcome in form of MACE and also symptom relief / quality of life, in patients with UPLMCAD (Unprotected left main coronary artery disease) undergoing either PCI or CABG. Methods: Forty-one patients with UPLMCAD undergoing coronary revascularisation (20 PCI + 21 CABG) were included in the study between 1st January, 2013 to 31st Dec 2014 in Amrita institute of Medical sciences and followed up after 1 year of procedure. All the individuals were assessed for MACE, functional class, echo, SAQ score, TMT positivity, and Duke score. All these variables were correlated with pre-procedure NERS II. Results: 9 out of 41 patients had MACE (deaths 5, ACS 3, TVR 1). ROC curves for NERS II showed cut-off value as 16.55 to stratify patients as low and high risk, with a sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 81.2%. Although the incidence of MACCE did not vary significantly between 2 NERS II groups. Other parameters of clinical profile like TMT positivity, functional class, Duke and SAQ score were found to have significant between-group difference. Odds-ratio for TMT were positive (OR = 21, 95% CI 1.9412 to 27.21), odds-ratio for functional class (OR = 7.7, 95% CI 1.39 to 42.63), odds-ratio for duke score (OR = 15, 95% CI 2.02 to 11.07). Conclusion: NERS II score is an effective tool to predict clinical outcome in the form of symptom relief in UPLMCAD patients undergoing revascularization. However with respect to MACE event, there was a definite poorer outcome with high NERS II score. No statistical significance was seen between the group differences. This was probably due to lesser number of MACE events. Also a single cut-off score of 16.55 can be used to risk stratify UPLMCAD patients as LOW RISK NERS II (< 16.55), and HIGH RISK NERS II ( >/= 16.55) with statistically significant different outcomes (Sensitivity 87.5%, specificity 81.8%).

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease today’s societies encounter. Diabetes symptomatology implies a definitive hormonal background involving insulin production, or its tissue uptake (types 1 and 2 diabetes, respectively); however its exact etiology is still unknown. Diabetes is a disease of complications, e.g., angiopathy, neuropathy; particularly diabetic foot disorders (DFDs) which can be devastating. Amputation, especially following ulceration is a catastrophic endpoint of DFDs. Saudi Arabia suffers a terrifying DM situation (>20% adults), aggravated by high obesity rates and modernized way of living. Above 25% Saudi diabetics develop DFDs, >25% of whom end up with amputation. “Cost of illness” (COI) can be used to estimate the economic burden of DFDs. This work focuses on COI in DFDs in Saudi; identifying risks affecting this cost. Methodology: Records of adult diabetics with DFDs enrolled with a major insurance agency in Jeddah, KSA were reviewed. Studied data included demographics, intervention options, and reimbursement as a COI measurement during fiscal year (FY) 2015. A quota sample of 60 diabetics was recruited; their risk factors for developed DFDs and COI analyzed. Results: The median age of participants was 58y (IQR 3y). Male: female 2.53:1; and Saudi: non-Saudi 4:1. Most subjects (43.3%) needed debridement, 35% minor amputation, 15% major amputation, and 6.7% conservative treatment for their DFDs episodes. Age≥55 significantly required more intensive intervention compared to younger age (minor amputation 35% vs. 0%, major amputation 15% vs. 0%, respectively; Fisher’s exact 8.567, p=0.011). Age significantly impacted COI [r(df=58) =0.333, p=0.009]. Saudis significantly experienced amputation more frequently than non-Saudis (33.3% vs. 1.7% major amputation, 15.0% vs. 0.0% minor amputation, respectively; Fisher’s exact 11.98, p=0.004). They also bear higher COI [t(df 55.6= 4.7, p<0.0001). Mean COI significantly varied by intervention option [F (df 3, 56) =101.3, p<0.0001]. Age could predict change in COI (Exp B = 1.84, 95% 1.2 - 2.74. Although COI varied by type of intervention, the latter could not predict such change in COI. Conclusion: Age is risk for a worsened DFDs prognosis and higher costs. Saudis are at risk of more costly DFs. The change in COI could be predicted by studied risks. Findings from this work can be used in developing an integrated DFDs database, planning to alleviate DFDs burden and improve the health related quality of life Saudi diabetic patients.

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent worldwide, and is also noted to be high in India. Low levels of 25(OH) D, the principle circulating storage form of vitamin D, is present in as many as one third to one half of otherwise healthy middle aged to elderly population. Vitamin D, known primarily as a factor of bone metabolism, can affect the transcription of a number of genes, which play a vital role in the development of ACS and pathogenesis of CAD. The vitamin D axis affects vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, inflammation, vascular calcification, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and blood pressure, all of which affect risk of CVD and myocardial infarction (MI). Endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in pathogenesis of CAD and vitamin D deficiency is postulated to promote endothelial dysfunction Because hypovitaminosis D is prevalent and easily correctable, establishing the relationship between vitamin D and risk of MI is important. Objectives: 1. To assess the levels of Vitamin D in patients with acute coronary syndromes. 2. To elucidate a possible correlation between the levels of Vitamin D in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Methods: A prospective study of 50 patients admitted in Basaveshwar Hospital, Kalaburagi with acute coronary syndromes were studied between December 2013 and May 2015. The Vitamin D levels were analyzed in all the patients and correlated with different parameters for statistical significance. Results: The mean age of the study group was 57.96±9.6 years. Of the 50 patients, 28 were males with a male: female ratio of 1.2:1. Our study group had 17 patients who had a smoking history and 15 who consumed alcohol. AWMI was the most common presentation that was observed in 20/50 patients and NSTEMI was seen least in 9/50 patients. Vitamin D deficiency was seen in 78% of patients with acute coronary syndrome. 26 patients had Vitamin D deficiency levels (<20 ng/ml) while 13 patients had insufficiency (vitamin D levels 21-30 ng/ml). 57.7% of females had Vitamin D deficiency. This was significant when compared to the male population. Vitamin D deficient patients had a higher incidence of diabetes (57.69%) and hypertension (69.23%). Contrary to many studies, we could not elicit any significant association between total cholesterol levels or triglyceride levels. One patient in our study expired within 24 hours. He had an AWMI who presented in cardiogenic shock. His Vitamin D level was 20.2 ng/ml. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency (78%) among ACS patients. Vitamin D deficiency, along with increasing the prevalence of traditional risk factors for ACS, might also be an independent risk factor for ACS.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be one of the world’s most important infectious causes of morbidity and mortility. The backbone of TB diagnosis worldwide continues to be smear microscopy. For microscopic detection of acid fast bacilli (AFB), fluorescence microscopy (FM) using Auramine staining has been shown to have 10% higher sensitivity compared to routine light microscopy used with Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining, without compromising specificity. Objectives: This study is carried out to diagnosis of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis by Fluorescence microscopy and comparing the smear sensitivity and specificity of conventional Light microscopy with ZN (Gabbet’s method) and FM with LED microscopes. Materials and Methods: About 100 samples were included in the study. These samples belonged to suspected cases of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis. Samples were stained both by Gabbet’s and Fluorescent staining as per standard protocol. Results: Out of total 100 samples included in the study, 71 were sputum samples and 29 were of other body fluids. Of all, 18 were found to be positive by both FM and ZN staining.25% (4/18)of the samples belong to female patients and 75%(14/18)were from male patients with an incidence rate of who tested positive. Conclusion: Use of FM helped in rapid detection of tubercle bacilli from various body fluids when the organisms were scanty.

Background: Previous studies demonstrate that the incidence of HIV infection has increased among men who have sex with men. And yet, quantitative surveys fail to demonstrate a corresponding change in their behavior. Aims: To conduct a mixed methods study about condom use among HIV positive individuals, comparing reports provided through a quantitative survey and a qualitative interview. Methods: We collected quantitative data from 178 HIV positive participants, 81 of them also undergoing a qualitative interview. Results: A total of 73 (41%) individuals in our overall sample reported to always use condoms during sex in the quantitative survey (n = 178), while in our qualitative interview sub-sample only 14 (17.3%) individuals did not report behaviors that contradicted the constant use of condoms (n = 81), the decrease in percentage being attributed to contradictions. A large percentage of these individuals providing contradictory statements reported making use of illicit drugs during sex. We also found a number of qualitative emerging concepts indicating that contradictory statements were made in the context of fictitious scenarios where condoms were not used, situations where trust was questioned, simply not being willing to use condoms without any apparent rationale, darkrooms, and situations where patients willingly engaged in extreme sexual behaviors. Conclusions: Given the discrepancy between what individuals report in quantitative surveys and what they subsequently report during qualitative interviews, clinical and policy guidelines should be cautious in interpreting surveys without a parallel, qualitative component.

The study is focused to establish correlation between Serum Ferritin, Serum Cholesterol and Biliary Cholesterol. The study was performed on a group of 118 patients who were admitted in department of surgery for cholecystectomy (laparoscopic / open) in multi-speciality hospital at Lucknow. Based on the serum iron content, the patients with cholelithiasis were divided into two groups. Group A patients were with normal serum iron and Group B iron deficient patients. Serum and Biliary cholesterol contents of both groups will be analysed and comparison were done with each other. The mean bile cholesterol level in Group I and in Group II will be measured. The difference in values in both the groups were analysed statistically for p value. The result was analysed and formulated. There was no significant variation (P =0.367) in the serum cholesterol of the two groups in previous studies. Similar results of p value in the serum cholesterol of the two groups in present study were obtained i.e. (p=0.394), whereas gall bladder bile cholesterol was significantly increased (P < 0.0001) in the serum iron deficient (Group II) than in the normal serum iron (Group I), thus suggesting that iron deficiency may be contributing to the super saturation of gall bladder bile with respect to cholesterol independent of serum cholesterol levels

Introduction: Worldwide glaucoma is the second leading cause of preventable blindness after cataract. In developed countries less than 50% of affected people are aware about their disease, awareness is further lower in developing world. Incidence in India is steadily rising and by year 2020 it is projected to be second largest home for glaucoma cases. Glaucoma is irreversible and remains asymptomatic until it is in a very advanced stage. Early diagnosis and treatment remains an important cornerstone in management of this deadly disease. Published data indicates that late presentation to doctor is an important risk factor for subsequent blindness and is associated with poor awareness about the condition. Patient's knowledge / lack of knowledge concerning eye care may play a significant role in seeking timely eye care treatment. For this, efficient information, education and communication material (IEC) and population screening strategy needs to be designed to increase the community’s knowledge about glaucoma. Aims and objective: To evaluate the awareness and knowledge about glaucoma in patients attending Ophthalmic outpatient department (OPD) at a tertiary center in Central India. Material and methods: The study was conducted over a period of six months from January to June 2014 at Ophthalmology OPD. A pre-prepared questionnaire was given to all participants between ages of 40-70 years, which included participant’s socio-demographic profile, awareness, knowledge about glaucoma and the usefulness of awareness raising strategies. The source of awareness about glaucoma was also questioned. Results: Total number of participants was 500, out of which 337 (67.4%) were aware and 163 (32.6%) unaware about glaucoma. Among aware participants 148 (44%) were having knowledge of glaucoma and 189 (56%) were not having knowledge of glaucoma. Only 23% of aware participants were screened for glaucoma. 77% participants know that glaucoma is irreversible while only 36% know that it is blinding condition. Mass media was found to be most effective awareness raising strategy. Conclusion: Public awareness of this almost silent disease plays a pivotal role in bringing the high-risk patient to the ophthalmologists, and hence, preventing the dreadful results. However, only spreading the awareness about glaucoma is not sufficient to prevent blindness but people need to be informed and educated about the disease. An aware and knowledgeable person is in a good position to inform others about need for glaucoma screening program to utilize screening services provided by eye care personnel. This could diminish the morbidity and economic burden of the disease.

Introduction: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are more likely to developed reduced kidney function over time. Presence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) appears to play a role. Also renal dysfunction in RA found to be associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease independently of traditional CV risk factors. On the other hand, presence of RA in individuals with reduced kidney function may lead to an increase in morbidity from CVD development. Objective of this article is to identify the determinants of kidney function; through measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in RA population. Method: eighty RA participants, without CVD, cerebrovascular, diabetes or renal diseases were recruited. Univariate and multivariate linear regression were used to identify the determinants of GFR. Results: The mean age of the participants was 46 ±13 years, (71 female and 9 male). The mean GFR was 136 ± 50 ml/min/1.73m2. The factors that found to determine the GFR level in a negative linear trend were age of the participants (p< 0.001, CI: -0.021, -0.011), age at RA symptoms onset (p<0.001, CI: -0.016, -0.006), age at RA diagnosis (P<0.001, CI: -0.018, -0.008), systolic blood pressure; SBP (p=0.001, CI: -0.012, -0.0030), diastolic blood pressure; DBP (p=0.041, CI: -0.015, -0.000), body weight (p=0.008, CI: -0.010, -0.002), body mass index; BMI (p=0.033, CI: -0.033, -0.001), uric acid level (p<0.001, CI:-0.003, -0.001), erythrocytes sedimentation rate; ESR (p=0.033, CI -0.006, -0.000), c-reactive protein; CRP (p=0.034, CI: -0.006, -0.000), ferritin (p=0.007, CI: -0.003, -0.001), triglyceride; TG (p=0.008, CI -0.271, -0.042), urine microalbumin level (p=0.041, CI: -0.002, -0.000), and microalbumin creatinin ratio (p=0.008, -0.015, -0.002). Multiple model that included all the variables with a significant association with GFR in the univariate analysis showed that the GFR is determined by age, uric acid level, urine microalbumin, BMI, SBP, CRP and triglyceride level (R2=94). Conclusion: Renal function in RA is shaped by both traditional and non-traditional CVD risk factors. Therefore, traditional and non-traditional risk factor measurements may provide a means for optimizing care of RA patients and reducing mortality related to CV and renal diseases.

In this study generate gall bladder stone in Swiss albino mice (Musmusculus) by given lithogenic diet, then used trial drug (Rohitakadhya extract & Phaltrikadi kwath) to evaluate its effect on gall bladder stone & gall bladder mucosa. Swiss albino mice (Musmusculus) were obtained from central, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi and kept in animal house of Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, IMS, BHU. The experimental Protocol used in this study regarding the use of animals was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (Approval number; CAEC/1145-27/04/2015) and the care of animals was taken as per the CPCSEA guidelines. This experimental study has been divided in four groups & each group having six mice. All mice are operated & gall bladder excised, morphological findings are noted than specimen kept over glass slide to view by microscope. After that the specimen was lay opened & than seen under microscope & findings are noted. Finally histological slides are prepared for histological study. It was found that trial drugs are very effective on gall bladder stone & mucosa. Findings shows- no any sludge’s & stone seen over mucosa of gall bladder. Histological findings have been observed that inflammatory changes are very less in number, mucosa becomes intact, edema& congestion are not seen.

Post extraction immediate implant placement in multirooted molar area is a challenging task in view of anatomical limitations of the socket and in achieving primary stability after ideal placement of the implant along the interradicular septa. The aim of this article is to present a technique of tooth guided implant site preparation for immediate implant placement in multirooted molar areas. Coronal portion of the concerned tooth was reduced to the level of marginal gingiva, osteotomies were performed using centre of the remaining tooth root complex as the reference point and the implant bed is prepared engaging the interradicular septa. The remaining tooth root complex after complete implant site preparation is atraumatically removed and the fixture is placed directly in the prepared implant site thus allowing the precise placement with proper angulation. This technique helps the surgeon in ideal implant positioning in immediate implant placement cases as it prevents slipping of the drills in mesial or distal root sockets during initial osteotomies and allows stabilized and guided implant placement.

AIM: 1. To study the adherence of physicians and other paramedical staff to hand hygiene while attending the patients. 2. To study different modalities used by them for maintaining hand hygiene. 3. To study the beliefs and perceptions of physicians about hand hygiene. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study on 80 participants-40 doctors and 40 nurses, selected by simple random sampling, total 960 observations of hand washing opportunities according to the CDC guidelines,12 on each participant in 4 departments medicine, surgery, casualty and C.C.U. Observations were made without their knowledge and then a questionnaire was filled by them. Statistical analysis: Wilcox on rank-sum test and Kruskal-wallis rank tests were used for the analysis of the data. Results: Overall adherence was 13.75 %.there was significant difference in adherence of surgery and other 3 departments, maximum in surgery (27.92%) but they didn’t differ much with respect to each other. Also acc. to questionnaire adherence was more if a bed side hand rub solution was present (15% against 5%). No significant difference w.r.t. age, sex, duration of work, pocket hand rub was found. Modalities used were- soap water>sterilium>both. Conclusion: Overall adherence is low; although more in surgery than other departments, it is still low. Increasing the availability of a bedside hand rub solution can increase adherence.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a condition in which a birth defect occurs on the diaphragm. This is a very serious, life threatening state which requires many measurements to be taken for its prevention, treatment, therapy and long term observation. This article presents our experiences with a patient born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia followed intrauterine, after his birth and until his 12 months of age. The baby (patient) born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia was diagnosed intrauterine in the 32 week of pregnancy with ultrasonographic examinations. The diagnosis was confirmed by magnetic resonance. After the established diagnosis, the mother and the baby were treated properly in terms of using the world established protocol for treatment of CDH babies and followed for a monitoring period. Babies born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia have a difficult beginning in life followed by many diagnostic and therapeutical treatments. A major surgery for closure of the birth defect is of great importance for the life saving of these babies. Sometimes additional treatments and paediatric care are necessary like other multiple surgeries, depending on the problem indicated.

Dentinogenesis imperfecta is one of the most common hereditary disorders of dentin formation. It follows an autosomal pattern of transmission, affecting both the formation and mineralization of dentin. Either or both primary and permanent dentition is affected by it. This paper describes a case of Dentinogenesis imperfecta which reported for orthodontic treatment.

Loss of the facial structures affects the physical, psychological and social well being of an individual. The maxillofacial prosthesis not only restores the oral or associated facial structures but also improves the patient aesthetic, form and function. Loss of an eye may be due to congenital defect, neoplastic lesions or trauma. Different treatment modalities are available for ocular defects. This article not only describes a simplified prosthetic management of an ocular defect but also include an technique to mimick the shade and color of the prosthesis similar to that of the natural eye.

Cervical cancer is cancer of the cervix, the opening to the uterus. It is caused by HPV (Human papilliomavirus) infection. HPV is sexually transmitted; it’s also extremely common. Most women get HPV at some point in their lives, but most clear the infection in a couple of years without any problems. If the cancer is caught at an early stage, it is monitored throughout the pregnancy and treating it after the birth of the baby. However, if the cancer is more advanced, it will need to be removed and that involves removing tissue from the cervix, which holds uterus shut during pregnancy. Sometimes, it becomes necessary treat cervical cancer during pregnancy by shaving off cells on the cervix. That can usually be done while maintaining the pregnancy.

Background& Objectives: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is majorly responsible for a variety of infections in healthcare setting and in general community. These infections range from mild skin boils or pimples to severe life threatening infection of deep tissues, lungs etc. MRSA is of concern not only because of its resistance to methicillin but also because it is generally resistant to many other chemotherapeutic agents like cephalosporin, macrolides and aminoglycosides. MRSA must be detected and treated aggressively to prevent secondary infections. This study will help to determine the simple, most specific and sensitive method for the detection of MRSA, which could be carried out in routine microbiology laboratory. Methods: Strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different clinical specimens were included in the study, which were screened for methicillin resistance. Screening with oxacillin and cefoxitin antibiotic discs, oxacillin MIC using commercial E test strip and detection of mecA gene product PBP2a using Latex agglutination test was carried out. Antibiotic susceptibility test for all MRSA strains was carried out by Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines to determine their sensitivity pattern against an array of antibiotics. Multiplex PCR of confirmed MRSA strains was carried out to study resistance genes. Results: In the present study 70 (74.468 %) S.aureus isolates were found to be methicillin resistant by AST with oxacillin (1μg) as well as cefoxitin (30μg), latex agglutination test identified 89 (94.680 %) as MRSA, whereas by oxacillin MIC by E-test only 55 (58.510 %) isolates were found to be MRSA and 74 (78.723%) carried the mecA gene which was determined by the PCR. Interpretation and Conclusion: Results of AST with both Oxacillin (1μg) and cefoxitin (30μg) were somewhat similar to that of PCR results, which is considered as gold standard for detection of methicillin resistance genes. The other investigated methods like latex agglutination, oxacillin E-test may not be appropriate because of the relatively lower levels of concordance with PCR results.

The cost of health care has been rising rapidly in our country and in the world and it takes more from the budget. Costs, malpractices, wasted time, and general bureaucratic inefficiencies has bought a need for the new approches. Lean management is the elimination of any activity that does not add value to an organization's end product, and using what is referred to as a "just-in-time" inventory strategy, which aims to reduce inventory and associated carrying costs. Technology can reduce the manual labor involved in many processes that take place within a hospital and improve overall efficiency. Lean organizations differ from traditional organizations in putting the power of improving an organization into the hands of the employees that directly interact with the end product, rather than management. The largest difference between traditionally managed organizations and lean organizations is their focus on systemic improvement. Lean organizations focus on identifying the root causes of all problems and adjusting processes to stop the same problems from occurring in the future. The purpose of this study is to present lean hospital management system to the health sector in Turkey, which can benefit us in all means, can be used. In this way, lean system can support health care workers and doctors, making sure that they can give their full attention to the situation in their hands. This system will reduce risks, costs, and waste while empowering and making it easier for the hospitals to improve in the long run.

Abnormalities in the root canal anatomy are a commonly occurring phenomenon. A thorough knowledge of the root canal anatomy and its variations is necessary for successful completion of the endodontic treatment. Mandibular second premolars usually have a single root and a single root canal. The incidence of two separate roots itself in this tooth is quite rare. Mandibular premolars are known for having an aberrant anatomy. Often considered an enigma to the endodontist, the mandibular first premolar with dual canals dividing at various levels of the root can generate complex mechanical problems. Reports about the incidence of extra roots in these teeth are quite rare. This paper attempts at explaining a rare case of successful endodontic management of a two-rooted mandibular second premolar with awareness of data pertaining to the number of canals, knowledge of canal morphology, correct radiographic interpretation, and tactile examination of canal walls which are important in detecting the presence of multiple canals

Background: Periodontal epithelium has an active role in multi-factorial pathogenesis of periodontal diseases by producing diverse range of antimicrobial peptides, amongst which cathelicidins (LL-37) is the only one of its kind that has been found in humans. Genetic factors such as deficiency of LL-37 and environmental factors such as smokeless tobacco products consumption are found to be associated with severe periodontal destruction. Hence, the present study was conducted to estimate salivary LL-37 levels of chronic periodontitis (CP) subjects who consume smokeless tobacco Products (STP) and also correlate it with clinical parameters. Methods: 90 subjects distributed into three groups (n=30 each) as Healthy, CP and CP with STP habit participated in the study. Clinical parameters such as Gingival Index (GI), Oral Hygiene Index- Simplified (OHI-S), Pocket Probing Depth (PPD) and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) were recorded. Unstimulated whole Saliva was collected by draining method. Salivary LL-37 levels were estimated by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results: Mean Salivary LL-37 levels (ng/ml) was 24.03±60.59 in Healthy, 235.06±318.8 in CP and 102.95±151.45 in CP with STP group (p<0.0001). Spearman correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation of salivary LL-37 levels with GI, OHI-S, PPD and CAL (p<0.0003). Conclusion: Salivary LL-37 levels were markedly reduced in CP subjects who consumed STP compared to CP subjects but were higher than healthy subjects.

Background: To organize community-oriented oral health promotion programs, systematic analysis of the oral health situation would be needed, including information on oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). Aim: The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward oral health among 9 to 14-year-old school children in a government schools of Ramanagara district, Karnataka. Materials and Methods: The study group comprised of 999 children (Male: 662; Female; 336) who were in the age group of 9-14 years studying in government schools of Ramanagara district Karnataka. Data on oral health KAP was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire. The data obtained was subjected to Statistical analysis using Chi-square test. Results: This survey found that only 87% of the children brush their teeth once daily. Most of the students did not know that oral problems caused other general diseases(53%). Cavities were present in 41% of study participants. High proportion of study participants reported having knowledge about the lack of brushing was the cause of gum problems (45%) Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that oral health KAP of study participants are poor and needs to be improved. Systematic community-oriented oral health promotion programs are needed to improve oral health KAP of school children.

Objective: Objective: In the present work, hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Dendrobium normale were tested against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxic in rats. Methods: CCL4 has been used as the screening model for hepatoprotective activity Results: The results indicated an increase in serum biochemical parameters like serum glutamate oxaloacetate transminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphate (ALP) and total bilirubin (TB) levels are sensitive indices for hepatic damage. The ability of the above mentioned extracts to maintain the biochemical parameters level near to normal values are indication of their hepatoprotective potential. Conclusion: The present investigation showed hepatoprotective activity against CCL4 induced liver damage in rats

Background and Objectives: The use of cellphones has increased as an easy mode of communication. Health Care Workers (HCW) have made it a potential fomite in transmission of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI). At present there are no guidelines for the care and disinfection of cellphones in the health care setting. This study is aimed to determine the resident organisms, its frequency, antibiotic susceptibility and efficacy of isopropyl alcohol in disinfecting mobiles. Methods: Swabs from 100 cellphones were taken; 50 each from study and control group. Two samples were collected from each phone using sterile cotton swabs and cultured as per standard protocol. Phones were disinfected with 90% isopropyl alcohol using sterile gauze piece. Interpretation and Results: 70 % of cellphones of HCW were contaminated, with a predominance of Pseudomonas spp. - 71.4%. The disinfection procedure was effective only in 57% of cellphones.

This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of biomass and saccharin sorghum genotypes, based on 19 agronomic traits by the means of multicategorical variables. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the University of the State of Mato Grosso/UNEMAT, in Cáceres. We evaluated 25 genotypes of saccharin sorghum and 36 genotypes of biomass sorghum, in a randomized complete-block design with three replications. The data were submitted to three clustering methods, Tocher optimization, UPGMA hierarchical and Projection distances in 3D plan and comparing their results. The study showed the most divergent genotypes and the behavior of the three methods, which have proved partially concordant in the grouping of genotypes. The combined use of the clustering methods enabled a more accurate assessment for inference, and evidence the existence of genetic variability among saccharin and biomass sorghum genotypes.

Introduction: Technology has changed the way student’s access information. As the members of the millennial generation, current dental students are more technology–savvy and connected than the previous generation. Many books are now available in electronic formats and electronic publishing is rapidly replacing printed materials. Objectives: To assess the perceptions of students regarding the internet, e-textbooks, and printed textbooks. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 5 dental colleges in and around Hyderabad city on 864 dental students using a self-administered questionnaire which was given to the students from 2nd year B.D.S to final year M.D.S to know the perceptions of e-book learning and printed textbook learning. Results: Of the 864 students, 83% of them agreed that e- books offer more updated information over printed textbook and, 82% agreed that e- books are easy in carrying and storage but majority of them also agreed that reading e- books is more strenuous, and knowledge gained from reading a printed copy is retained for a longer period of time. Conclusion: Despite advancements in the internet, learning technologies and provision of updated information from e- books, dental students still prefer to buy, understand and learn from a printed textbook.

Finishing and polishing of composite restorative materials plays a major role in success and longevity of restoration. Aim of this study is to analyze the finishing and polishing procedures by measuring the surface roughness of the novel resin composites using profilometer and scanning electron microscopy before and after subjection to three body wear simulation method. The four posterior composites evaluated are p90, filtekz 50 x trafil, filtek z250. The mean surface roughness was found to be highest in group 4 and lowest in group 1 and these findings were confirmed by scanning electron microscope findings.

The legal and moral justification for cloning has been a source of argument in the research world. A case study reflected how Dr. Zuk planned cloning John Lennon using DNA taken from his rotten tooth in the 1960s, which brought about the debate of morality and privacy in human cloning. The court ruled that Lennon's privacy was violated, as well as the fact that human beings have the right to safety and autonomy. Human cloning was found to exhibit high failure rate, plus the fact that there were no available tools to detect genetic abnormalities resulting from cloning. Religious and societal discourse have perceived cloning to violate natural law which could also influence the society negatively. The foregoing has made human cloning in its current form unacceptable. Dr. Zuk experiment was questioned against the backdrop of the discourse. Without an answer, it was suggested that government should make specific rules about human cloning so that it would be more morally acceptable by the society.

Background: Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are uncommon, but when they occur, they are devastating to patients. These infections are opportunistic, they occur when the organism to which are frequently exposed gain entry to the body due to a decrease in host defenses. Periodontitis usually caused by bacteria infection. The aim of this study is to introduce a rare case of periodontitis suspected caused by fungal infection. Case: The focus case is 59 year-old immunocompromised patient with left maxillary canine teeth had a caries, vital pulp but there was already swelling on her left cheek, very sharp pain , the patient had a headache, no fever and normal gingiva. Result: The patient was treated with antibiotic, no effect but with antifungal had a good outcome and the left maxillary canine teeth had an endodontic treatment Conclusion: It is suspected that this periodontitis was caused by fungal infection because this patient had a history identification of fungal infection which was cultured from her right ear and the skin swab of ass right.

Background: The presence of supernumerary teeth, between the two central incisors, known under the term mesiodens, is one of the most common developmental problems in children. Their presence may give rise to a variety of clinical problems. Detection of supernumerary teeth is best achieved by thorough clinical and radiographic examination. Supernumerary teeth may be encountered by the general dental practitioner as a chance finding on a radiograph or as the cause of an impacted central incisor. Design: This article presents an overview of the clinical problems associated with supernumerary teeth and includes a discussion of the classification, diagnosis, and management of this difficult clinical entity. Conclusion: The most common supernumerary tooth, which appears in the maxillary midline, is mesiodens. Their diagnosis and management should form part of a comprehensive treatment plan. Treatment depends on the type and position of the supernumerary tooth and on its effect on adjacent teeth. The article throws a light on various modalities for investigation and treatment of supernumerary teeth, which is important for an early intervention in children to avoid major complications.

Purpose is to verify the new approach for correct separating of wheat varieties in groups matching particular standards of their level of grain yield during the years and towards the different environmental conditions. Materials and Methods: 76 breeding lines were researched for two consecutive years. The first one was with favorable conditions for growing (2006) and the second one in 2007 was characterized by well-defined prolonged drought and unusually high temperatures during the active growing season of crop. Real values of grain yield of each variety were used for the calculation of breeding indexes, which establishes the level of tolerance to abiotic stress. It was made classification based on indices and parameters derived from combinations between them. The separation into groups according to their level of grain yield was founded on direct comparison using the correlations established these indices and combinations. Main Results: By applying the score assessment of the values of the studied indices and parameters is quite possible grain yield genotype be evaluated during contrasting environmental conditions. It was very clear the importance of derivatives indices by newly formed parameters because they were used to value the other cultivars in the certain group. Conclusions: The suitability of the new integrated approach to practical grouping of varieties, according to grain yield in contrast growing conditions was confirmed. An efficient method is proposed for grain yield assessment through all season which dissimilar weather conditions influences on wheat.

In reliable to the fact that changes in amino acid sequence of HPV-16 E6 & E7 proteins might modify the transforming activity of the protein by disturbing the interactions with the EGFR proteins. It was proposed that those variations in the E6 & E7 proteins may affect the transforming potential of HPV-16 owing to change affinity for cellular transcription factors or for viral DNA. In this study, HPV-16 DNA was isolated from cervical cancer tissue using the specific primer designed by the Primer 3 plus software for the HPV antigen E2 gene. The amplified gene was ligated with T vector (pEGTMZ) and transformed into DH5α cells. The plasmid DNA obtained was then established by restriction digestion and sequence analysis which was found to be 99% similar to that obtained in GenBank. Dendrogram was constructed using ClustalW software (online) to get the similarity of the sequence with the existing sequence in the NCBI.

Banana plant, considered as a nature’s gift to mankind is widely known for its fruit part due to its enormous nutritional and health benefits but banana blossom (widely known as flower or heart), also has potential to be regarded as a functional food or superfood due to its high nutrient content (excellent source of fibre, good source of protein, vitamin A,C and E, minerals like phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium and antioxidants) and great therapeutic value (lowers menstrual bleeding, facilitates lactation, helps in overcoming diabetes, anaemia and ulcer, reduces anxiety, helpful in weight loss and good for gastrointestinal health). Despite of being such a wonder food it is still underrated in most part of the world (except south-east Asian countries). Therefore, it is the demand of present time to increase the awareness about banana blossom as it will not only reduce the banana waste but will also help people all over the world, reap its health benefits.

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is one of the most important export crops in Palestine. In this study, we analyzed the mean monthly temperature and precipitation using data from one weather station of the Palestine Meteorological Department, recorded in the period from (1993-2009), with the same years of plant production (rainfed) from the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). Statistical analysis included a bioclimatic analysis of Palestinian meteorological station for the period previous by using bioclimatic classification of the Earth of Rivas Martinez Salvador, with regard to simple continentality index, compensated thermicity index, annual ombrothermic index, water deficit and soil water reserve. In concluded, when we applied a principal component analysis (PCA), observed that the Jenin type plot during (1996-2004) are positively correlated and affected by the bioclimate factors as annual ombrothermic index, compensated thermicity index and climate factors as a soil water reserve to plant yield, while negatively correlated and influenced by the rest factors of the climate as temperature, deficit water and precipitation during (1993-1996 and 2004-2009). Furthermore, the optimum of the plant production is achieved with values of simple thermicity index between (16-22), annual ombrothermic index (2.7 - 4.5), compensated thermicity index (250-420), precipitation more than 800 mm., temperature (18-320C) at the summer, and thermomediterranean to mesomediterranean of thermotype in Jenin at the north of Palestine.

Bacterial cells that synthesize sensible products should be lysed with techniques that do not damage the products. We describe such an approach; we call it “induced lysis”.

Present study was conducted to study the effect of different concentrations of sucrose on protonemal growth and bud formation of Hydrogonium arcuatum and Anoectangium clarum. Addition of sucrose have no effect on bud formation in Anoectangium clarum and 1% sucrose shows maximum protonemal growth in both moss species.

Phytoremediation potential of Alternanthera sessilis L. for the heavy metals chromium (Cr), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) was studied. The samples of water, soil and plant material were collected from heavily polluted Thane-Belapur Industrial Area, Navi Mumbai, India. The collected samples of water and soil were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters as well as heavy metals while plant samples were analyzed for heavy metals using ICP-AES. The results for physico-chemical parameters for water and soil showed all the values were above the permissible limits. Highest concentration of these metals was reported in soil than wastewater. These metals were reported in the sequence of Fe>Cu>Cr> Zn>Ni. Alternanthera sessilis L. showed high bioaccumulation of these heavy metals Roots have higher concentration of heavy metals as compared to shoots. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals have sequence of Fe>Zn>Cr>Cu>Ni. From the experiment it is clear that Alternanthera sessilis L. have ability to withstand such high concentration of heavy metals and prove to be potential species for phytoremediation.

The current methodologies available for Trichoderma sp. multiplication under controlled conditions require long periods to produce the fungal inoculum. This study presents a simple and efficient methodology for multiplication of pure Trichoderma sp. cultures within only 13 days of incubation. The differential of the proposed methodology is the multiplication step in commercial organic substrates, which optimizes and reduces the production cost of the fungal inoculum, thus facilitating its use in the production of different species of seedlings of agricultural and forestry interest, as well as in research that aims to evaluate the agricultural potential of different Trichoderma sp. isolates.

Ten improved chickpea genotypes were evaluated in field condition against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) during 2008-2009 and 2009-2010. Weekly observations showed that mean larval population of the insect in different genotypes ranged from 5.19 to 9.44 meter row-1 from 2nd week of January to end of February, whereas, the pod damage varied from 9.32 to 30.35%. The results revealed that among the tested genotypes, BG-256 showed the maximum resistance to the noctuid insect followed by KPG-59 with less larval population plant-1, minimum pod damage and highest grain yield. From the experimental findings, it was concluded that the genotypes BG-256 and KPG-59 could be used in crossing/evolving new elite chickpea varieties.

Abamectin is widely used as an insecticide, acaricide, and anthelmintic. The present study assessed the effects of repeated administration of Abamectin (Vapcomic- 1.8% EC) injection formulation on albino male rats the various biochemical parameters and histopathological changes were noted. Two groups each of five of albino male rats were utilized in the current investigation. Abamectin was administered interaperitoneal which treated with (0.1 mg\kg, 0.6 mg\kg) body weight daily for 15 days. At the end of the study period blood samples were collected from all the groups to measure plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST activities, and the levels of total protein and cholesterol level changes in biochemical parameters were more intense in male rats from group T2 than those reported in group T1. The levels of ALT AST were significantly elevated in rats from group T2 when compared to the control group. In group T1 and T2 showed a significant decrease in the levels of total protein and cholesterol.

The present study was an attempt to observe the attitudes of divorcee women towards their marital status and to compare the attitude of divorcee women in urban and rural areas. The sample was selected through random sampling technique. For the sample, 100 divorcee women were selected from urban and rural areas. The sample was collected with the help of readymade scale namely measuring attitude towards divorce constructed by Anupama Shah and Anjali Gupta (1993). The study shows that the majority of divorcee women belonging to urban area agree that in troubled married life one should go in for divorce even if one feel lonely, un happy and frustrated. It is found that majority of divorcee women from urban area agree that divorce should be avoided after having children. More over it is found that majority of divorcee women belonging to rural area agree that a modern partner should avoid divorce by adjusting with an orthodox partner.

In this work, we have determined the thermophysical parameters of various formulations with laterite and slaked lime. This shows that the thermal conductivity decreases when the lime rate is lower than 4% and increases when the rate is higher than 4%. The thermal conductivity was for a rate of 4%; it increases to 21.13% for 16% of lime used. We found that the compressive strength increases but very slowly. However, the increase in mechanical strength of the various formulations still remains lower than the strength of the laterite without lime. Lime has a significant impact on the thermal properties, but this impact on the mechanical properties is low, since the mechanical strength increases by 6.84% for rates of 12% and 16% of lime used.

Textile industries are major source of water pollution, dyestuffs have proven to be problematic as these are most difficult to treat and recover the dye. These dye effluents are discharged in millions of gallons from different textile mills world over. These are known to affect the environment adversely reducing the dissolved oxygen thus affecting the aquatic life. Conventional treatment techniques involve physical, chemical and biological methodologies. These are not full-proof and thus new techniques are required to improve the efficiency of dye removal. Ionic liquids have been reported to be novel solvents for carrying out liquid –liquid extractions. The asymmetric cations with different combinations of anions can be explored for the removal of dye from the generated textile effluents. These could provide possible solutions to overcome this problem of textile industry.

In different industries organic compounds are used as corrosion inhibitor in acid solution. Organic compounds are highly cost and it may not be economical to use. Organic inhibitors make a thin layer on the metal's surface that may absorb on the cathode or anode surface or both. Decrease corrosion rate. This article discuss about some organic drug that has been used as an inhibitor of corrosion. These drug compounds has been used in two types: drug and expired drug. This method decrease the cost in corrosion field. In this experiment EIS test has been used to major the polarization resistance and the capacity of electrical double layer. The drug has been used with these concentrations 500-100-1500ppm. Drug pantoprazole with the concentration of 1500 ppm was the best inhibitor among other compounds. And it has been observed that the active type of the drug works better as an inhibitor than another type.

During the past three centuries, there has always been an emphasis on development of a kind of engine that has superior efficiency is less polluting and has good power generation. This review paper describes the new advancement in the four stroke Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) which has enormous advantage. For further improvement in IC engines, a Belgium Engineer name Gerhard Schmitz presented a new innovation called five stroke Engine. This concept gained momentum and its prototype was put in reality by Ilmor Engineering. After considering research, it was developed with the idea of generating expansion ratio significantly higher than compression ratio. This engine has a similar torque generation and high power density but low fuel consumption when compared with the Four-stroke engines. The total efficiency is improved in the certain range.

A new series of imines ((E)-4-(((4-substituted-phenyl)imino)methyl)-2-methoxyphenyl-acetate and (E)-2-allyl-4-(((4-substituted-phenyl)imino)methyl)-6-methoxy phenyl-4-methyl-benzene-sulfonate) has been synthesized by the condensation of 3-methoxy-4-acetyloxy benzaldehyde and 3-methoxy-4-p-toluene-sulphonyloxy-5-allyl-benzaldehyde with several sulfa drugs and characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR spectra and elemental analysis. The compounds were screened in-vitro against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, A. niger, A. flavus using disc diffusion method. The synthesized compounds exhibited promising antimicrobial activity.

This paper is concerned with motion tracking control of the robot fishes along with the 3D holographic fishes using Radio Frequency (RF) modem, multi-link and free-swimming biomimetic robot;the researched robot fish motion control is related to the speed control through RF modem and it focuses on detecting the moving object in the water as well as tracking the robot fish along with 3D holographic fish in the aquarium world designed for an augmented reality. Color attracts the every one and easy way to recognizean object. Physically, the object of the color recognizes because of light leaving from their surfaces. In the aquarium robot world, various colors of robot fishes along with 3D holographic fishes are mimicking the behavior of the real fish and it forms an augmented reality. In this study, this algorithm is designed to detect the position of the robot fish using color detection algorithm with the Open CV through camera. By using this position data, we are able to track the robot fishes using color mark. At this color mark zone, these robot fishes and 3D holographic fishes will be stopped until this color mark remove from this zone, and 3D holographic fishes will swim, following the robot fishes, after remove this color mark, again robot fishes and 3D holographic fishes swim, this tracking process will be continued until this algorithm stops. The performance test of this detecting algorithm has been satisfied.

Mudmotors are of multi-lobe positive displacement operating on the “Moineau” principal. A drilling fluid commonly referred to as the “mud” is supplied under pressure from a surface source into the tubing during drilling to wellbore. The drilling fluid operates the mud motor (when used) and discharges at the drill bit bottom. The drilling fluid then returns to the surface via the annular space (annulus) between the drill string and the wellbore wall or inside. Fluid returning to the surface carries the rock bits (cuttings) produced by the drill bit as it disintegrates the rock to drill the wellbore. Generally, there are 2 main section on mud motor which are bearing section and power section. The power section generally includes a housing which houses a motor stator within which a motor rotor is rotationally mounted. The power section converts hydraulic energy into rotational energy by reverse application of the Moineau pump principle. The stator has a plurality of helical lobes which define a corresponding number of helical cavities. The rotor has a plurality of lobes which number one fewer than the stator lobes and which define a corresponding plurality of helical cavities. Generally, the greater the number of lobes on the rotor and stator, the greater the torque generated by the motor. Fewer lobes will generate less torque but will permit the rotor to rotate at a higher speed. Based on torque and rotate speed, determine the optimum power can be produced by power section configurations.

The formula E = mc2 is actually only a speculation of Einstein because it has never been proven. This formula started from special relativity and has become famous because of the atomic bomb. However, for a single type of energy, Einstein has failed to prove it. Einstein thought that he had proved that the electromagnetic energy is equivalent to mass because he had mistaken that the photons have only electromagnetic energy. However, General Relativity shows that the photons necessarily have the combination of electromagnetic energy and the gravitational energy. Theoretically, the electromagnetic energy is not equivalent to mass because the electromagnetic energy-stress tensor is traceless and thus cannot affect the Rici curvature as a mass does. Moreover, the electromagnetic energy would generate repulsive gravitation, which has been confirmed by experiments, but the mass generates only attractive gravitation. It is due to the existence of such a charge-mass interaction, general relativity also must be extended and Einstein's unification between electromagnetism and gravitation is necessary. In addition, experimentally a charged capacitor has a reduced weight and a piece of heated-up metal would also have a reduced weight, instead of an increased weight as Einstein predicted. Now, E = mc2 is established as an obstacle.

In this study we examine the geological significance and petrogenesis of orogenic Pan-African high-K calc-alkaline magmas from the Yoro-Yangben area in southern part of central domain of the Pan-African, North-Equatorial Fold Belt in Cameroon. The objective is to constrain the source and the geotectonic setting of these magmas and therefore to understanding the geodynamic environment of the Yoro-Yangben massif in the Bafia series. 21 samples were analyzed by XRF and ICP-MS. The rock sequences consist of orthogneisses with abundant granodiorite, granite biotite and quartz monzonite composition associated to amphibolite and covers a range of about 46 to 76 wt.-% SiO2. Rocks are metaluminous and of I-type granitoids and characterized by variable LREE enrichment, moderate HREE fractionation with strong negative Eu anomalies. Trace element distribution patterns show that these rocks were derived from crustal protoliths. Sm-Nd and TDM ages point a heterogeneous source and the Nd values a major crustal component. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios indicate that the protolith had a short crustal history. Tectonic evolution is polyphase and monocyclic. Kinematic criteria (C-S fabrics, φ, δ, σ structures), magmatic and solid state deformation markers combine to the elongated shape of the plutons parallel to the Cameroon Central Shear Zone point to syntectonic (D2) magma emplacement compatible with a ductile shear zone which controls the plutonic rocks emplacement. These results resemble other Neoproterozoic high-K calc-alkaline granites of Cameroon and Central Africa Republic and also display strong similarities with high-K calc-alkaline plutons of eastern Nigeria and the Borborema Province in NE Brazil.

This study shows that the behavior of a Electrochemical metal cutting in electrochemical machining process. Study find out the a particular current required for a given Material Removal Rate. The Simple CNC PROGRAM makes the machine semi -automatic.

This research has developed and tested a model contemplating the theoretical constructs product innovation and competitive priorities of quality and flexibility as background to the competitive advantage in the production chain of the Serra Gaúcha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This quantitative descriptive nature study was conducted through a survey applied to a sample of 250 chain producers. Data were analyzed by means of structural equation modeling. The results show that the competitive priorities of quality and flexibility affect positively the product innovation and the innovation of products influences positively the competitive advantage. Thus, the competitive priorities are configured as history of product innovation and product innovation has positive relationship with competitive advantage.

A Flash flood is rapid flooding of geomorphic low lying areas, washes rivers, dry lakes and basins flash floods occur due to slow moving thunderstorms, heavy rains, glacial lake, out bursts or due to failure of artificial dams. Flash floods occur in fury and leads to destruction of life and property at a very considerable rate. The loss of precious lives carried off by the floods is a big score with rising number day by day. Markets offices, hospitals, educational institutions, roads etc are sounding feeling of fear, mental uneasiness grief, discomfort and anxiety are so deep rooted caused by disasterouss flash floods. Flash floods can impact hundreds of kilometers. These floods mostly occur in steep sloppy valleys in hilly and mountains areas, but can also occur in small waterways in urban environments.

Background: Despite the worldwide commitment to improving maternal health, measuring, monitoring and comparing mortality estimates remain a challenge. Objectives: Implementing maternal death review (MDR) in Sudan, during 2010 -2015, to determine maternal mortality ratio (MMR), identify underlying causes and health system response for reducing maternal mortality. Methodology: Hospital and community- based MDR was conducted during 2010-2015. National and states’ maternal death review committees (NMDRC, SMDRC) were established, a focal person was nominated in each state, hospital and locality. Every maternal death was notified by the focal person using a telephone and notified deaths were reviewed using a structured format, discussed by SMDRC, generate recommendations and submitted to NMDRC. Data was collected by trained registrars, analyzed using microcomputer, SSPS, version 20.0. Results: Out of 3686762 Live births (LB) reported over six years, 6055 maternal deaths were notified and reviewed, MMR was 164/ 100000 LB, with different variation between states. Hospital deaths were 5207 (86.0%), while community deaths were 848 (14.0%). Direct obstetric deaths were 3791 (62.6%), mainly from haemorrhage 1881(31.1%), hypertensive disorders 784 (12.9%) and sepsis 694 (11.5%), while indirect causes were 1699 (28.0%), mainly from hepatitis, complicated malaria & severe anemia. Most of hospital deaths 4401 (72.7%) were admitted late, 3051 (50.4%) died within first 24 hours from admission. Conclusion: Poor antenatal care (ANC) and referral system, home delivery, late presentation and unavailability of blood are the main factors behind MD. Moving to maternal death surveillance and response (MDSR) requires strong commitment of the various stakeholders and responsive health system.

This paper focuses on investigating the volatility on the Romanian stock market by employing the joint symmetric and asymmetric ARMA - GARCH models on four of Bucharest Stock Exchange’ own indices which reflect only the evolution of market prices: Bucharest Exchange Trading Index (BET), Bucharest Exchange Trading Extended Index (BET-XT), Bucharest Exchange Trading – Investment Funds (BET-FI) and Bucharest Exchange Trading Energy & Related (BET-NG). We estimated ARCH, GARCH, EGARCH and GJR-GARCH models using the maximum likelihood method under the assumption of Gaussian distributed innovation terms. The empirical results show that in three cases out of four the volatility reacted asymmetrically to the good and bad news. The predominant model turned out to be EGARCH model and this is because it does not require any constraint on the parameters since the positivity of the conditional variance is automatically satisfied. JEL Classification: C22, C52, C55, C58

We all have time to either spend or waste and it is our decision what to do it with. According to Lee, "Every individual on earth has the same amount of time 60 seconds in a minute,60 minutes in a hour, 1440 minutes in a day and 5,256,00 minutes in a year. Academic achievement is one of the important goals of education. Pandey (1973) stated, "Academic Achievement is the quality and quantity of learning in a subject asserted by examination marks". The objectives of study were (i) To study and compare the time management competence of male and female of secondary school students.(ii) To study and compare the time management competence of government and non-government secondary school students. The discriptive method of investigation was followed. Random sampling technique was used for selecting 300 secondary school students from different government and non-government schools of Amritsar city. The findings of the study were (i) significant difference in the time management competence of male and female secondary school students.(ii) no significant difference in the time management competence of government and non government secondary school students. The result shows that the performance of females in their examination which is possible only on account of effective time management.

Purvanchal is known as backward area of Uttar Pradesh and tribes are also weaker (backward) section of our society. Both are expected to collaborate from governance but in the matter of tribes, situation is lamentable. This case study highlights many burning issue, which affect politics and our society for example- political participation of tribes, tribal's faith in governmental process, government cooperation in upgrading tribal's life, administration attitude towards the tribes, the reality of the ongoing schemes for the weaker section of society, as well as their cultural and traditional value and faith which organized them and which are affect their social and political behavior. This paper also marks, social inequality, discrimination exploitation, is still prevalent in society. A large section of society is struggling to live. However, tribes have maintained their existence on its own.

On-line tax filing is one of the e-government services that is gaining importance for public to perform their responsibility to the country. In an effort to maintain a modernized tax administration system, the Kenya Revenue Authority developed iTax, an online filing (e-filing) that integrates the processes of registration for tax purposes, tax preparation, tax filing and consequently tax payment. Despite the rapid adoption of e-filing in Kenya, the filing system is still unreliable especially at peak period and on voluntary usage which lead to low level of compliance perceived by taxpayers. The study investigates the impact of online tax filing on tax compliance among MSE in Kibwezi sub-county. The study outlines a detailed literature review and identifies the variables for this research to be taxpayers’ perception towards online filing, taxpayers’ technical skills of filing tax returns and tax compliance. The study was based on descriptive survey research design. The information required for the study was collected from primary sources using the self administered questionnaire and interview schedule. A target population was 1,800 MSE. A total sample size of 316 was picked as representative of the target population. Simple random sampling was used to get respondents. Data was collected by means of questionnaire constructed by the researcher and administered on three hundred and sixteen MSE in Kibwezi Sub County. Pilot study was carried out to guard against using unreliable instruments. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The validity of the instruments was tested by research experts from Kenyatta University and KRA. Reliability of data collection instrument was through split-half testing. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 was used to analyse the data collected. Data was analysed using t-test at coefficient alpha (α) level of 0.05 to test the relationship between independent and dependant variable. The findings of this study will serve as a useful guideline not only for devising strategies to promote e-government services, particularly tax e-filing service but also to improve the performance of the e-filing system. The public at large will benefit from the adoption of online tax filing while KRA will improve tax compliance. The findings of the study was that online tax filing do affect tax compliance level among MSE as far as perception on online tax filing and technical skills of filing tax returns were concerned. The correlation analysis indicate that there was negative correlation between perception towards online tax filing and tax compliance while there was a positive correlation among technical skills of filing tax returns. From regression analysis, it was revealed that holding perception on online tax filing and technical skills of filing tax returns to a constant zero, tax compliance will stand at 0.712. The summary, conclusion and policy implication have been done. Finally, the area for further research has been identified.

A Synopsys of the Research thesis is sent here with for publication. The Ph.D degree was awarded by Kakatiya University WARANGAL Telengana state India in open viva conducted on 6.4.2016.

Chemical weathering breaks up the physically disintegrated rock fragments and organic matter. The process of chemical weathering in arid regions is not fast because of water deficiency. The present study was undertaken on soil contamination in Lawacha-Mohra Khurd section of Pali district, Rajasthan. The aim of the study was investigate the pollution of soil, which is a source of danger to the human and animal kingdom. The polluted soil also damages the nutrient availability along with quality of soil is also diminishing. Various inorganic soil samples were collected from different locations. In laboratory these samples of soil were analyzed to measure various chemical parameters by standard methods such as pH, electrical conductivity and % of organic carbon (OC) were determined. During the course of the study periods, fluctuation in the various parameters was observed due to unequal distribution of different minerals constituents present in the soil. These constituents in soil are produced by breaking up the rock particles and enriching with organic matter from aerial and subterranean parts, also influenced by biological activities. The role of the root systems often very important because it exhibit exceptional development and have the greatest influence of the fracturing in the rock formations producing soils rather than vegetation. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to study the different characteristics of soils around Lawacha-Mohra Khurd region of Delhi Super group and to investigate nutrient availability in different types of soil for finding out its relation with the different type of vegetation it supports.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to analyses the comparative effect of exercise onphysical fitness between active and inactive male teachers, for this purpose 68 male physical education teachers were taken from district youth services and sports Budgam Kashmir from different schools. For the assessment of effect of exercises, weight body mass index, Grip strength (left and right hand), persistence time, 12 min run and walk test and concentration of hemoglobin were taken as criterion variables. Statistical constant like arithmetic mean, standard deviation and t test were applied and the significant value obtained by t test was tested at 0.05 level of significance. The observation revealed that there was a significant difference between active and in active male on the above said variables.

The problem of determining the maximum curvature point in fitted curves is introduced and the implementation and use of the function maxcurv() of the R package soilphysics are presented and exemplified using two usual models in experimental design and soil physics .The function maxcurv() can be used for numerically determining the maximum curvature point through four methods: the method of general curvature function, perpendicular distances, linear response plateau and linear piecewise spline. Using the first method does not require knowing the first or second derivatives of the underlying function and allows one to analyse the corresponding curvature function. The latter three methods can be used to determine local points of maximum curvature. The package soilphysics is distribution free (under GLP-2/3) and currently available from the CRAN website: http://CRAN.R-project.org/ package=soilphysics.

This article presents a methodological proposal for the assessment of touristic competitiveness applicable to the Pueblos Magicos, a program that emerges in 2001 with the objective of diversifying touristic offers in Mexico, as well as favoring the communities of the towns through touristic activity. The proposal is built from five dimensions also recognized as factors or components, taken from the importance they represent for the agents involved in the touristic field. In this sense, the paper proposes an alternative for the assessment of touristic competitiveness on the basis of multi-criterion methods for decision-making. Using this approach allows to evaluate and relatively compare the ‘‘Pueblos Mágicos’ in an effective way. Its usage is dealt with as a real multicriterion problem dealing with classifying dealing with the assessment and competitiveness of these destinations in Mexico.

To cater to the ever-increasing need for strategically steering the organization’s managerial practices into strategic management, the most effective way is to integrate the HRD policy and practices with organizational strategy while aligning them with global-arching human resource management. Organizations in both public and private sectors require a critical group of positive factors concerning the effective management of human resources to successfully execute their organization strategies and goals. It involves the analysis of a myriad of internal and external environmental factors contingent to the organization, followed by a strategic approach to influencing key stakeholders and the formulation of strategic HRD policies and plans in parallel with the organization’s business strategy. Drawing from the few key research works available, this article explores the need for integrating the HRD policy and practices with the organizational strategy and assesses the process of integration, so that it warranties that the organization effectively exercise Strategic Management. Having discussed implications of HRD-Organization strategy integration practices, the article concludes that the organizations should make their HRD function more strategic in nature.

The study investigated effects of contraceptives on the concentration of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Taking advantage of the variability of contraceptives and duration of usage, the three parameters were analyzed spectrophotometrically with the O-cresolpthalein complexion, Xyldyl blue and Molybdated UV methods respectively. Values obtained were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistics. Results show the mean concentration of calcium was significantly higher (p<0.05) in women on oral (combination 3) contraceptives when compared with the control group. The mean concentration of phosphorus and magnesium obtained from subjects on oral (combination 3) were significantly lower (p<0.05) than group. In participants on injectables (depo-provera and noristerat) contraceptives when compared with control group. However, mean serum calcium was significantly lower (p<0.05) in participants on injectables (depo-provera and noristerat contraceptives when compared with control group. The mean concentration of phosphorus and magnesium levels on injectable (depo-provera and noristerat) and implant (Jadelle) were similar in control and participants. Correlation analysis show significant association between magnesium and phosphorus and the duration of contraceptive usage. Hormonal contraceptives show no correlation with body mass index of participants. Complications usually associated with hypo or hyperstates of these micronutrients are of grave medical concern. The need for caution, monitoring and their intermittent evaluation among contraceptive users especially in long term is strongly advocated.

Aim: Aim of the study is to evaluate the lateral forces on the instrument in the apical 3rd of curved canal with two Nickel Titanium rotary systems. Methodology: One brand of instrument ProTaper F2 was scanned with micro computed tomography to produce a real-size, 3-dimensional (3-D) model and was compared with Anexas (designed by author). The stresses on the instrument during simulated shaping of the root canals were analyzed numerically by using a 3 D finite element package, taking into account the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the NiTi material. Results: Anexas shows lowest values for force generation in the apical 3rd of canal as compared to Protaper which shows higher values. Conclusion: With FE simulation of root canal shaping by 2 files, it was observed that different instrument designs would experience unequal degree of force generation in canal, as well as reaction torque from the root canal wall.

Aim: The purpose of the study was to compare Minimally Invasive DHS (MIDHS) or Conventional DHS (CDHS) techniques for surgical parameters affecting treatment of Extra capsular Proximal Femur fractures. Methods: Prospective Case Control study have evaluated 108 extracapsular proximal femur fractures operated upon between Feb 2014 to March 2016. Patients presenting to the Orthopaedic Surgery department with Extra Capsular Proximal Femoral Fractures who were treated with Minimally Invasive DHS (MIDHS) were compared with those who presented in the same time frame but were managed using Conventional DHS (CDHS) using a muscle reflecting lateral approach. The two groups were matched for pre-operative parameters such as age and gender distribution, mechanism of injury, patient comorbids, classification of fracture pattern. The two groups were compared for incision size and operative time. Postoperative outcome measures were analgesia requirement, Visual Analog Score for pain, accuracy of reduction and lag screw positioning as well as drop in Haemoglobin level and transfusion requirement. Hip functional scores (Katz Basic Activities of Daily Living - BADL) and (Harris Hip Functional Score) were also compared following the two procedures. Results: 97 patients met the inclusion criteria. Out of these 5 patients were lost in the followup, 3 due to death and 2 due to change in address and contact details. Out of the 92 patients that remained in the study MIDHS technique was employed in (n=40) cases and CDHS was done for (n=52) patients. Conclusion: In view of our findings we conclude that MIDHS significantly minimizes blood loss and transfusion requirement and reduces postoperative pain giving a much more cosmetically sized scar while not compromising on, operative time, accuracy of reduction and postoperative hip function.

Traumatic bone cyst is an intraosseous lesion and forms an important aspect of the differential diagnosis of radiolucent lesion of the jaws. The lesion has a better prognosis but a definitive diagnosis can be achieved only upon surgical intervention of the lesion. Here we present a case of traumatic bone cyst which was diagnosed as an incidental finding. The varied aspects of the lesion has been reviewed.

Primary neuroendocrine tumors of the breast are rare & aggressive tumors of the breast. We report two cases over a period of 20 years. One patient had poorly differentiated neuroendocrine and invasive ductal carcinoma grade 3, whereas the other case had small cell neuroendocrine tumor of the breast.

Ensuring skill delivery attendant at each child birth is the most critical intervention in reducing maternal and neonatal mortality and Morbidity. In Ethiopia, the proportion of births attended by skilled personnel in health facilities is very low. Identifying the level and risk factors is essential for reducing maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. Due to this reason this study were conducted to identifying proportion and factors influencing institutional delivery among women who gave birth in the last one year in Gimbi town. Methods: The study used community based cross-sectional study design. Data for this study was collected using structured questioner from all women who gave birth in the last one year prior to this study and conducted from December-January 2016. Results: A total of 776 women who gave birth in the last one year of Gimbi town were included in this study in which 635(81.8%) of them gave birth in health facilities. women’s age, maternal education, ANC visit, Number of children currently exist, women’s attitude towards institutional delivery pregnancy plan and partner’s education were associated with utilization of institutional delivery in bivariate analysis. Enhancing women’s education to improve their decision making power, need to be the focus area of intervention so that they recognize the vitality of health care service.

Introduction: The primary aim of this study was to observe record and treat oral mucosal lesions associated with prolonged use of removable partial dentures/complete dentures and orthodontic plates. The following objectives were kept in mind to determine the type and the prevalence of denture stomatitis, angular chelitis, flabby ridge, irritational fibroma and oral cancer in the removable complete and partial denture patients and orthodontic plates. Materials and Method: A total of 502 patients using complete dentures/removable partial dentures for more than one year were selected out of those who attended the OPD of Dental College. After detailed history, the patients were subjected to thorough clinical examination. The denture bearing areas and adjacent mucosal surfaces were carefully scrutinized to observe any changes. Results: In this study a total of 157 patients out of 503 presented with some or the other denture related mucosal changes i.e. 32.4%. Denture related mucosal changes are more frequently associated with partial denture wearers than complete denture wearers. The association between type of denture and denture related lesion was statistically significant. Twenty nine patients presented with more than one lesion. Most common oral mucosal lesion observed was denture stomatitis. Conclusion: The most factor for denture related oral mucosa lesions were using the denture at night, age of prosthesis, and educational level. Dentists can help to prevent DML through making high quality denture and train the patients about methods and materials for denture cleaning and maintaining the prosthesis.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) encompasses all malignancies originating in the oral cavity and globally it is the most common cancer. It is a fact that tumor stroma plays a vital role in tumor progression as it contains significant stromal glycoprotein and collagen. Therefore analysis of collagen fibers is of immense value which in turn aids in predicting the biological behavior of the tumor. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate birefringence pattern of collagen fibers and to determine varying proportions of stromal collagen in different grades of OSCC using picrosirius red and polarizing microscopy. Materials and Methods: A total of 28 cases, which included 22 histopathologically diagnosed cases of OSCC, of which 8 were of well differentiated, 8 moderately differentiated and 6 poorly differentiated OSCC. 6 cases of control group were also retrieved. The sections were stained with both Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and picrosirius red and they were examined under polarizing microscope. Statistical analysis: The statistical differences were analyzed by one way ANOVA. Result: It was observed that thick collagen fibers decrease and thin collagen fibers increase with dedifferentiation of OSCC and also polarization colors of thick and thin fibers changes from reddish orange (RO) to yellowish orange (YO) to greenish yellow (GY) from well to moderate to poor grades of OSCC respectively. Conclusion: Thus the present study suggested that there was a change in polarization colors of thick fibers from RO to GY, which could be due to change in mature form of collagen into immature form as the tumor progress from well to poorly differentiated OSCC. The significance of this study lies in birefringence of stromal collagen fibers observed around tumor islands in different grades of OSCC.

Pilonidal sinus disease is a common condition seen in young adults affecting gluteal cleft and notoriously recurrent. This study was carried out in patients with pilonidal sinus to evaluate the advantages and result of rhomboid excision and Limberg flap. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was carried out in department of surgery, Al-Ameen Medical college, Bijapur from 2010 to 2015. It includes 25 patients who were treated for pilonidal sinus disease by Limberg flap. The various demographic clinical and surgical data are studied and compared to other studies. Results: In this study 25 patients of Sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease underwent rhomboid excision and Limberg flap reconstruction. The duration of symptoms was 1 to 12 months operative time was 60 – 100 minutes and the post operative stay was 10 – 14 days. The complication observed was superficial skin necrosis in 8% wound infection in 8%, Seroma in 4% with no recurrence. Conclusion: Limberg flap is technical easy and effective mode of management of pilonidal sinus with low complication rate.

Introduction: Globally women face physiological and psychological health problems after midlife due to menopause. Women who have had surgical menopause experience the same symptoms caused by natural menopause; but more intensely and frequently due to the abrupt halt in estrogen production. So, premenopausal women who undergo surgical menopause may have symptoms that require treatment. Objectives: To determine the differences in severity of menopausal symptoms in women with natural and surgical menopause. Diagnostic use: The Scales designed can also be used to identify menopausal women who are severely and possibly clinically anxious and/or depressed. Method: Study design: Comparative and statistical study. Sample size and participants: All consenting females coming with postmenopausal complaints (either natural or surgical) to gynecology OPD of IGGMC, Nagpur between July to December 2015 (138 cases) Results: A total of 138 post menopausal women were questioned, out of 138, 73 women achieved natural menopause and 65 were hysterectomized females. Severity of different psychological symptoms, physical symptoms, vasomotor symptoms and libido changes were studied grossly and were proven to be statistically significant using chi sq. scale. A p value< 0.05 was taken to be statistically significant. Number of females with surgical menopause experience the Psychological (66%) and physical (73%) symptoms severely than women achieving menopause naturally (14.28% and 16.32% respectively). Number of females with surgical menopause experience the vasomotor symptoms (73%) and Libido changes symptoms severely (65%) than women achieving menopause naturally (35%). Conclusion: Women with surgical menopause experienced all climacteric symptoms evaluated in this study more intensely and frequently as compared to women who underwent natural menopause.

Effective microorganisms (EM) is a commercial biofertilizer that contains a mixture of co-existing beneficial microorganisms collected from natural environments. Predominantly it consists of species of photosynthetic and lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and actinomycetes. The present study was undertaken to determine the efficiency of Effective Microorganisms (EM). EM was obtained from the office of ‘Ecopro’ Auroville, Auroshilpam, Tamilnadu, India. The waste water was collected from the women’s hostel of STET women’s College, Sudarakkottai, Mannargudi, Sundarakkottai. The parameters that indicate the waste water treatment process such as odour, pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, TS, TSS, Nitrate and Phosphate were determined before and after the treatment of wastewater, to observe the efficiency of selected process. Soil samples were collected from Thiruthuraipoondi, Thiruvarur District, Tamilnadu, India which consists of Nedumbalam (Ndb) soil series, one of the soil series of Thiruvarur District. The experimental set up was designed randomly having EM alone (T1), Treated waste water alone (T2), EM plus Treated waste water (T3) and control (C). All the parameters showed an elevated level in the raw sewage but after treatment there is a steady reduction after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of incubation. No reduction was observed in the level of DO. All the parameters were reduced to tolerable environmental standard. EM treated waste water was utilized for the cultivation of Vigna radiata. Among the treatments studied, T3 showed the highest results when compared to other treatments proving the efficiency of EM in recycling of waste water. Key words: Vigna radiata, Effective microorganisms (EM), Secondary crop, Treatments, Sewage, Incubation.

Natural antioxidants or phytochemical antioxidants are secondary metabolites of plants. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) can be a major source of natural or phytochemical antioxidants such as beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, terpenoids, alkaloids, and polyphenols such as flavonoids, flavones glycosides, rutin etc. It is an important commercial crop which is, used both as spice and medicine and its therapeutic benefits of ginger are mainly due to the presence of volatile oils. Consumption of bakery products in the country is increasing day by day and bread is a staple food having several attractive features. In the view of health benefit of ginger it may be worthwhile to explore possibility of incorporating ginger extract in wheat flour for the development of bread to provide a convenient food to supplement the diet.. Present study was an effort to standardize the level of ginger extract in formulation for the development of value added bread. To optimize the quantity of sugar and ginger extract to be added, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used, while rest of the ingredient level was kept constant. The lower and upper limits for sugar and ginger extract were taken as 20-30 g and 10-20 ml, respectively. Control treatment was prepared without ginger extract addition. All thirteen combinations and control were subjected for sensory quality evaluation on a 9 point hedonic scale. From the study, it was found that the bread having composition 17.93 g sugar, and 15 ml ginger extract per 100 g of bread was found optimum and the said formulation was acceptable and recommended for value added bread. The optimized bread was found to be superior in terms of minerals, calcium and iron as compared to control bread. Since, the bread was a good source of calcium and iron, hence it can be recommended for consumption for children and old age people. The addition of ginger extract, also gave an excellent antioxidant effect on the bread compared with control. It can be recommended as one of the value added products.

Mutation breeding has been generally used for the improvement of plant characters in several crops. It is a powerful and effective tool in the hands of plant breeders. In mutation breeding program, selection of an effective and efficient mutagen is very essential to produce high frequency of desirable traits. The three sugarcane clones viz; NIA-0819, NIA-98 and BL4 were selected and subjected with Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) doses of 5, 10, and 15 mM and untreated of each variety were used as control. The results indicated for agronomic traits showed that maximum plant height was observed (331.67 cm) in BL4 under control and minimum plant height was observed (209 cm) at 15mM in BL4. The maximum number of tillers plant-1 (7.00) at 10 Mm. The higher number of internodes was noted (16.66) at 10 mM in BL4, maximum number of internodes length (17.31 cm) at 10 mM in NIA-98 and minimum (11.91 cm) at 5 mM in BL4. The results of quality traits indicated that maximum brix (20.33 %) was obtained at 15mM in BL4 and lowest (14.66 %) in 5mM in NIA-0819. The more purity was observed (72.43) at 10 mM in BL4, fibre (15.33) at 5 mM in BL4. The maximum sucrose (14.16 %) was recorded under at 15 mM in BL4, sugar yield (6.14 t ha-1) under control in BL4 and cane yield BL4 was noted (331 t ha-1) at 10 mM in BL4. The selected sugarcane mutants were analyzed by using simple sequence markers (SSR). Out of 13 SSR primers studied, 7 primers were found to be polymorphic, whereas 6 primers were counted to be monomorphic. A total of 495 conformers were analyzed by using 13 SSR primers as presented and 495 bands, 191 bands were polymorphic, showing 38.58 % polymorphism. The maximum number of locus (20) was produced by the primer SMC-703BS and minimum number of bands (8) was produced with primer EST-SSR29. The amplification products in 10 mM (EMS) produced multiple loci, in which the total numbers of 129 scroable bands, out of which 100 were monomorphic. They showed SMC 703BS bands15 was produced with lowest number of bands (8) was obtained with primer EST -SSR 29. The primer no amplification products found in EST-SSR30-5, EST-SSR38. The amplification products in 15 mM (EMS) produced multiple fragments in which the total number of 30 scroable bands was polymorphic. Some specific bands were also identified thus reflecting the SSR application for the identification of sugarcane mutants. The results showed that 15 mM (EMS) indicated 6 primers produced a single polymorphic band and 7 primers produced two polymorphic bands. The genetic similarity indices calculated by Jaccard’s similarity coefficient varied from (0.98 to 0.85 % indicate a high level of genetic similarity among the mutants that was mainly attributed to intra specific diversity. Hence, this SSR technique helped to identify the genetic variation in mutant plants.

Rice (Oryza sativa L) is the most prominent crop over globe. In India, rice crop plays vital role in country’s food security and is the backbone of livelihood for millions of people, so may be called as ‘rice is life’. Traditional puddled rice is a major source of methane, nitrous oxide emission which is directly related to greenhouse gases to global warming. Transplanting is the dominant method of sowing in the rice-wheat growing areas of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) is the technology which is water, labour and energy efficient along with eco-friendly characteristics. However, high weed infestation is the major bottleneck in DSR, especially in dry field conditions and, availability of several nutrients including N, P, S and micronutrients such as Zn and Fe, is likely to be a constraint With the increase in prices of inputs and low rice prices, rice production does not provide farmers with high income. Therefore, it is essential to know about best selection of cultivar with right time of input application for the success of the technology. Keeping this in view an experiment was conducted at Regional Research Station, CCSHAU, Karnal. Four basmati cultivars PB 1121, PB 1509, PB 1 and HB 2 were chosen as main plot treatments and three nitrogen doses with 3 & 4 splits as sub plot treatments in split plot design. Experimental results recorded highest gross returns with basmati cultivar HB-2 (Rs. 99955 & 102777 ha-1) followed by PB-1121 (Rs. 99100 & 99500 ha-1) and minimum net returns with PB 1. Highest net income was obtained with basmati cultivar HB-2 (Rs. 19681 & 22179 ha-1) followed by PB-1121 (Rs. 18844 & 18902 ha-1) and PB-1 (Rs. 4072 & 4981 ha-1). The lowest net income was obtained with PB-1509 (Rs.2366 & 3653 ha-1). There was increase in benefit-cost ratio in basmati rice cultivation with increase in N doses from 90 (1.06-1.10) to 100 (1.12-1.16) and 110 kg ha-1 (1.20-1.25) in succession. Similarly, benefit-cost ratio increased with increase in number of splits from three (1.06-1.21) to four (1.08-1.25) at same level of nitrogen.

The traditional way of transplanting of rice is very massive, labour intensive, time consuming and costly. It requires raising of nursery, it’s uprooting, transplanting in the field and continuous ponding of water for the first 15 days. Non- availability of timely labour cause late planting and ultimately reduces the yield. Change in rice establishment method from traditional manual transplanting of seedlings to direct seedling. Weed infestation to be major bottleneck in dry seeded rice because of simultaneous emergence of rice and weeds and at the time of early growth absence of water, which can suppress weed growth.

Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) fishing in the waters of Bacan Island by fishermen based in PPP Panamboang, South Halmahera Regency is generally done using pole and line with auxiliary gear of fish aggregating devices (FADs). Skipjack fishing activity needs effective information so maximum catch can be achieved. Information about the area and season where skipjack can be captured in a large amount can reduce the cost of fishing operation, fishing time, and energy. One solution that offered the best solution is of knowing the pattern of skipjack fishing season. The objective of this research is to analyze the pattern of skipjack fishing season in the waters of Bacan Island, South Halmahera Regency. This research was conducted in the waters of Bacan Island, South Halmahera Regency from October to November 2016. The method was survey-descriptive based on a case study. The results showed that the trend of skipjack catch production in the waters of Bacan Island, South Halmahera Regency during a ten years period (2006-2015) increase, while the trend of fishing trip productivity (ton per trip) has a decrease in 2014. Skipjack season in the waters of Bacan Island, South Halmahera Regency is during Easterly Wind Season (June-August) and peaked in July. This is due to the fertility of the waters tending to increase.

Protein engineering-based drug designing is quite interesting research area for invention of peptide based drugs. The current study is aimed to engineer BuforinII antimicrobial peptide by Mechanism based protein engineering. Template BuforinII was obtained from NCBI database and its similar sequences were retrieved by using Blast P. Protein engineering resulted in a total of 200 variable peptides. 3D model developed for 200 variable peptides and BuforinII by using PEPFOLD server. The developed models were evaluated by RAMPAGE and Q-Mean servers. Based on the Ramachandran Plot, Z-score value and SVM-score of DNA binding studies, the P11A/V12P variant was found to be highly stable and more DNA binding compared with wild and remaining variants. The developed variants can be used for antimicrobial studies in laboratory.

The objective of this work is directed to model the Climatic Bultó Index for Havana city with a year of advance. This index is also modeled independent in the period 2001, month 1, until the year 2005, month 5. In total there are 52 cases, from which two models are obtained, one for the index with short term parameters, (Lag 1, Lag 4) like predictor and another model of the index with parameters of one year of advance (lag 12, lag 16). The first model explains 84.6 variance % with a standard error that can not be measure; the variables that influence in the modeling of the Index are the index in the previous month, and the index fourth months behind, all the variables were significant to 99%, the tendency was not significant. The second model uses the lag 12, the lag 14 and the Lag 10, then we can forecast the Bultó Index with a year of advance, even the Lag 10 is not statistically significant we maintain this parameter in the model because it helps to improve the variance in the model. It was used the Regressive Objective Regression, with the help of the statistical package of Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 13. The pattern of Regressive Objective Regression with a year in advance presents good results with a high correlation (R= 96.1 %) and errors not determined, charts and graphics of the real values are shown and predicted for 2006. The methodology used can prevent the episodes of sickness of persons with sufficient time of advance.

The present study aimed to produce a non-alcoholic malt beverage using Feterita sorghum malt and evaluation of the product quality. Two products (A and B) of non- alcoholic sorghum malt beverage were prepared by addition of two different amounts of caramel. The quality of the products was evaluated using physical, chemical and sensory tests. The physicochemical properties of sorghum wort in terms of reducing sugars, pH, colour and original gravity were 43, 53 wort A were 39.42 and 41.67 mg/ml, 6.59 and 6.68 9 and EBC, 1.026 and 0.846 in wort A and wort B, respectively. The analysis of non-alcohol beverage indicated that the specific gravity, pH, total acidity, colour and alcohol content of product A and product B were 1.012 and 1.045 and 6.43, 6.39 and 3.4%, 3.8%, 12 EBC and13 EBC and 0.033 v/v and 0.043 v/v, respectively. In addition, iodine reaction was negative in each of the two products. It is concluded that effective use of germination to process sorghum grain for beverage requires a control of the temperature and time. More research is needed in order to understand the adjustments made with different stages of processing of malted beverages.

Chlorination of organic molecules is catalyzed by chloroperoxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, few reports have been published on bromination of organic compounds catalyzed by chloroperoxidase. In this work, chloroperoxidase was used to catalyze the bromination of organic compounds in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and sodium bromide. The reaction mixture contain phenol red, NaBr, hydrogen peroxide and chloroperoxide, the reaction was followed by spectrophotometry and HPLC measurements at 590 nm. Chloroperoxidase catalyze the transformation of phenolsulfonphthalein (Phenol Red; PR) to 3’,3’’,5’,5’’- tetrabromophenolsulfonphthalein (Bromophenol Blue; BPB), under mild reaction conditions. The product of the reaction was characterized by HPLC-MS and FTIR. The reaction follows a Michaelis-Menten equation for NaBr, H2O2, and Phenol Red at different concentrations each. Maximum specific reaction rate has a values between 6.6 to 7.62 M-1 BPB formed min-1mg-1protein. Halogenation of phenol red with I, and Cl ions in the presence of chloroperoxidase was not detected. The main product of the reaction was Bromophenol blue, identified by HPLC-MS and FTIR analyses. Chloroperoxidase catalyze bromination reactions on organic compounds such as phenol red, thymol blue and cresol red. These capabilities might be used to produce a high value compounds.

Cadmium selenide (CdSe) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method, using cadmium sulphate (CdSO4) and sodium selenosulphite (Na2SeSO3) as sources of cadmium and selenium ions respectively. The influence of bath temperature (Tb), on the structural, morphological, chemical composition and optical properties of these films were investigated. XRD studies revealed that the film deposited at 323K was polycrystalline with hexagonal structure and exhibited (100) preferential orientation. The film deposited under optimum conditions (Tb = 50°C, td = 2 hr and [Cd]/[Se] ratio = 3:1) was relatively well crystallized. Their surface morphologies were composed of small grains with an approximate size of 13 nm and grains grouped together to form large clusters. EDAX analysis revealed that these films were nonstoichiometric with a slight selenium deficiency. The optical band gap was found to be 1.72 eV.

This study investigated the potential use of Leyte, Philippines, Binahaan riverine waters in concrete mix. Stratified water sample stations (n=3) were characterized as follows: station 1 was salty or seawater, station 2 was brackish, and station 3, was presumably fresh water. Water cement ratio used 0% (control-potable water), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of seawater, brackish, and fresh riverine waters respectively. Hardened concrete cylinder samples were tested for compressive strength after a curing period of 7, 14, and 28 days. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the results between and among stations, source water percentage, and curing periods. Results of the statistical analysis indicated that, although the three (3) stations yielded results equal or better than control, still, probably water source significantly affects the compressive strength of the concrete cylinders with brackish water yielding the best compressive strength values. Among water parameters, salinity, chlorides, and alkalinity showed variations among the sampling stations, and perhaps affect the compressive strength of the concrete cylinders.

The study on the anthropogenic factors affecting protected area was carried out in Senkele Swayne’s Hartebeest Sanctuary (SSHS). Survey questionnaires, key informant interview (KII), Focus group discussion (FGD), direct observation and literature reviews were employed to collect primary and secondary data. Four kebeles were purposefully selected from 8 kebeles surrounding SSHS. Thereafter, about 151 households were selected for survey. The FGD involved 40 households at the rate of 10 households per kebele were purposefully selected whereas about 2 experts from each 5 relevant offices and 2 Aba Gada, which accounts a total of 12 key informants were purposefully selected for KII. The study revealed that the major human activities affecting SSHS were overgrazing, uncontrolled fire, illegal settlement, deforestation, agricultural expansion and poaching as replied by 66.3%, 8.6%, 7.3%, 13.2%, 2.6% and 2.0% respondents respectively. The causes for anthropogenic factors were mainly scarcity of land, enormous livestock and fast population growth as reported by 28.5%, 23.2% and 26.5% respondents respectively. About 37.7%, 27.2%, 15.2% and 19.9% of the respondents indicated that loss of biodiversity, wildlife depletion, increases in poverty and decline in agricultural productivity as the main effect of human induced factors to the sanctuary respectively. The survey result also indicated that 31.1%, 27.2%, 15.9%, 13.2% and 3.3% respondents suggested creating employment opportunity for local community, solving local community’s problem, benefit sharing and Ecotourism development as principal solution to anthropogenic factors to SSHS respectively. In conclusion, the survey results revealed that local communities were highly dependent on the sanctuary particularly for livestock grazing. Currently conservation measure being taken at the sanctuary is not hopeful. Therefore, developing alternative means of livelihood for local communities and enhancing livestock quality by reducing its quantity is vital to balance the interest of local community and sustainability of the sanctuary.

There is no escaping color. Whether it's choosing what to wear when you wake up in the morning or using color to make a picture full of life, color choice is always there. Color can affect your mood and motives. Some psychologists say that a person's favorite color can say something about their personality. Below is an insight into what a favorite color might have to say about a person. Not all of these traits may be true to you but you might be able to relate some to your own personality or someone else you know personality. This article is an attempt to find the most dominant color among teenagers.

The research itinerary studies the reading of the graphic documentation of relating the UNESCO territory of Montenegro, and particularly the towns of Kotor, Dobrota, Perast and Herceg Novi, which overlook the Adriatic Sea. The drawing of the territory is, therefore, the result of incessant work of man, an eternal construction site where they collected the history and culture that characterize the contemporaneity of past and present: an eternal construction site, a source of creativity and change.

Tourism and hospitality benefits local economies substantially by improving foreign exchange earnings, creating employment and investment opportunities, increasing government revenues, developing a country's image and supporting all other sectors of the economy as well as local communities. This paper explores the influence of technological alliances on the growth of hotel industry based on a study of hotels in Eldoret town in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design with a target population of 220 drawn from the hotel industry in Eldoret town. A sample of 112 respondents was drawn proportionately from four categories of hotels using stratified random sampling technique. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to collect the required data. The collected data was then analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program version 20. Multiple regression analysis was also used to analyze the data. The findings were presented in frequency tables. From the study findings, it emerged that technological alliances increased the hotel sales, profits, product/service quality and reduction of costs. It had also enhanced market share and competitive advantage. The study recommends the need for hotels to adopt technological alliances in order to reduce operational costs and improve the quality of their products and services.

In this innovative era of material science, newer methods and materials which were facilitated to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional methods have been articulated for the restoration of grossly destructed teeth. As such a material is Customizable fiber post, Everstick post. Two clinical case reports ofrestoring form and function using this novel material are documented here. In the first case minimal preparation was carried out without enlarging the canal and in the second case an anatomic post was fabricated in a wide and flared root canal. These techniques can be used as substitutes to conventional methods of rehabilitation.

Computed Tomography plays a major diagnostic role in evaluation of patients with neoplastic sinonasal diseases and determines the mode of management. The purpose of the present study is to assess the role of CT in diagnosis of neoplastic sinonasal diseases by correlating CT diagnosis with final histopathological diagnosis and evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of CT. This study was a retrospective hospital based study executed in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Acharya Vinobha Bhave Rural hospital (AVBRH) attached to Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha. Study included 175 patients with symptomatic sinonasal diseases who were evaluated by 16 slice MDCT and final diagnosis was obtained. Out of 175 patients 38 had neoplastic histopathological diagnosis in ehich the findings were correlated with CT diagnosis. Then sensitivity and specificity of CT was evaluated. Statistical analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics using Test statistics (sensitivity, specificity, ppv, npv and accuracy) and Z test for single proportions (Z value > 1.96 is considered significant). Software used in the analysis was SPSS 17.0 version and graph pad prism 6.0 version and p < 0.05 is considered as level of significance. On correlating CT diagnosis with final diagnosis, Benign neoplasms had sensitivity of 95.24% and specificity of 99.35%, positive predictive value 95.24%, negative predictive value with 99.35% and accuracy of 98.86%. Malignant neoplasms had sensitivity of 88.89% and specificity of 99.36%, positive predictive value 94.12% and negative predictive value 98.73% with 98.29% accuracy. P value in all instances was < 0.05 i.e. <0.0001, indicating the significance of the findings.

Among them, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), consists of a stage of greater severity and is characterized by the presence of hepatic steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning, micro and macro vesicular steatosis, with inflammatory response, and hepatic fibrosis, has emerged as a cause of chronic liver disease that may lead to severe clinical conditions, which include cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Still in the present moment there is no pharmacological treatment for NAFLD and NASH. However, changes related to the lifestyle of these patients appear as an alternative to generate health benefits of these patients, the RPE and diet modification, as the only way to set this disease. Recents studies have demonstrated that the regular practice of physical exercise associated with a macronutrient intake management causes benefits related to weight loss, body mass index, improve of lipogenic imbalance, inflammatory response, and histological profile in patients. However it is not known fully what the role of RPE and diet modification remaining unclear. The objective of this review is to investigate the role non-pharmacological treatment strategiesin path physiological process in NASH.

Oral fibroma is a common benign scar-like reaction to persistent long-standing irritation in the mouth. It is also known as traumatic fibroma, focal fibrous hyperplasia, fibrous nodule or oral polyp. Oral fibroma presents as a firm smooth lump in the mouth. The surface may be ulcerated due to trauma, or become rough and scaly. This case report is a documentation of a 60 year old female. On examination 6 fibroma lesions were present in relation to lower right and left buccal mucosa and floor of the mouth. It was managed by surgical excision under general anaesthesia and was closed with local buccal advancement flaps. Histopathology report showed Multiple Irritation Fibroma. 1 year follow-up showed no recurrence.

Objective: To compare changes occurring in the soft tissue profile with orthodontic treatment after extraction and non-extraction cases, and to determine soft tissue parameters that show significant correlations to understand the factors influencing the response to tooth movement. Methodology: Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalographs of 16 subjects were assessed. For half of the patients (n=8), treatment included the extraction of 4 premolars, whereas the other half(n=8) were treated by the non-extraction approach.Soft tissue changes by treatment were analyzed and compared between both groups using the independent sample t-test to assess the degree of change with orthodontic treatment. Mean and S.D values before and after extraction and non-extraction treatment were also evaluated. Nasolabial angle, Labiomental angle, H angle, Lip chin submental angle, upper and lower sulcus depth to H line as well as upper and lower lip to E line were evaluated for study. Results: Although the premolar extraction group showed greater soft tissue changes with treatment, post-treatment comparisons showed that both extraction and non-extraction groups finished within the almost same soft tissue parameters. Conclusion: The effects of the two types of orthodontic treatment (i.e. extraction and non-extraction) on the facial soft tissues were very similar, indicating that treatment, involving the extraction of premolars, does not have a detrimental effect on facial aesthetics provided the decision to extract is on sound basis.

The oral manifestations of HIV disease in children are well described, although occasional descriptions of new lesions make their way into literature. HAART generally reduces the frequency and/or security of most oral lesions associated with HIV disease. Fissured tongue is one of the nonspecific tongue lesions rarely observed in HIV patients under HAART. This paper presents a rare case report of fissured tongue in HIV patients of 11 year old under HAART.

Dysmenorrhea itself is not life threatening, but is found to have a profound impact on the daily activities and may result in missing work or school; inability to participate in sports or other activities and it may accentuate the emotional distress brought on by the pain (Andrew, 1999). Acharya Charaka has mentioned that Yoniroga can’t occur without vitiation of Vata (Agnivesha, 2004). Again pain is the main feature of Kashtartava, so it has strong relation with Vata. In classical text it is explained that due to Vega Dharana of Vata, Mutra and Purisha the Apana Vata gets vitiated and it gets Udhravagami i.e. normal Anulomaka Gati of Apana Vayu changes to Pratiloma Gati and this vitiated Vata lifts the Yoni upward and causes obstruction to flow of Raja and Raja comes out with great difficulty with severe Shoola (Charakasamhita of agnivesha, 2007). Several herbs are described in Ayurvedic literature for management of kashtartav. There is a need to solve this emerging problem. Panchakarma therapy offers a rayof hope for udavartini. Also ayurvedic herbals offer potential management which is proved beyond doubt in solving theproblem successfully. The aim of the posture is to focus the management of this problem in present scenario. Ayurveda recommends rutucharya and dinacharya, diet modulation and yoga in the form of asanas, pranayam and meditation on a regular basis so as to alleviate dysmenorrhoea effectively. Similarly, Uttarbasti, Garbhashaya balyaaushadhi, anuvasan or matrabasti can also be administered if necessary.

The objective of this study is to present our experience with the use of infrared laser with (ƛ) 904 nm, for treatment of bone resorption in dental implants in process of osseointegration. Material and methods: we present a clinical case of treatment of bone resorption around the apex of an implant in process of osseointegration. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the infrared specter with (λ) 904 nm was used for the treatment. Six procedures were performed, every other day, with a dose of 3-4 J/ cm2. Results: The radiography performed about three months after the treatment showed recovery of the bone resorption. Conclusion: The use of laser in the infrared specter with (λ) 904 nm, for treatment of bone resorption in dental implants in process of osseointegration, following a protocol of six sessions every other day with dose of 3-4 J/ cm2 per session, leads to recovery of the bone structure.

Depression in the third age obeys the etiopathogenic factors that condition the disorders Objective: To identify the prevalence of depression in the Elderly, a prospective, transversal, descriptive study was performed, participating 76 People over 60 years old Material and methods: Se Applied the DSM-IV survey to determine the depression in the Elderly people of the town of Candelaria, Campeche during the period of April to October of 2016. Results: they presented depression, 79.3% had a primary school education or less, 17.2% were illiterate, 3.4% had a higher secondary schooling, had depression 27.5% were unable to work formally because they had a disability, while 62% worked in the household and 9.4% worked in a formal way. Conclusion: This study revealed a prevalence of 38%, higher than the national average

Introduction: The identification of the clinical consequences of Helicobacter pylori infection is certainly one of the major discoveries within the past 20 years in medicine. H. pylori was the first formally recognized bacterial carcinogen and is one of the most common human pathogen. It has been etiologically associated with gastritis and gastric associated diseases, peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma and primary gastric carcinoma. Dyspepsia is a very common group of symptoms referring upper gastrointestinal tract for which patients consult the physician, accounting for about 4% to 14% of their consultations. Annual Incidence of Helicobacter pylori is 6%-14% in developing countries with faeco-oral route of transmission. In this context this study has been undertaken to look for the association of H. pylori in adult patients of dyspepsia with evaluation of diagnostic test for detection of H. pylori in dyspeptic patients visiting in a tertiary hospital in a rural setup of central India. Material and Methods: It was a cross sectional studies involving 52 patients. After obtaining history and written informed consent, 4 antral mucosal biopsy specimens were collected along with 5 ml blood sample. Biopsy specimens were subjected to Rapid urea test (RUT), Culture, Gram staining and Histopathological examination. Subculture from Brucella broth was done on Brucella chocolate agar with & without antibiotics. Identification was done by standard tests. Serum was separated and used for ELISA test for H. pylori IgG antibody. Results: Out of the 52 patients studied, 25 (48.07%) were positive by Rapid urease test, 20(38.46%) by Gram staining, 17(32.69%) by Culture, 21(40.38%) by Histopathology and IgG 28(53.84%) by ELISA test. RUT had 100% sensitivity and 77.14% specificity, while histopathology had 94.11% sensitivity and 85.14% specificity and IgG had 94.11% sensitivity and 65.71% specificity in reference to culture. Conclusion: In our study, we have revealed that for diagnosing H. pylori either one can use RUT for rapid diagnosis in the endoscopic room itself and confirm diagnosis by culture or histopathology.

Aim: To Predict the Maxillary Lateral-Incisor Root Resorption of Potentially Impacted Canine Using Sector Analysis Material and Methods: OPG of 20 patients were included in the study. All patients had fully erupted maxillary permanent lateral incisors adjacent to the impacted canines. Each impacted canine was assigned to sector I-IV according to Lindauer and colleagues. Results: In our study, none of the 10 impacted canines in sectors I and II had adjacent lateral incisors with any root resorption. Of the three canines in sector III, however, one had adjacent lateral incisors with root resorption; of the 7 canines in sector IV, 3 had adjacent lateral incisors evidencing root resorption. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the more severe the impaction of a canine, the more likely it is that the adjacent lateral incisor will show some level of root resorption.

Introduction: Primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of urinary bladder is an extremely rare disease. Symptomatically this tumor usually presents during the 5th and 6th decades of life with hematuria. It needs to be distinguished from mucinous adenocarcinoma metastasizing to the bladder from other primary sites. We report this case in a young man whose disease progressed to an advanced stage with minimal, irritative lower urinary tract symptoms and needed an extensive resection to achieve locoregional control. Case Report: This 30 yr old male patient had been having irritative lower urinary tract symptoms for one year and had been under symptomatic treatment from traditional medicine practitioners. On evaluation he was diagnosed to have mucinous adenocarcinoma of bladder with extensive nodal metastases and a nonfunctioning right kidney secondary to uretero vesical junction obstruction caused by the tumor. He has been managed with radical cystectomy along with nephrectomy, ureterectomy and a super extended lymphnode dissection. Conclusion: Adenocarcinomas of the bladder can present surreptitiously with minimal symptoms and no significant signs. A high index of suspicion is to be maintained while evaluating lower urinary tract symptoms. There should be a low threshold for ultrasound evaluation to avoid late diagnosis and morbidity. Mucinous Adenocarcinoma has an aggressive behavior and responds poorly to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Objective: To determine functional outcome of anterior cervical decompression and fusion early than 6 months from the symptoms or more than 6 monthes from the symptoms for degenerative cervical spondylotic myelopathy with modified Japanese orthopedic association score (MJOA). Materials and Methods: 40 diagnosed cases of one level cervical myelopathy at king abdulazaiz hospital in Taif between 2008—20013 were retrospectively analyzed at, 1 year using MJOA. Results: 20 patients underwent Single level ACDF within 6 months from the start of symptoms with C5-C6 the commonest level to be affected. and 20 patient 20 patients underwent Single level ACDF after more than 6 months from the symptoms but less than one year .The correlation between Duration of Symptoms to Preoperative and postoperative MJOA was statistically significant. We noted statistically significant improvement in symptoms of axial neck pain, radicular arm pain, and gait disturbances post operatively at one year in both groups but was more improvement in group 1. Statically significant difference was noted between the two group while comparison. Conclusion: Functional outcomes in operated patients at 1-year follow up are better if ACDF surgery is done early within 6 months from the symptoms. Symptoms of axial neck pain; radicular arm pain, clumsy hand and gait disturbances show significant improvement at one year follow up. While bladder and bowel involvement showed the least recovery. Significant improvement in function occurs 1 year postoperatively.

This paper reports the benefits of therapist assisted sensorimotor task specific training (TASTT) and electrical stimulation in the rehabilitation of Wrist drop. Wrist drop is caused by damage to the radial nerve, which travels down the arm and controls the movement of the triceps muscle at the back of the upper arm, because of several conditions. An intervention of 20 days (5 days per week for 4 weeks) was given to the patient & prognosis was observed on various outcome variables like Chedoke arm and hand inventory scale and strength and duration (SD) curve before & after the intervention. A poor prognosis was seen in both the variables which may be because of Neurolysis.

Background: This study was aimed to evaluate various clinical presentations of lacunar infarcts and correlating their localization with Radiological imaging Method: This Cross sectional study was conducted on 100 patients who admitted and attended at Dr. PSIMS & amp; RF which is a rural tertiary health care centre from July 2015 to November 2016. Patients presenting with various clinical Lacunar syndromes, were evaluated for etiopathogenesis, confirming the lesion localization with radiological imaging. Results: 100 patients were studied out of which 83 were hypertensives and 63 were smokers, 56 were diabetics. 63 patients were asymptomatic and 37 were symptomatic pure motor hemiparesis was seen 22 in symptomatic patients, most of them located in internal capsule region on radiological localization. Sensorimotor lacunar syndrome was seen in 10 patients, half of them having a thalamic lesion. 3 patients with ataxia hemiparesis had lesion at cortical and capsule ganglionic regions. 6 patients have lesions at multiple sites’ had lesions mostly located in cortical regions with different presentations. Conclusion: In our study, Hypertension and smoking were two most common risk factors for Lacunar infarct. Many of launar infarcts were asymptomatic. Pure motor hemiparesis is the most common type of lacunar syndrome with lesions commonly localized in internal capsule region.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different concentrations (1wt%, 3wt % and 5wt %) of MA-POSS (methacryl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) on flexural strength of heat cured denture base resin (PMMA). Material and Methods: Total 40 test specimens were made of heat cured denture base resin (DPI, Dental Products of India) with dimensions of 65 mm x 10 mm x 3 mm. Methacryl POSS (MA-POSS) was added in 1wt%, 3wt% and 5 wt% concentrations by physically blending in polymer matrix. All the specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 370 C for 10 days in a universal incubator and tested in universal testing machine at cross head speed of 0.5mm/min. Results: The mean flexural strength of control group specimens was 72.25 Mpa which increased to 85.17 Mpa on reinforcement with 1 wt % POSS and further increased to 99.85 Mpa on reinforcement with 3 wt% POSS. However the flexural strength declined to 50.45 Mpa on reinforcement with 5wt% POSS Conclusion: Concentration of POSS upto 3 wt % improved flexural strength of denture base resin however when concentration increased to 5 wt % the strength decreased drastically.

Background: Multiple Sclerosis is the commonest immune mediated inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. It is usually relapsing remitting and presents with focal neurological deficit. On the other hand ADEM (Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis) also known as postinfectous encephalomyelitis is a rare CNS demyelinating disorder which is typically monophisic and presents with encephalopathy. Objective: We would like to report a rare case of MS that present with ADEM like clinical and radiological picture. Material and Methods: A 16 year female presented to the emergency room with progressive deterioration in consciousness over five days. Results and conclusion: MRI Brain and Cervical spine was suggestive of ADEM while CSF examination and brain biopsy was suggestive of MS.

Patients with facial defects avoid social contact. The reason behind this may be functional problems or serious psychological problems. Plastic surgery and prosthesis are the treatment option for the patients who are wishing to disguise the absence of all or missing part. The maxillofacial prosthesis constructed by prosthodontists is an alternative treatment when the facial defects cannot be surgically treated. There are various retentive aids to enhance retention. This article gives a brief review on auricular retentive aids which are used to enhance retention.

Bite force is recognized as one of the factors indicating the masticatory system’s functional state resulting from jaw elevator muscle action, modified by cranio-mandibular biomechanics. Many studies have been performed to determine the relationship between bite force and masticatory efficiency, as bite force is one of the key determinants of masticatory performance. The prime aim of the present study was to determine the mean maximum voluntary bite force of Bengalee children of Kolkata in the mixed and permanent dentitions and to assess different influencing factors on the magnitude of children’s bite force in order to advance knowledge in relation to bite forces and their interplay in children.

Colistin is a polymyxin with bactericidal activity against most strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The recent increase in multidrug-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa has prompted renewed interest in the use of colistin. Rapid and reliable colistin susceptibility testing (ST) is needed in routine clinical laboratories to allow appropriate therapeutic decision-making. The present study aimed to study the efficacy and reliability of disc diffusion method to test the susceptibility of colistin. Materials and Methods:A total of 50 clinical isolates of carbapenem non-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from various clinical samples was identified using standard microbiological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by means of agar disc diffusion and E-test method. Results: Around 82% isolates showed the sensitivity zone between 11-15mm (sensitive). The comparison between the Colistin Disks and E- strip showed 6 isolates to be sensitive by E-Strip method but found to be resistant by colistin disk method. Discussion: In this study most cases were found to be sensitive by both methods (86%). Nevertheless, 7 cases (14%) were resistant to the Colistin disk method. These were further tested for the Etest and 6/7 were found to be sensitive by the Etest. Conclusion: The above study showed the disk diffusion method to be equally efficacious as the Etest with 86% of the isolates showing susceptibility by both the methods.

Introduction: Secretory Otitis Media (SOM) is the commonest clinical condition that can cause conductive deafness, especially among school going children. The outcome of hearing loss in children, include, speech problems, behavioral problems, and poor academic performance. Management of SOM therefore remains crucial. Here, comparative study between antibiotics Vs surgical therapy in treatment of SOM has been done. Materials and Methods: The study was started with enrolling fifty patients. A detailed history with ENT examinations was done and documented in a validated proforma. Routine investigations like CBC, urine examination, audiological investigation like impedance audiometry etc., was done in all cases. Observation and results: About 70% of the patients presented with symptoms of ear block with mouth breathing. Increased incidence was found in the 2-6 years of age group. The study shows that, surgery can fasten the rate of recovery, shorten the duration of therapy, and prevent the recurrence of SOM as compared to treatment with antibiotics. Conclusion: However, both the treatments have complications associated with them. Large, well-controlled studies could help resolve the risk benefit ratio by measuring SOM recurrence, functional outcome, quality of life and long term outcomes.

Purpose: The purpose of this survey was to assess the perceptions and knowledge of caregivers who provide oral health care for persons with special needs (PSN) and person with medical conditions (PMC) with regards to the persons with special needs and medical conditions overall oral health care and the factors that affect provision of such care. Methods: This 33 items item survey consisted of questions to determine the perception and knowledge of the parent/caregivers with regards to the overall oral health care of PSN and PMC. Two-hundred and thirteen parent/caregivers for PSN and PMC and currently treated at King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh participated in this study. This survey included information such as gender, age and number of years helping PSN and PMC. Responses to the questionnaire were tabulated and percent/frequency distributions for responses to each item were analyzed. Results: The tested knowledge of parents/caregivers was moderate but the majority rated their knowledge as minimal (41.78%) and moderate (35.21%). There was correlation between the gender of caregivers and their self-rating knowledge of oral health care of PSN and PMC (p=0.0012). No correlation between how long a parent/caregiver has been helping PSN and PMC and their self-rating knowledge (P=0.09). There was no correlation of the medical conditions and tested knowledge of caregivers of oral health care of the PSN and PMC (p=0.15). Person's behavior and the level of person’s disability/disease were reported as the major reasons why it is difficult to provide care for them. Conclusions: The knowledge of parents/caregivers was moderate and most individuals who care for PSN and PMC have no formal or informal training and rated their knowledge as minimal. Reported barriers to care should be addressed by continuing education and further training.

Here we report the thermodynamic analysis of glucose interaction on conformational transitions on DNA duplex with different base compositions and lengths by using Circular Dichroism, UV thermal melting and native gel electrophoresis. CD results revealed that three duplexes Duplex 1 “D1” and Duplex 2 “D2” folded into B-form while Duplex 3 “D3” folded into mixed A and B like forms in the presence of different cations and glucose. We monitor the interaction between DNA duplex and glucose over a range of temperatures. Thermal melting data revealed that these duplexes are more stable without glucose under all cationic (Na+, K+, Na+ + Mg++ and K+ + Mg++) conditions tested and calculated the enthalpy “∆H”, entropy “∆S” and free energy “∆G”. Moreover, these duplexes are marginally destabilized at high concentration of glucose. In this study, glucose was considered as an essential model for understanding interactions between interfacial water molecules at hydrophilic surfaces of DNA duplexes.

Variation in the functional traits of plants stem from evolutionary and environmental drivers that operate on different scales. Such traits are linked to growth, survival, and reproduction of organisms and tend to vary less in harsh environments. This study evaluated the variation in leaf and wood traits of dominant plant species of different types of restinga vegetation to answer (i) which traits respond most to edaphic conditions and (ii) in which vegetation type are species more functionally redundant. The functional attributes considered were height of individuals, leaf inclination angle, leaf area, leaf dry matter content, specific leaf area, wood density, tangential vessel diameter, vessel frequency, conductivity index, and vulnerability index. The analyses of functional attributes, diversity, and functional redundancy in association with the edaphic parameters of organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and gravimetric moisture used SYNCSA software. The relationship between edaphic and functional attributes was determined by linear regression. ANOVA revealed variations in the morphological and anatomical attributes of the species. The optimal subset of leaf attributes that maximize species convergence include leaf inclination angle and specific leaf area. Convergence was expressed by all of the attributes of wood measured. Strong correlations appeared between optimal attributes and soil variables. Functional diversity progressively increased towards the forest formation, while functional redundancy was higher in herbaceous formations. There is evidence of a directional environmental filter that acts with a greater selective force on the herbaceous formations, since species growing in resource-limited environments tend to develop more convergent morpho-anatomical adjustments.

Chopped maize have to be compressed in bunker silos for high quality silage. High losses can occur if the compaction is too low. The main objective of this research was to determine the compaction force at the ensiled material in bunker silo. A pressure measurement method was developed. This method is based on the compaction force determination. Mesens 500 series 4-20 mA of the 4 bar capacity pressure sensor was used. Sensor capacity was determined by the tractor tire pressure. In bunker silos were identified measure points to characterize the silage compaction profile. The experiment was organized in a 3 layer thickness (0.5 m, 1 m, 1.5 m) x three lateral positions (left near the wall, right near the wall and centre) x three areas (A, B and C). Sensors were located during filled the each layer in the bunker silos. Results indicate that a higher compaction force was measured by decreasing layer thickness and by increasing compaction time. The highest pressure was measured in C area due to the higher compaction time.

This review presents a critical analysis of the various aspects of producing antimicrobial textiles. The microbes involved their mechanism of adherence on natural and synthetic fibers, effect of microbial growth on textiles, principle and mechanism of antimicrobial activity and the compounds being used for this purpose have been covered.

Tilapia fish, Oreochromius niloticus were exposed to different sublethal concentrations (30 mgll and 50 mg/l) of chlorine to observe behavioral alterations and histopathological alterations in liver. The fishes showed marked changes in their behavior when exposed to the test solution of different concentrations. The fishes showed rapid swimming than in control, hyperactivity, loss of balance, increased surfacing activity. The lives showed marked alterations, the focal areas of necrosis vacuolation and dilation and thrombosis formation in central vein, rupture in the hepatocytes, Cell damage, Moreover, pyknosis (PY) and hemorrhages was seen.

Solar still, which converts available brackish or impure water into potable water, can be used to supply drinking water for the people living in arid and remote areas. But, this still is not popular because of its lower productivity. This research work presents the theoretical and actual performance of the single basin double slope solar still and explores the different methods to improve the efficiency. A single basin double slope still with overall size of 2.5 m x 1.5m x 1 m was fabricated and tested under laboratory conditions (still – laboratory) and in actual solar radiation conditions (still – solar) at Chidambaram (9o11’N, 77o52’E), a city in southern India. Experiments were conducted for different depths of water up to 0.2 cm and with different basin materials. Different wick materials like light cotton cloth, jute cloth and light sponge sheet were used. Aluminium rectangular fins arranged in length and breadth wise covered with cotton cloth and jute cloth were also used in the basin. The solid materials like quartzite rocks of different sizes, naturally washed stones, cement concrete pieces and, brick pieces and iron turnings were used in the basin. The above said solid materials were not used so far. Experiments were conducted using different glass thickness with different inclination and orientation and the variations in transmittance were studied. A regression equation was established, to calculate the transmittance of the given thickness glass plate at any place and at any time for given radiation conditions. The variations of energy losses at cover plates were studied.

The extraction and characterization of crude oil of Moringa oleifera oil found in India, Tamil Nadu has been carried out. Normal hexane was used as solvent for the extraction process. The oil produced was refined through transesterification process using methoxide and magnetic stirrer local. The characterization analysis revealed that tested parameters, which include specific gravity, refractive index, viscosity, density, acid value, saponification value and iodine value for both crude and refined Moringa oil produced, were within the ASTM standard specifications. The oil is of good quality and could be recommended suitable for industrial usage.

A study was conducted on agricultural soils in Kindo Koysha District, Southern Ethiopia, with the objective of evaluating soil physico chemical properties. Physical and chemical characteristics of soils were evaluated using standard methods. Soil properties varied according to the sites. pH varied from strongly acidic (4.7) to slightly acidic (6.5). The levels of organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (N) were 1 to 1.83% and 0.086 to 0.157%, respectively. The soil OC contents were in low to moderate range. The carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) in all the studied sites was greater than 10. The available phosphorus (P) contents of the soils in all studied sites were qualifying very low range. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils ranged from 3.4 (low) to 21.5 Cmol(+) kg-1 (moderate). The textural classification was sandy loam in all sites. Therefore, researchers, local farmers and investors give due to attention for site specific fertilizer management and selecting varieties which resist soil acidity.

This paper proposes a direct control strategy for an interior permanent magnet synchronous generator-based variable speed by using fuzzy logic. In this scheme, the requirement of the continuous rotor position is eliminated as all the calculations are done in the stator reference frame. This scheme possesses advantages such as lesser parameter dependence and reduced number of controllers compared with the traditional indirect vector control scheme. Fuzzy logic adds to bivalent logic an important capability—a capability to reason precisely with imperfect information. Imperfect information is information which in one or more respects is imprecise, uncertain, incomplete, unreliable, vague or partially true. In fuzzy logic, results of reasoning are expected to be provably valid, or p-valid for short. The direct control scheme is simpler and can eliminate some of the drawbacks of traditional indirect vector control scheme. The proposed control scheme is implemented in MATLAB/ Sim Power Systems and the results show that the controller can operate under constant and varying wind speeds. Finally, a sensor less speed estimator is implemented, which enables the wind turbine to operate without the mechanical speed sensor.

Two single microbial fuel MFCs with different roughness (roughened and without roughened) were firstly constructed and the effect of the roughness on optimal power density was studied. It was found that the power density of MFC with roughened electrodes (50 mW•m–2) was two times as high as that of MFC with unroughened electrodes, showing that roughness plays an important role in improving power density. Four series stack MFCs with roughened electrodes were then constructed to further improve power density and long-term performances of the MFCs were studied over 160 days. The effect of K3Fe(CN)6, which added to catholyte, on power output of the MFCs was also investigated. A maximum power density output of 126.5 mW•m–2 was achieved at 62th day with the four series stack MFCs during the long term test. The optimal powers of the MFCs tend to become closer to each other after 160 days, which ranged from 52.0 mW•m–2 to 73.4 mW•m–2, showing a considerably stable power output was maintained during the period of 160 days. The output power densities of each MFC in the four series stack MFCs increased rapidly with increasing K3Fe(CN)6 concentration, and a maximum power density output of 560 mW•m−2 was observed by injecting 15 mL 200 mM K3Fe(CN)6 solution into cathode container. This value is 10.8 times of that without adding K3Fe(CN)6 solution at the same conditions, showing that K3Fe(CN)6 solution has a significant effect on improving the MFC powers. This study provides a foundation for further development of an industrially relevant MFC for water treatment.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is an escalating concern in the modern era of electronics. As such it has become a critical area to study while designing and packagingelectronics. With the growing volume of electronic devices and increasing processor frequencies, the electromagnetic environment is becoming ever more congested resulting in need for adequate EMI shielding. Further, due to the steady growth of communication technology and adverse effects of electromagnetic radiations on human body and electronic devices, it is essential to reduce the Electro- Magnetic Interference (EMI) and its impact. The desire for high performance, combined with reductions in size, weight andmanufacturing cost suggests that polymers could be ideal material especially for electronic housings. Unfortunately polymers generally do not provide shielding fromelectromagnetic waves because of their insulating nature. In this context, Electroless Alloy (Ni-P-W) Coated Nanocenosphere in and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)and Poly methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) composites have been investigated for their EMI shielding effectiveness. The strategy is to render the polymer conductive by dispersing Nickel-Phosphorous-Tungsten alloy coated Nanocenospheres along with Conductive fillersin the polymer (PMMA/ABS) which promotes wave absorption. All the studies have been made on polymer composite sheets with electroless alloy coated Nano-cenospheres. In the present study, EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray) analysis confirmed the presence of Ni, W and P on the coated Nanocenosphere particles substantiated by Phase analysis using XRD (X-Ray Diffractometer). SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analysis was conducted to study the size, shape of the coated particles and to observe the distribution of these particles along with conductive fillers in polymer matrix in the composite sheet. This paper discusses theprocessing methods, electrical surface resistivity and its correlation with EMI shielding. In the current formulation, shielding effectiveness of approximately 35 dB at a frequency of 1GHz wasachieved for Electroless alloy coated Nanocenospheres in ABSpolymer, which is higher than that of PMMA polymer. Further, the effects of coated Nanocenosphere particle size and distribution in polymer matrix have been discussed.

Clove industry supports significantly Zanzibar economy and leading sector for foreign exchange earning in Zanzibar. The objective of this study was to examine social vulnerability (exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity) of the clove farmers in Pemba Island to the impacts of climate change and variability. The study covered four districts of Pemba Island (Mkoani, Chakechake, Wete and Micheweni). The livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) and LVI-IPCC scores were used to assess components of vulnerability of the households. A total of 360 households were surveyed during this study. The main assessed parameters were socio-demographics profile, livelihoods, social networks, health, food and water security, natural disasters and climate variability and energy resources. The overall LVI index for Mkoani, Micheweni, Wete and Chake chake were 0.5261, 0.5148, 0.5061, and 0.5016 respectively. Likewise, LVI-IPCC scores were 0.0770, 0.0729, 0.0602 and 0.0269 for Micheweni, Mkoani, Chake chake and Wete districts, respectively. The results showed the sources of vulnerability differed within and between the four districts. The overall LVI-IPCC scores indicate that the level of vulnerability varies the sampled districts based on the degree of the dependence of clove industry for their socioeconomic activities.

This study tried to examine the relationship between teachers’ feedback and the influence level of its explicitness on students’ self-correction ability in writing at Gore Preparatory School. To find out this, one shot experimental research design using quantitative research method was employed. Data were collected from 60 students who were selected by simple random sampling technique using lottery method. Participants were assigned to one control group and two experimental groups randomly. Data collecting instruments were an in-class writing essay test and correction exercise, and grammar knowledge test. The first drafts and the second drafts of essays, which were written by students, were compared by counting number of errors before feedback and by counting number of corrected errors after feedback. The grammar knowledge test was given to measure students’ grammar knowledge and to examine whether there was an influence on their self-correction ability. The data from writing essays were normalized using the procedure of Ferris et al. (2001) and analyzed using one way ANOVA, Turkey’s post hoc t-test and correlation. The finding of this study indicated that teachers’ feedback had strong effect on students’ self-correction and its level of explicitness had also an influence on students’ self-correction ability. The grammar knowledge did not have an influence on students’ self-correction among the groups. Based on the finding it was suggested that teachers should help the students revise their own drafts and edit their own grammatical errors by providing more explicit error feedback.

In the present paper an effort has been complete to throw light on obtainable personal income tax structure in India. The paper briefly investigation the issues involving to high tax load on people lessening under low and medium income group. Researcher conclude that there is still a want to bring additional improvement in the personal income tax structure in the form of development the exemption limits, lowering the tax tariff, reorganize the dissimilar income tax slabs and make simpler overall tax process so that people could be positive for obedience of tax laws.

The study sought to investigate the effects of credit policy on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically the research sought to examine the relationship between loan terms and conditions and financial performance, and to determine the relationship between credit information and financial performance. The problem of the study was that some commercial banks use stringent credit policy thus losing customers to other banks with lenient credit policy, this has led to decline in performance of such banks. The study was carried out using descriptive research design. The population for the study was all the forty three commercial banks headquarters located within Nairobi CBD. Primary data was collected through the use of close-ended questionnaire, drop and pick procedure was used to collect the instrument. The target population was credit officers of the commercial banks in Kenya. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. . The results shows that the nature of loan terms and conditions has a large effect on the bank’s competitiveness, the study also found that most commercial banks rely to a large extent on the borrower’s credit history in awarding loan amounts. The results shows that credit policy positively affect the performance of commercial banks.

Handwriting is a unique identity of every individual which can neither be copied nor be recreated. This uniqueness of handwriting in every individual is the product of variation which one makes either consciously or unconsciously but this uniqueness is the foremost requirement for handwriting analysis. An attempt was made to examine and analyse the various minute features possessed in handwriting and to classify them into macro and micro features. These features were further used to discriminate and divide handwritings on the basis of its capability of determining or predicting the gender of the writer. Over 130 samples of handwriting were examined and a promising result were observed proving the handwriting features to be gender identifying, further hypothesis testing of the same showed positive results up to some extent leading to rejection of null hypothesis that “ there is no significant difference in handwriting of male and female”. The results observed in the examination may be said to be the great breakthrough in the field of graphology as well as forensic science if it became possible to predict the gender of the writing by examination of his/her handwriting and thus by knowing the gender, the suspect list for a particular case can be shortened, which will facilitate the examination / investigation.

In Maharashtra an overwhelming number of women have been a part of the active work force due to their total involvement in agriculture. Present study was undertaken to know the health status of selected female farm labourers from urban slum and rural area of Parbhani District of Marathwada region of Maharashtra state. The study involved survey to find socio-economic background of selected 500 female farm labourers i.e.250 each from urban slums and rural. Equal number of 21-30 and 31-40 years i.e. 125 each in all groups were covered for study. The results indicated that majority of female farm labourers were from nuclear families in urban slums (76.8 per cent) and in rural (67.2 per cent). More per cent of rural families (79.2 per cent) were vegetarian whereas urban slums (69.2 per cent) were non-vegetarian. Maximum numbers of farm women were belonging to income group Rs. 6001-10,000/- per month. The per cent adequacy of food intake of selected female farm labourers as per different socio-economic categories was ranged between 174.88 per cent (sugars and jaggery) to 17.06 per cent (fruits).Whereas per cent adequacy of nutrient intake was ranged between 27.05 per cent (β-carotene intake, urban slum) to 140.52 per cent (fat intake, urban slum). The haemoglobin values were ranging from 9.83 ± 1.48 to 10.22 ± 1.32. Near about 75 to 80 percent surveyed respondents were suffered with one or other grade of anaemia.

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the plaque and gingivitis reducing effect of a dentifrice containing chlorhexidine and compare with control toothpaste during the course of 3 months. Materials and Methods: This randomized, double-blind study looked prospectively at participants over a 3 month period. Plaque score and gingivitis score was assessed in 40 participants, who were divided into two parallel groups. The participants used either chlorhexidine containing toothpaste (test group) or commercially available fluoridated triclosan containing toothpaste (control group). Parameters were assessed at baseline and again after 1and 3 months. Results: After 3 months of product use, both groups had less gingivitis compared with the baseline evaluation (p=0.001). At this time point, the test group showed a statistically significant lower gingival index values compared with the baseline (p=0.001). No statistically significant difference between either of the groups at various time points was detected with regard to plaque index score. Conclusion: Although there was a statistically significant difference at 3 months between test and control groups in reduction of gingival index values, this difference was too small to be considered clinically meaningful.