May 2019

Climate change is becoming an imminent threat to Nepalese agriculture. Climate change on farmer’s view and their strategies to combat against it helps to make effective plan and policies for the anticipated weather and climate. Therefore, survey research was conducted in 2017 at Kapilvastu district of Nepal including sixty-three farmers to get informed with their knowledge on climate change and various adaptation mechanism they are currently practicing. Though only about one-third respondent was aware of the meaning of climate change, they felt the impact of climate change in various ways. Farmer experienced increased temperature in summer and winter season. The duration and magnitude of the rainfall have felt to decrease in recent years. Farmers have faced dry irrigation canals. The unusual delay of the rainfall onset delayed the time of rice transplanting by one to two weeks. They have noticed a higher incidence of insects and pests in their agricultural land than before. To combat against the various negative impact of climate change, farmer’s were practicing some adaptive strategies like the cultivation of improved, abiotic resistant crop varieties as well as crop diversification. Therefore, there is still a need for an awareness program on climate change, its consequences and effective means to combat climate change to minimize the negative impact in Kapilvastu district.

Background: The Pharmaceutical Assistance is an aggregate of actions aimed at the promotion, prevention, and recovery of health, whose adequate performance, organization and management are essential to achieving their objectives. An aligned and well-informed health management team is primordial for the proper functioning. This research aimed to analyze the situation of the management capacity and planning of the Pharmaceutical Assistance management in the city of Tremedal, Bahia. Methods: A cross-cut, quantitative, descriptive and exploratory research was carried out, applying a questionnaire to nine managers in January 2019. Results: There is a pharmacist to support all demand of the city and carry out large-scale in the community. The dispensing in the units is performed by the nursing technician. All managers know the Municipal Drug List, and 60% of the unit managers do not recognize the existence of monitoring and evaluation of assistance actions. Conclusion: Despite the advances in Pharmaceutical Assistance throughout the country and the city of study, there are much more to be done, so that problems do not compromise the quality of the service. So, the representatives of government need to commit themselves to implement proposals in current policies and the reports of health conferences.

Background: Uptake of postpartum family planning remains low in sub-Saharan Africa. Little is known about how postpartum women in Abakaliki arrive at their decisions to adopt postpartum family planning. Hence this study is important so as to identify gaps, and to improve engagement with reproductive health services, particularly in helping women align their contraceptive choice with their expressed need. Methods: It was a hospital based cross-sectional study which involved 55 reproductive-age women who gave birth in the last 24 months prior to the study period. The collected data was coded and entered and analyzed using Epi Info version 7.0 (CDC, USA). Results: The mean age of the respondents was 28.2±4.3 years. The prevalence of contraceptive use among postpartum women was 34 (61.8%). Forty-eight (87.3%) women received family planning counselling at antenatal and postnatal care sessions. Fear of side effects (42.9%) and spousal disapproval were the main reasons for not using contraceptive methods. Educational level, parity, antenatal care and postnatal visits, family planning counselling during ANC and PNC, knowledge of postpartum family planning and experience of side effects in previous contraceptive use showed significant and independent association with postpartum family planning use. Conclusion: This study calls attention to the importance of increased need for family planning in Abakaliki as significant number (38.2%) of respondents were not on any contraceptive method. The persistence of unmet need for family planning, particularly the high rate of unmet need amongst these women points to an important gap in service provision.

This study is a fraction of a project titled Systemic Evaluation of Chronic Diseases in the population of southwestern Bahia and aims to evaluate the profile of carbohydrate consumption and insulin resistance in adults of both genders. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative approach, carried out in the city of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. The sample consisted of 81 individuals, of whom 23 were males and 58 were females. To obtain the data, we used socioeconomic questionnaires and eating habits as well as biochemical tests to measure the individuals' glucose. The results obtained through the Pearson Chi-square test showed that carbohydrate consumption is not related to glucose alteration. With the modernization of society, the world population began to acquire new eating habits, such as consumption of foods rich in calories and to spend little energy in daily activities, so, as a result of this lifestyle, the prevalence of chronic diseases in the population grew. The present study is a fraction of a project titled Systemic Assessment of Chronic Diseases in the population of southwestern Bahia and aimed to evaluate the carbohydrate consumption profile and insulin resistance in adults of both genders. After evaluations of the questionnaires and biochemical tests, it was evidenced that in the population with a mean age of 51.5 years, with a standard deviation of 3,898, it is not possible to positively associate carbohydrate consumption and increase in blood glucose levels.

The use of pesticides has increased rapidly over the past few decades. Especially, in tropical regions pesticides are used extensively to control mosquitos which spread harmful diseases such as dengue and malaria. In Sri Lanka, mosquito borne diseases is a major concern. Infact, during the time period of January to July 2017, the Epidemiology Unit of the Ministry of Health has recorded 80,732 dengue victims and 215 deaths. A technique known as fogging/space spraying is used to control mosquito populations in urban areas. A chemical containing the active ingredients D-tetramethr in and cyphenothrin is mixed with diesel and fogged extensively to control mosquitos in Sri Lanka. This chemical can exert toxic effects on non-target species including butterflies which are a vital component in a balanced ecosystem. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the toxic effects of the chemical using butterflies as indicator species. Butterflies were chosen because they are very sensitive to environment changes. The 5th instar larvae of Tirumala limniace exoticus (Blue Tiger) were used as the test species. The larvae used for the experiment were obtained by breeding the adult species in a butterfly cage. The larvae were exposed to 6 different formulations which included ‘Aged Aerated Water’ as Control, Diesel as Solvent Control and 4 increasing concentrations of the commercial pesticide (10, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm). A volume of 1μl was applied to the thorax region of the larvae (4 per each concentration). The chemical was allowed to air dry for a few seconds and observations were recorded. The larvae that were exposed to all the concentrations of the commercial pesticide including the solvent control did not manage to survive. This study concludes that the chemical has an effect on butterflies, thus on ecosystem. However, further studies including Acute and Chronic toxicity assessments must be conducted. The outcomes will be important in establishing conservation plans to protect butterflies as well as other insects that play a vital role in a balanced ecosystem.

Background: A chronic condition is a human health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time. The term chronic is often applied when the course of the disease lasts for more than three months. Chronic diseases constitute a major cause of mortality worldwide. Objectives: to determine the incidence of chronic diseases among displaced people in sulaymaniyah province. Methods: A study was performed on patients with chronic diseases register in the chronic disease center in sulaymaniyah province. During the period between23th January 2016 to 10th October 2017.Atotal of 3546 patients, 1888 female and 1658 male constituted the study group. Results: there were ( 53.25%) females patients and ( 46.75%) males patients. the prevalence of chronic disease among displaced people in sulaymaniyah province was (10585) per million population The prevalence of the various causes of chronic disease in this study was ;hypertension (41.55 %) ,diabetes mellitus (25.12%),ischemic heart disease (17.11%),epilepsy (6.68%),thyroid disease (4.14%),asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(2.83%),chronic renal failure and renal transplant (1.77%),multiple sclerosis (0.52%),diabetes insipid us (0.28%). Conclusions: The incidence of chronic disease among displaced people in sulaymaniyah province is high .most of displaced people lives outside the camps. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus constituted the top of these diseases. There are a large number of displaced patients from Anbar and Ninawa governorate.

As a newly developed road material, epoxy resin modified-asphalt emulsion (ERMAE) shows great promise of being applied to cold-mix asphalt. In this paper, the cold-mix asphalt using ERMAE (hereinafter referred to as the Subject) is evaluated in terms of Marshall Stability, moisture resistance, high-temperature performance and low-temperature performance with a series of tests, all of which are proven satisfactory. Its Marshall Stability is approximately equal to that of the hot-mix asphalt, and far greater than the traditional cold-mix asphalt. Its moisture resistance has reached the requirement for the hot-mix asphalt. Its performance at low temperatures is similar with that of the hot-mix asphalt while the performance at high temperatures even matches that of polymer-modified hot-mix asphalt. Also it is found that its optimum laboratory performance comes with a dosage of 30% of curing agent.

In this paper we discuss the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for simulating random samples from multivariate normal distribution, using mean vector and covariance matrix. Sampling is an important aspect in the field of Statistics. We can generate random samples from various univariate distributions either discrete or continuous. We can also generate samples from bivariate distributions for that purpose there are different tables available. But, sampling in that manner is troublesome. In this article we use PCA; a multivariate technique for the purpose of sampling. Furthermore, various properties related to the multivariate normal data can be verified by simulating the samples.

Lotkas law of Scientific Productivity is Bibliometric study, it has been used to calculate the number of authors against the number of publications contributed by the authors was plotted on a logarithmic scale. The points were closely distributed around the straight line having a slope of almost 2. The present study tests the conformity of Lotka's law for authorship distribution in the field of neuroscience using the web of science core collection database. There are 57640 publications contributed by 132481 authors. Lotka’s law was tested by with help methods given by Pao and Maximum Likelihood method as reported by Nicholls. Later the data was organized according to authorship pattern with the help of MS Excel. The value of c and exponent n is calculated with help of collie and Pao formula. It is observed that the number of authors publishing n papers was 1/n2 of those publishing one paper. The present study is almost following the same pattern. Hence, it can be concluded that Lotka’s law of Author productivity is well fitted/followed in the field of Neuroscience.

This paper is based on a study which aims to explore the use of the Internet by micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in Indonesia. More specifically, it addresses the following four research questions. First, how many MSEs in Indonesia use the Internet for their businesses? Second, does the intensity of Internet usage by MSEs vary by business, region, age and education of the owners? Third, is the profit or income earned by MSEs that use the Internet greater than that earned by MSEs that do not use it? Fourth, what are the main reasons of MSEs that do not use ICT? As an exploratory investigation, it adopts a descriptive analysis. It analyses secondary data obtained from official government publications and primary data collected from interviews with randomly selected 482 owners of MSEs in various cities and types of businesses. services. The interviews took place in 2018. The study results show that as many as 563 thousand MSEs, or only about 2.14 per cent of total MSEs in Indonesia, have utilized the internet media; although it varies by province and type of business. From the analysis of primary data, it reveals three important findings. First, manufacturing industry is the type of business with the most Internet usage. Second, young and high educated respondents use the Internet more than older and low educated respondents. Third, about 36.9 % of the sample do not use the Internet for various reasons such as (i) no need, (ii) lack of knowledge about the internet, and (iii) lack of capital. The novelty of this research is that it is the only extensive research in Indonesia on MSMEs use of the internet with secondary and primary data.

The study was conducted du ring the first half of the calendar year 2016. It was spearheaded by the college of Education, in collaboration with the College of Arts and Sciences. The study aimed to discover the level of participation and the professional training needs of the COED and CAS Faculty in instruction, research, and extension. The study employed proportional sampling and took 75% of the faculty of both colleges as representative sample. The findings of the study revealed that the respondents were highly involved in instruction activities, moderately involved in research activities and highly involved in extension activities. The study was also able to find that the respondents were highly in need of professional in-service training in the areas of instruction, research and extension. The results of the study implied that the COED and CAS faculty are taking their involvement seriously in their mandated functions of instruction, research and extension. They manifest a high level of involvement in instruction and extension, and are moderately involved in research activities. These levels of involvement are echoed by their needs, which are reported to be high, especially those under research training needs.

There exists a problem that is faced by many higher education institutions in Mexico, this problem is known as drop-out, to tackle this situation there has been done a lot of research of this topic. Following the same line of inquiry, it is presented here a study done with students that belong to the Facultad de Educación of Universidad Autonoma del Carmen-UNACAR during the autumn 2018 term. There was done a transectional and descriptive study using the data mining with the Cluster k-means technique to regroup the participants. The participants were a total of 105 students whose main characteristic was to have at least one failed course of their curricula. The instrument consisted of a questionnaire which the following objective: to identify the factors that involved the failing rate of the academic, social, family, and motivational types. The results do show that the academic factor is the most detected and being identified that the explanations of the topics by the teachers are not so clear for the students, the topics explained are not so clear, dropping-out at the middle of the term, missing classes, homework and tasks not done by the students, lack of time to study. In relation to social factors, there were identified as problematic the use of social networks and working problems reasons. Among the family factors, the findings do show that economical problems in the family is the cause, and finally the motivational factor is the lack of information that students have of the topics treated in class. Due to the diversity of factors involved in the causes of failing a course it was necessary, and optimal, the use of the data mining in order to determine those causes of that failing.

The pricing of marine port infrastructure services is one of the most important aspects that occupy the mind of port administrations and port authorities and is one of the most controversial aspects of the global economy Discussions are currently focused on the extent to which mergers and homogeneity are created between the economic impacts of development and investment in infrastructure, cost recovery mechanisms and rules in developed countries and economic zones. In general and periodically, the mechanisms of public investment must be reviewed and the role assigned to them, Infrastructure services, especially in the area of seaports and the huge expenditures required to meet the requirements of the huge technological development of both port equipment and the technological development of ships on these ports, The present paper is based on the development of mechanisms on how to adopt the marginal cost of marine port infrastructure as a basis and reliable pricing rules to achieve the concept of marginal cost recovery and is introduced as a criterion for fair competition among private and single-seaport ports as a principle of competition in the quality of port services By means of its large infrastructure, as well as to ensure a greater range of transparency of the accounting systems in the operation of ports. It is therefore possible to rely on statistics from those ports and to maintain competition in port infrastructure investments .

Majority of Elderly population aged 60 years and above will be in the developing countries as their population will reach 1.2 billion by the year 2025(1). Major health issues which they face in this age group are Non-communicable diseases like hypertension, coronary artery disease, strokes, diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancers, cataracts, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, chronic obstructive airway disease, benign hyperplasia of prostate, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Senile Dementia and depression (2). It has been estimated by W.H.O that by 2020, heart disease and stroke will become the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and the number of fatalities projected to increase to more than 24 million by 2030 (3).Burden of diseases is shifting from communicable to non-communicable in the developing countries of Asia because of the Demographic and epidemiological transitions taking place in this part of the world India's poor are at heightened risk of acquiring NCDs owing to high rate of smoking, tobacco use and high salt intake. So this paper analyses the links between sociodemographic correlates and non-communicable diseases in block Hazratbal, district Srinagar. Objectives:1) To estimate the prevalence of NCDs among study population.2)To find out the socio-demographic correlates of NCDs in the study population. Study design: A Community Based, Cross sectional study. Study population: Elderly (≥60 years) persons residing in selected geographical area. Results: In this study, majority of the elderly study population were suffering from Hypertension/Ischemic/Other heart diseases (52.2%) followed by COPD (11.4%), Arthritis/other Musculoskeletal problems (10.6%), Diabetes mellitus (10.4%). Gastritis (9.8%), Hypothyroidism (9.6%), Benign prostrate hypertrophy (9.4%). The main reason for high prevalence of Hypertension/Ischemic heart disease could be that we take lots of salty products in our daily diet. Other causes could be living in a conflict area or genetic susceptibility. Most of elderly study subjects 446(89.9%) were on drugs for their chronic diseases.

Diabetes Mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia caused by absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Lack of insulin affects the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fat and can cause significant decrease of water and electrolytes homeostasis Various thyroid abnormalities may co-exist and interact with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus affects thyroid functions at many sites, from hypothalamic control of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), release to T3 production from T4 in the target tissues. The study was carried out in Department Of Medicine, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Medical College, Churu, Rajasthan, from 11 Oct. 2017 to 10 Oct. 2018 for a period of one year. It was a hospital based cross sectional observational study. We have selected 120 cases (60 males and 60 females) of T2DM following the inclusion and exclusion criteria of our study protocol from medicine ward. Serum glucose was estimated by GOD-POD method. Serum HBA1c was measured by HPLC, and thyroid hormones were measured by ECL technology. It was a hospital based cross sectional observational study.It was observed that high incidence of abnormal thyroid hormone levels were seen among T2DM subjects. Out of all patients having thyroid dysfunction, maximum number of T2DM patients had subclinical hypothyroidism.

The increasing anthropogenic activities, especially plastic dumping and fishing operations in the ocean have become potential threats to several marine animals including sea turtles. Directly or indirectly, turtles are reported to face mortality due to the lack of regular monitoring of coastal activities, mainly the fisheries operations. The present study documented the mortality of two sea turtles, the green turtle Cheloniamydas (Linnaeus, 1758) and olive ridley sea turtle, Lepidochelysolivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) due to entanglement of fish nets. The infestation of epibiotic obligate commensal turtle barnacles, Chelonibiatestudina (Linnaeus, 1758) was also found on dorsoventral sides of sub-adult green turtle Cheloniamydas, while there were evidence of barnacles infestation on adult L. olivacea. We infer that effective monitoring of fishing operations, implementation of conservation awareness programs and training on rescuing turtles will protect these endangered and long-lived animals.

Agni is defined as Nayteparin ‘aamayateeti’ means agni is the one which brings about transformation of consumed AahaaraVihaaradiDravya of Vijaateeya (incompatible) origin to Sajaateeya (homogenous) nature. External (sun) & internal (pitta) agni is the basis of life. Acharyacharak says about agni extinguishing the Agni is Death it means life is directly proportional to Agni. According to acharyaSushrutaagni in the body is Pitta. The pitta expressions of heat & digestion sustain the life. According to fundamental principal of Ayurveda Agnis has important role in the physiological functioning of body. In modern era life becomes fast & mechanical. This is thereason why can’t give proper attention to daily & seasonal regimes, exercise and diet. This change in lifestyle is responsible for replacement of Shad-rasatmakAhara by preserved & fast food, bakery products, shift duties (i.e. ratreejagaranevamdivaswapn), stress & strain full lifestyle. All these factors causesAgnimandhya& making them more and more susceptible for disease. According to AcharyaCharakmandagni is root cause of every disease. If jatharagni is weak it will result into improper formation of Rasdhatu and consequently uttarotardhatu formation hampers. This is the reason why AyurvedicSamhitas has given a lots of importance to agni.

Background: Buccal fat pad (BFP) is a specialized vascular tissue adequately present in buccal space and is close to the maxillary posterior quadrant. The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the utility of pedicled BFP (PBFP) in the treatment of Class II and III gingival recession Materials and Methods: Ten systemically healthy patients with age ranging from 35 to 55 years with Class II and Class III gingival recession in the maxillary molars were selected. Before the surgical phase, patients were enrolled in a strict maintenance program including oral hygiene instructions and scaling and root planing. A horizontal incision of 1–1.5 cm was made in the buccal sulcus of the maxillary molar region; buccinator muscle was separated bluntly to expose the BFP. The fat was then teased out from its bed and spread to cover defects adequately. It was then secured and sutured without tension. Clinical parameters such as probing depth, recession length, and width of keratinized gingiva were recorded at baseline and at 6 months postoperatively, and weekly assessment was done at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and after 4 weeks for observations during the postoperative healing. Results: Treated recession defects healed successfully without any significant postoperative complications. Decreased gingival recession length from baseline to six months. values were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Percentage of root coverage average was 85%. There was a statistically significant decrease in length of recession. Conclusion: Pedicled buccal fat showed promising results as the treatment modality in the management of Class II and Class III gingival recession of maxillary posterior teeth.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a common autoimmune disease that is associated with progressive disability, systemic complications, early death, and socioeconomic costs. The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown, and the prognosis is guarded. However, advances in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease have fostered the development of new therapeutics, with improved outcomes. The current treatment strategy, which reflects this progress, is to initiate aggressive therapy soon after diagnosis and to escalate the therapy, guided by an assessment of disease activity, in pursuit of clinical remission. However, several unmet needs remain. Current conventional and biologic disease- modifying therapies sometimes fail or produce only partial responses. Reliable predictive biomarkers of prognosis, therapeutic response, and toxicity are lacking. Sustained remission is rarely achieved and requires ongoing pharmacologic therapy. The mortality rate is higher among patients with rheumatoid arthritis than among healthy persons, and cardiovascular and other systemic complications remain a major challenge. Molecular remission and the capacity to reestablish immunologic tolerance remain elusive. Elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms that initiate and perpetuate rheumatoid arthritis offers the promise of progress in each of these domains. Rheumatoid arthritis is predominantly classified on the basis of the clinical phenotype. This is A literature review of previous studies.

Background: Currently, spinal anesthesia is an acceptable method for cesarean section (CS) throughout the world, since general anesthesia is associated with higher maternal morbidity and mortality rates. The current study was aimed to compare the side effects of general vs. spinal anesthesia during caesarean operation. Materials and methods: This study was performed on women who were candidates for elective Caesarean section at Nineveh private hospital, inMosulcity, Iraq. Informed consents were obtained from all the patients and the risks and side effects of both spinal and general anesthesia were explained preoperatively, One day after the operation, all mothers were examined with respect to the variables. A total of (100) randomly selected participants, Half Of them (50) participants referred as case group A (undergo operation with general anesthesia), and the other half (50 ) participants were referred as case group B (undergo operation with spinal anesthesia). Blood samples were collected before and after the operation to see the differences in Hemoglobin concentration and platelets count, Blood pressure and body temperature were also measured after operation, other parameters were collected from patient's thick report or by direct interviewing questionnaire. Results: The Mean Age Of Participants Was 32.5 Years Old With A Range Between 25-40 Years. The Mean Age of Participants with Spinal Anesthesia Was 32.32 While for Participants with General Anesthesia was 32.72. Majority of them have their first or second caesarean section. 46/50 (92%) of spinal anesthesia was decided with the doctor while 40/50 (80%) of general anesthesia was chosen the patient's themselves. Local pain and headache were clearly observed in spinal anesthesia while vomiting, fever, ICU admission and infection were very rare when using both types of anesthesia. Marked differences were observed in the hemoglobin concentration and platelets count when using the two techniques of anesthesia before and after operation. In our study, we observed in 44 % of participants suffered from pain and 36 % suffered from headache after operation in both groups A and B. No remarkable difference was noted on blood pressure range (but some participants have slightly decrease in BP). All participants have slight changes in platelets count, and Hemoglobin concentration. Conclusion: We should cautiously consider that general anesthesia may be associated with slightly increased in peri-operative room time , hospital stay & the differences were observed in the tested parameters between general and spinal anesthesia regarding postoperative pain at injection site , headache , lumbar pain , vomiting ,fever ICU admission & infection So it is highly recommended to leave the decision of type of anesthesia to the doctor upon patients' clinical condition.

Objectives: To identify the health messages based on scientific evidence and the priorities of health messages among Indian school textbooks. Materials and Methods: The health messages published in primary and secondary schools of CBSE and AP syllabus were included. The quality of content was compared with best health care practices which included EBM, EBD and consensus-based practices from the Trip database containing information that was classified in terms of evidence, such as clinical practice guides and systematic reviews. Results: 51 messages were identified among 179 textbooks used in primary and secondary schools. Among the books, there was a top priority for messages related to human health and related diseases (30%) followed by messages related to food and its habits, hygiene, nutrition and storage (25%). Around 69% of the messages were based on evidence without assigned level, and 21% were based on unknown evidence. Oral health messages occupied 6% of the total messages and most of them were based on evidence with assigned level. Conclusion: Majority of the health messages included in the textbooks were based on scientific evidence without assigned level and coverage on oral health, tobacco and alcohol abuse was found to be very minimal.

The brand equity concept is used by many companies worldwide. Having brand equity within the organization will help to produce better competition in the market and also the sensitivity of the consumer will change, so through brand equity functions the company is hoping to gain brand loyalty. This study attempts to link a positive relationship between Brand Equity and purchase intention. In south Asian developing countries Sri Lanka has been the first to have an open economy policy. A study shows that developed countries customers prefer domestic products whereas developing countries prefer foreign products rather than the domestic products.(Bilkey and Nes,1982). With this situation Sri Lankan has had a very high competition for good international products. Therefore a product with high brand equity can have a big market share and high level of brand loyalty for its brand. A brand has been defined in many different terms. “a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them” that can be useful to identify the goods from supplier in view of differentiating those suppliers from their competitors (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Further explanations, a powerful brand influence attitudes of customers and makes a strong product association through the brand (Ukperbor and Ipogah, 2008).

This research paper is an attempt to study the conflict management style of pupil teachers. D.El.Ed. course students (N=96) were tested on Conflict Management Style. Conflict Management Style was assessed with the help of self-made Conflict Management Style Inventory. T-test and ANOVA were used to analyze the data and for post hoc analysis LSD test was used to determine the significance of intergroup differences. Study reveals that male and female pupil teachers of D.El.Ed. course give equal preference to adoption of ‘Avoiding’, ‘Compromising’, ‘Collaborating’, ‘Integrating’, and ‘Reasoning’ conflict management style. However, male pupil teachers give more preference to adoption of ‘Dominating’, and ‘Obliging’ conflict management in comparison to female pupil teachers. D.El.Ed. III semester pupil teachers adopt more ‘Avoiding’, and ‘Compromising’ conflict style than pupil teachers of D.El.Ed. I semester but students of both the semesters give equal priority to ‘Collaborating’, ‘Integrating’, ‘Dominating’, ‘Obliging’, and ‘Reasoning’ styles of conflict management. Pupil teachers of different localities and social background give equal preference to various conflict management styles.

Background: School children face a lot of emotional issues during the period of development. India is home land to more than 243 million adolescents of the country’s population. School children were reported high Stress for 37% and children of 16-19 years experienced more Anger. Thus addressing the impact of Stress and Anger, Thought Field Therapy helps the children maintaining a balance in emotional and behavioural factors. Aim: To evaluate the Effectiveness of Thought Field Therapy on Stress and Anger among School children. Methods: A quantitative research approach with True-experimental research design was adopted for the study. Initially 110 school children were selected by using Simple random sampling technique. The pre and post test level of Stress was assessed by Cohen Perceived Stress Scale and Anger was assessed by Modified Clinical Anger Scale. In that 55 school children in experimental group who received Thought Field Therapy and 55 school children in control group who had no Intervention. The data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: In both subgroups, significant results (p<0.002) were observed and most of the symptoms of Stress and Anger was reduced in the experimental group than control group. Conclusion: This study proves that Thought Field Therapy was effective in reducing the level of Stress and Anger among school children.

Violence against women is a major problem of public health and, according to the World Health Organization, just over a third of women report having been exposed to physical or sexual violence from their partner. Marital violence against women is a complex social phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors influencing the onset of this form of violence. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted from 210 married women living in the urban community of Imerintsiatosika in 2016. This study found that three quarters of women experienced spousal violence. Psychological and physical violence were most reported by these women. Education level, household size, association membership, spouse's childhood, women's knowledge and attitudes are related to spousal violence. In Madagascar, the statistical data on spousal violence remain very fragmentary, but are nevertheless essential. Also, the analysis of domestic violence-related factors provides a useful basis for health and education programs to help combat this type of violence.

Vibrio harveyii and Pseudomonas fluorescence bacteria are pathogenic bacteria that are often a problem in aquaculture, so effective antibacterial compounds are needed to inhibit their growth. Brown algae of Sargassumfilipendulla have bioactive compounds that can function as antibacterial compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the phytochemical content of S. filipendulla of algae extract from Southeast Maluku waters and to determine the antibacterial activity of S. filipendulla extract to V. harveyii and P.fluorescence bacteria. Phytochemical test parameters were carried out quantitatively; antibacterial activity was carried out using agar diffusion method (Kirby Bauer). Data from the inhibitory zone test results were analyzed using the ANOVA (Analysis of variance) test followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The test results showed that the brown algae of S. filipendulla originating from the Southeast Maluku region, produced extracts in the form of green paste to blackish green with the highest rendemen value in ethanol extract. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the compounds contained in S.filipendulla extract were phenolic, tannin, flavonoid, saponin, triterpenoid, steroid and alkaloid compounds; with the dominant compounds in the three reactants were saponin compounds .The results of the research of inhibition zones showed that the concentration of 100% had the highest inhibition zone value and the lowest inhibition zone at a concentration of 75%. Ethanol extract has a high value to inhibit pathogenic bacterium V.harveyi and P. fluorescence and the lowest on ethyl acetate extract, whereas positive control is suspect against bacteria and negative control does not affect pathogenic bacteria. The 100% concentration of ethanol extract gave a significant effect on inhibiting pathogenic bacteria V.harveyi and P. fluorescence (P <0.05). The 50% concentration gives a significant difference between ethanol and ethyl acetate extract, at the level of 0.05 (P <0.05), while the n-hexane extract gives a non-significant result of ethanol and ethyl acetate extract. The average extract value to inhibit the highest pathogenic bacteria is in ethanol extract and the lowest is in n-hexane extract. Of the three extracts used, ethanol extract is an extract that is good for inhibiting pathogenic bacteria and has bacteriostatic properties.

Indonesia, the second largest mega diversity in the world. It has a wide array of plants species including Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC). Here, this crop is cultivated in many areas though they are not consumed daily leads to very limited effort to develop it. Developing this crop may attract people to cultivate and so consumption like as source for industrial oil. Selections for high fatty acids content seeds, so far are done by selecting good quality of seedlings through selection of the whole seeds. Current study initiated the use of half seed analysis on gas chromatography (GC) to collect data of high fatty acids content of winged bean. Six genotypes were collected from Sumatera (SMT 1 and 2), Java (1 and 2), Bali and West Nusa Tenggara (WNT), and used as the research material. The SMT genotypes are long pod genotypes (27 and 20,5 cm), Java have either long or short genotypes (27 cm length and 10.3 cm). Bali and WNT genotypes were not clear as they were collected as seeds instead of pods. The long pod genotype has total 8-22 seeds but only 6-8 seeds for short type. The SMT seeds germinated 100% but other genotypes showed lower rate of germination (65% and 55%). of those fatty acids, the Sumateran seeds contain40-50% palmitic acids but only few numbers of seeds from other genotypes. Three individuals were high in palmitic and oleic acids content. The high palmitic acid content reflected the present of putative genes with with four or 3 dominant alleles (PPPP, PPPp) in few individuals. This data showed if half seed was able to be used as source for GC analysis.

Transportation regulation had applied, however, it’s not been implemented properly, because, for any business person free to determine the price rates under their own decision, even rules of the rate has been set by the Government of Timor-Leste. The purpose of this research was to analyze human resource capabilities, performance work that impacts on improving the quality of services public in Dirrecção Nacional de Transporte Terestre Dili.The methods used to quantitative with multiple regression analyses and supported with some research instrument test. Human resource capability (X1) and performance (X2) as the variable exogen (X), and service quality (Y) as an endogenous variable. Based on the analysis, the study found that human resource capacity is a significant influence on the quality of service as evidenced by t-test > t-table value significance 3.819. The performance of the Work has a significant influence on the quality of service, with a confidence level of 95%, and 5% error rate with a value of 9,917. The magnitude of the contributions as human resource capabilities of the variables (X1) and variable performance work (X2) on quality of service as seen from the R square value adjusted of 0826 or 82.6% either then other contributions amounted to 17.4% was explained by other variables which are not examined in this research model. In testing simultaneously both variables have a significant influence on the value of 19,984. Rather than the human resources capability and work performance vital to quality service in any institution ranging from small to large scare since it is well known that no business can exist entirely without the human being also that one of the major functions of human resource development is the engagement of people to work to achieve performance work and service quality.

The snake charmer is an ancient art form which is prevalent in the Indian society since the puranic days. But it is more popular and vibrant in the Odishan society. Odisha- a land of high hills and dense forests, is infested with gigantic snakes like Ahiraj (King of snakes), pythons, Sankhachuda, and poisonous snakes like Cobra, Tampa, Chiti, Ardalia, Boda, etc. The sapua kelas (snake charmers) of Odisha maintained their livelihood by hunting snakes and demonstrating their games in different villages and cities of Odisha. The sapua kelas are found throughout the length and breadth of Odisha. But, they are mostly concentrated in the villages around Champua subdivision of Keonjhar district and Patia near Bhubaneswar of Khurda district which may be called as the country of sapua kelas. An attempt has been made in this paper to portray the social significance of the snake charmers’ songs of Odisha.

Background: Multiple approaches have been used to replace lost, damaged or diseased gingival tissues. The connective tissue graft (CTG) procedure is the gold standard method for root coverage. Although multiple sites often need grafting, the palatal mucosa supplies only a limited area of grafting material. To overcome this limitation, expanded mesh graft provides a method whereby a graft can be stretched to cover a large area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and the predictability of expanded mesh CTG (e-MCTG) in the treatment of adjacent multiple gingival recessions. Materials and Methods: Sixteen patients aged 20-50 years contributed to 55 sites, each site falling into at least three adjacent Miller's Class 1 or Class 2 gingival recession. The CTG obtained from the palatal mucosa was expanded to cover the recipient bed, which was 1.5 times larger than the graft. Clinical measurements were recorded at baseline and 3 months.

Background: Out of the several factors that contribute to dental caries the alignment of teeth in dental arch plays a pivotal role in dental caries progress. The naturally occurring physiologic space and primate space in primary dentition help in the prevention of caries it avoids retention of plaque in interproximal areas. However, in early childhood caries it is not a reality, so the influence of inter dental spacing in spread of dental caries is. Aim: The aim of our study is to evaluate the relationship between interdental spacing and dental caries in primary anterior teeth. Methodology: A sample of 100 children with primary dentition who are mentally and physically healthy were evaluated for the presence of interdental spacing and dental caries. The presence of interdental spacing and dental caries recorded. Later all the data are compiled and statistical analysis was done. Statistical Analysis: The data was statistically analyzed using Chi square test. Result: The association between interdental spacing and dental caries was significant in 26% cases, where as in 17% of cases it was highly significant (p<0.01) and in 9% of cases it is significant(p<0.05). The presence of caries is more in classification 3 and 4 (C3 and C4) than classification 1 and 2.

An experiment was carried out during Rabi season of 2002-2003 and 2003-04 at Regional Research Station, Mainpuri, C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. The experimental soil was sandy loam, having poor fertility status. The two genotypes i.e. Udai and Alok were tested at four levels of nutrients integration (RDF + 15 kg S + 30 kg Ca + 0 q FYM, RDF + 15 kg S + 30 kg Ca + 50 q FYM, RDF + 15 kg S + 30 kg Ca + 100 q FYM and RDF + 15 kg S + 30 kg Ca + 150 q FYM/ha). The integration of FYM @ 50 q/ha, 100 q/ha and 150 q/ha significantly increased the kernel yield of chickpea in comparison to without integration of FYM. The pooled results of two years displayed that both cultivars at different levels of nutrients integration confined the kernel yield beyond 50 q/ha FYM. Thus, application of 25 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 + 15 kg S + 30 kg Ca in the integration of 50 q/ha FYM significantly improved the grain yield of cv. Udai by 2.51 q/ha or 21.92% and cv. Alok by 2.99 q/ha or 25.04% over non integration of FYM. The significant response noted between yield of Udai (13.87 q/ha) and Alok (14.43 q/ha) under poor edaphic condition. The growth and yield contributing characters were concordance to the kernel yield of chickpea.

Various abnormal stomata distributed among 60 species of 39 genera of Scrophulariaceae are recorded. These are categorized into 5 major types viz., contiguous stomata, stomata with single guard cells, stomata with both guard cells degenerated, heteromorphic stomata and stomata with polar deposits. The probable factors and reasons leading to the formation of such stomata in the foliar epidermis have been discussed.

Eggplant flour (Solanum melongena, L.), rich in fiber, minerals, and vitamins, is a viable alternative for food enrichment, since its processing allows the maintenance of important nutritional characteristics, leading to benefits to consumers of its products. This study’s objective was to evaluate the sensory acceptance of cookie type biscuits manufactured with eggplant flour in different concentrations. Eggplant flour was produced in laboratory and incorporated in cookies dough, in substitution of oat flour, in the percentages of 5, 10 and 15%; a control formulation was also made, without addition of eggplant flour. The cookie type biscuits were evaluated through sensory assessment by affective acceptance test, for aroma, color, taste, and appearance attributes. The results were statistically evaluated by the linear regression method at 5% of probability and demonstrate, by the analysis of variance, that the biscuits differed significantly, however, the color and aroma did not have mathematic models adjusted, showing consistency between the formulations produced. For taste, quadratic model was adjusted, with higher scores for the biscuit with a portion of 15% of eggplant flour in substitution of oat flour. The appearance presented a cubic model, with interference of non-standardization of the biscuits. The use of eggplant flour in food products with the purpose of formulations enriching was shown to be viable from a sensorial perspective, and should be an alternative to increase daily intake of dietary fiber.

The production of Arabica coffee in Bondowoso regency generates high value. Coffee productivity has increased every year. Coffee plants are used for flood prevention. Planting arabica coffee is done to re-grow new trees. The high economic value of Arabica coffee has madepeople used to plant Robusta coffee switch to plant Arabica coffee. Management of Arabica coffeeis carried out by the regency government. The research used qualitative descriptive and took place in the district of Ijen. The informants were officers atThe Department of Forestry, officers at Regency Government, officers at Village Government, and farmers. Optimizing policy implementation was carried out in seven ways including; (1) partnership development carried out to empower and increase added value through production, processing, quality and marketing, institutional activities; (2) providing market access for farmers; (3) providing access to capital; (4) fostering and supervising production and quality; (5) management of coffee plant cultivation; (6) implementation of harvest and post-harvest; and (7) grants of machinery, fertilizers and seeds. The results of farmers’ coffee productions have led to their enhanced prosperity.

Bihar state (Part of eastern India) is a part of Bengal Delta located at 85º 32’ E and 25º 11’ N latitude of the earth. This region is less industrialized and 70% of the people are dependent for their livelihood on agriculture. The major source of irrigation is contaminated underground water, so form of Arsenic passes through food chain to human beings. This is through both primary and secondary production. Chakraborti et. al., 2004 had reported adverse effect of Arsenic in the form of skin lesion and neurological disorder from the people of Simaria ojha-patti(a village) of Bihar state. B.licheniformis DAS-2 also degrades the different types of waste product and shows both reductase as well as keratinolytic activity. The above enigmatic property of this rhizospheric bacteria is that it converts more toxic form of pentavalent Arsenic (AsV) such as arsenate to less toxic form of trivalent Arsenic (AsIII) called as arsenite because it secretes an enzyme arsenate reductase. Although this bacterial strain also shows keratinolytic properties. It degrades the the keratin containing animal waste product such as feather, hairs, hoofs, Nails etc. Since keratin protein is essential for the making cosmetics, leather industry. Feather waste is a major animal food stuff polluted the environment that is degraded by B.licheniformis DAS-2. Eventhough it is mesophilic, gram positive, nonpathogenic, rhizospheric in nature but it shows above unique properties. So this is the novel characteristics of this bacterial strain. Soil with long term exposure of As (V) and As (III) may result in this evolution of diverse arsenic resistant strains. Relative abundance of different form (III and V) in the soil is influenced by microbial transformations. Transformation of arsenic in different chemical species might be the best survival strategy of soil bacteria in arsenic contaminated environment. So it may concluded that this bacterial strain involved in enigma of toxic environment.

Water as drinking water is the essential and important element for health. For this reason, it is essential to evaluate its quality through physical-chemical analysis, especially in rural areas where this process is more difficult to perform. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical parameters of drinking water in the village of Matinha, rural area of the municipality of Vitoria da Conquista, and to compare them with the parameters established by the Consolidation Ordinance nº 5/2017. Three water collection points were evaluated (P1 = source 1, P2 = source 2 and P3 = community reservoir). The physical-chemical parameters evaluated were: Hydrogenionic potential, electrical conductivity, total solids dissolved, turbidity, alkalinity, edurity. The materials used were conductivity meter, conductivity meter with STD meter, pH meter, turbidimeter and glassware to analyze electrical conductivity and electrical resistivity, total dissolved solids, pH and temperature, turbidity and total hardness, respectively. The method used was based on the Manual of Procedure for Sampling and Physical-Chemical Analysis of Water of 2011. After analysis, the results presented acidic pH for the springs and neutral for the reservoir (P1 = 5.54, P2 = 5.66 (P1 = 108.7 μS / cm, P2 = 112.0 μS / cm and P3 = 151.3 μS / cm), the STD and the P3 = 6.20), the electrical conductivity presented above that preconized by the (P1 = 26mg / L, P2 = 23mg / L and P3 = 39mg / L), respectively (P1 = 55mg / L, P2 = 55.5mg / L and P3 = 77mg / L) . The turbidity was of P1 = 5.94 uT, P2 = 1.93 uT and P3 = 2.79 uT, and the hardness presented hard water to the spring and moderate hard to the reservoir (P1 = 220 mg / L, P2 = 148mg / L and P3 = 52mg / L). However, the water consumed through the spring and the community reservoir is suitable for human consumption in relation to the parameters evaluated.

Background: Implanon is a subdermal contraceptive implant involves the delivery of a steroid progestin (68 mg of etonogesterel) from a single rod placed under the skin at the inner side of the non-dominant upper arm and the hormone diffuses out slowly at a stable rate providing contraceptive effectiveness for 3 years. Advantages of Implanon includes long term contraceptive action without requiring the user's or provider's attention, low dose of highly effective contraception without use of estrogen and fertility is readily reversible after the removal of implant. Objectives: to assess contraceptive efficacy, safety and acceptability of Implanon. Materials and methods: the study was conducted in Iraq- Al-Samawa and Al- Diwaniya maternity and pediatrics teaching hospital, family planning clinics and privet clinics from the period of October 2012 – October 2014 that includes 41 sexually active women 18-45 years seeking for contraception with normal menstrual cycles, no history of ischemic heart disease or stroke and no history of breast or genital tract malignancy. Results: contraceptive efficacy of Implanon was 98% over 2 years follow up and the most common adverse experience was abnormal bleeding pattern in 100% of women, as amenorrhea affects 51.22%, infrequent bleeding 26.82%,prolonged bleeding 12.20% and metromenorhagia 9.76%.. Discontinuation rate was 2.44% because of menstrual bleeding abnormality. Other adverse experiences after Implanon insertion were weight gain of ≤ 5kg in7.32% after 2 years follow up, acne in 31.71%, mood changes in 21.95% and headache in 12.20%. Conclusions: Implanon is a safe, highly effective and rapidly reversible new method of contraception and the safety profile is acceptable and not essentially different from progestogens in general.

The real world application is mainly depends on Wireless Sensor networks (WSNs).The Data Collection Scheme is the major task used in WSN. In Earlier system The Velocity Energy-efficient and Link-aware Cluster-Tree (VELCET) scheme and dynamic clustering scheme is used for data collection in WSNs. The VELCET scheme failed to mitigate the problems of coverage distance, mobility, delay, traffic, tree intensity and end-to-end connection. On the other hand the VELCT select the cluster head statically. Then the dynamic clustering used to select the cluster head dynamically. At a certain amount of time, the clustering changes the cluster head dynamically. The Data Collection Tree (DCT) is useful to gather the information and based on the information tree formation is initiated. The dynamic cluster head is created from the tree information in the cluster. The Proposed scheme decrease the energy exploitation, end-to-end delay and traffic in cluster head in WSNs by effective usage of the DCT. Adding security to dynamic protocols is challenging because they dynamically, randomly, and periodically rearrange the network’s clusters and data links. Therefore, providing steady long-lasting node-to-node trust Relationships and common key distributions are inadequate for dynamic CH protocols. The proposed system uses the concept named SNCAHDA (Securing Node Capture Attacks for Hierarchical Data Aggregation). The key idea of SNCAHDA is it does not changes from static CH to dynamic CH rather it maintain the processing center for each static CH. In case of failure of static CH the processing center acts as a backup device and provides the data without network or node failure. This scheme also authenticate the encrypted sensed data, by applying digital signatures to message packets, which are efficient in communication and applying the key management for security.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate influence of leadership skills on execution of fibre optic infrastructure implemented by mobile telecommunication and internet service providers in Nairobi County, Kenya. The objective of the study wasto determine how leadership skills influence execution of fibre optic infrastructure. The research design that guided this study was cross-sectional survey. The study adopted mixed methods research and pragmatism paradigm approach. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data while interview schedule and document review guide were used to collect qualitative data. Prior to data collection, preliminary testing of research instruments was done using content analysis and test retest principle to respectively ascertain validity and reliability. Census was used to select 187 respondents from a target population of 187 functional staff in fibre optic infrastructure departments of mobile telecommunication and internet service companies through stratified and purposive sampling. The study used summary statistics to analyze descriptive data. Inferential statistical analysis were performed using simple regression and hypothesis tested for significance using F tests. To ensure validity of statistical investigation, tests of statistical assumptions were performed prior to data analysis. With R2 = 0451, β = 0.626, p-value = 0.000 < 0.05, the nullhypothesis, which stated that Leadership skills have no significant influence on execution of fibre optic infrastructure(H01), was rejected and conclusion made that leadership skills have a significant positive influence on execution of fibre optic infrastructure. It was recommended that mobile telecommunication and internet service companies should consider leadership skills when recruiting project leaders. It was also recommended that the companies should develop training programs to improve leadership skills of the current project leaders. The study further recommended that the companies should develop coaching and mentoring programs. This study was delimited to consider the influence of leadership skills on execution of fibre optic infrastructure in Nairobi County, Kenya. It was therefore suggested that more studies should be conducted on other factors that may influence execution of fibre optic infrastructure in Kenya. The study also recommended that additional and comparable studies should be conducted in other counties in Kenya.

Understanding the importance of water for human consumption, and the problems related to the contamination that humans cause in them and ends up harming it, this study aims to analyze the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of the water of three points of supply in the municipality of Anagé in Lindo Horizonte Bahia, comparing with the norms of quality of the 518 portaria of the ministry of health. Without proper treatment and proper care, water becomes a vehicle for disease-causing microorganisms. For the accomplishment of this work three samples were collected, being of the truck kite that and supplies the town, of the rain collected in an appropriate reservoir and of the local dam. The analysis was made with the following physical-chemical parameters: Electrical conductivity, turbidity, hydrogen ionic potential, electrical resistivity, chlorine content determination, total alkalinity, total hardness and dissolved solids content. For the microbiological analysis, the total and fecal coliforms were tested according to the methodology (SMEWW-SM9223). According to the analyzes carried out, the water from the dam is not suitable for human consumption in accordance with current legislation, due to the high turbidity content and the presence of Escherichia coli. The analyzes of the other supply points are also not in adequate drinking conditions according to the parameters required by the legislation. New analyzes can be carried out to reinforce the results obtained and the population should be made aware of the quality of the water being consumed and the importance of the same for the human being.

Basal cell adenoma (BCA) of the salivary glands is an uncommon type of monomorphic adenoma. It derives its name from the basaloid appearance of tumor cells and accounting for 1-2 % of all salivary gland epithelial tumors. It’s most frequent location is the parotid gland, followed by the upper lip; while it is very rare in the minor salivary glands. It usually appears as a firm and mobile slow-growing mass. Histologically, it is seen as nests of isomorphic cells and interlaced trabeculae with a prominent basalmembrane. There is also slack, hyaline stroma with absence of a myxoid or chondroid component. In this article, a case of basal cell adenoma of palate with 6 month follow up has been discussed. This report emphasizes the rare site of occurrence of this tumor and briefly reviews the literature.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is considered an epidemic disease in the gulf countries. Its prevalence in Saudi Arabia is becoming the highest in the world affecting around 30% of adults (1), (3). Indeed, diabetes is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, management of diabetic dyslipidemia, a well-recognized and modifiable risk factor, is an essential factor in the multifactorial approach to prevent CVD in individuals with type 2 diabetes (4). Several meta-analyses studies have clearly shown the benefits of statin therapy (3). Aims: To assess the results of the prescription of simvastatin for patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 168 diabetic patients was conducted in Hera General Hospital. Data were retrieved from medical records from January 2018 until December 2018. Data analysis was performed using Ecxelsoftwares. Results: Most of the sample population (95%) was older than 40 years old. Nearly all patients (97%) were on statin treatment. The treatment goal for LDL-c <2.5 mmol/l was achieved in 42 (21%) patients. Diabetic men were more likely than diabetic women to be given a prescription for a statin (P<0.05). Conclusion: Data from 2018 elucidate that diabetic patients at HGH were associated with a statin prescription. However, only a small proportion of patients with diabetes reaches the LDL-c treatment target. These results emphasize the need for better monitoring, better utilization of available medication and for new treatment options for a better quality of life.

Condylar fractures are the most common fracture site of mandible. open reduction and internal fixation(ORIF) provides better outcome to those of conservative treatment for displaced condylar fractures. The risk of facial nerve palsy is one of the main Post-operative complications to ORIF. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of TMAP approach in terms of rate of facial nerve injury (FNI) when performing (ORIF) of mandibular condylar fractures in comparison to other extraoral surgical approaches.

Background: Persistent exposure to the chlamydia infection results in chronic inflammatory response and increases the risk of tubal damage. Although a few studies have been conducted correlating previous chlamydial infection with laparoscopic findings for TFI no such study has been done from the Indian subcontinent, Methodology: 150 women attending the Gynecology outpatient department of Lady Harding Medical College for female factor infertility were enrolled in the study. Estimation of chlamydial antibodies in blood was done for IgG, IgA, and IgM by commercial ELISA kit. Indirect ELISA technique was performed in house to detect IgG antibody against cHSP60. Laparoscopy was done in all these patients to determine the incidence of TFI and to relate it to seroprevalence of Chlamydia. Further the different chlamydial antibodies were related to the TFI Observations and results Out of 150 patients total of 62 patients were found chlamydia antibody positive. The type of Chlamydia antibody found in 62 Chlamydia positive patients, was IgM antibody in 28(45.1%), IgG antibody in 20(32.2%) and IgA antibody in 14(22.5%) patients. On studying the laparoscopic findings in 62 Chlamydia positive patients it was observed that there were 43(69.3%) with TFI as against 19(30.7%) patients who did not have TFI. When Chlamydia antibody negative patients were correlated with TFI it was found that out of 88 patients 44 had TFI and 44 had NTFI. When the prevalence of type of Chlamydia antibody was studied in TFI and NTFI it was observed that there was no significant difference in the IgM antibodies, which is a marker of recent infection, between TFI and NTFI being 16(57.1%) and 12(42.8%) respectively. On the other hand IgG and IgA antibodies which are observed to be marker of past and persistent infection were significantly higher in patients of TFI as compared to NTFI. IgG antibody against cHSP60 was found to be positive in 29 out of 62 Chlamydia positive patients. Only 1 of the patients who was positive for IgM antibody was also found to be positive for cHSP60 antibody. On the other hand, out of 25 IgG positive patients 19(79.2%) tested positive for cHSP60 antibody while 100% patients of IgA antibody were positive for cHSP60 antibody as well Conclusion In the present study the best antibody which could predict tubal damage accurately was observed to be IgA. Other antibodies IgG and cHSP60 also had strong association with TFI therefore they can also be considered good markers for predicting tubal damage in an infertile patient. These patients should have early diagnostic laparoscopy without delay for optimum management.

Mandibular premolars have always been considered as an “enigma to endodontist”. The numerous variation in anatomy of roots and canals are challenging to treat them endodontically. This is a case report presenting with the treatment of trifurcation of mandibular first premolar in the apical third.

Background/aims: To investigate the presence of asymmetrical accommodation in hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia. Methods Accommodation in each eye and binocular vergence were measured simultaneously using a PlusoptiX SO4 photorefractor in 26 children aged 4–8years with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia and 13 controls (group age-matched) while they viewed a detailed target moving in depth. Results Without spectacles, only 5 (19%) anisometropes demonstrated symmetrical accommodation (within the 95% CI of the mean gain of the sound eye of the anisometropic group), whereas 21 (81%) demonstrated asymmetrical accommodation. Of those, 15 (58%) showed aniso-accommodation and 6 (23%) demonstrated ’anti-accommodation’ (greater accommodation for distance than for near). In those with anti-accommodation, the response gain in the sound eye was (0.93±0.20) while that of the amblyopic eye showed a negative accommodation gain of (−0.44±0.23). Anti accommodation resolved with spectacles. Vergence gains were typical in those with symmetrical and asymmetrical accommodation. Conclusion The majority of hyperopic anisometropic amblyopes demonstrated non-consensual asymmetrical accommodation. Approximately one in four demonstrated anti-accommodation.

Plasma protein-C is a natural anticoagulant in our body & has inhibitory effects on factors V and VIII. Hereditary protein C deficiency is transmitted as an autosomal dominant disorder. In Homozygous individuals it usually manifests as purpura fulminans in newborns whereas heterozygous protein C-deficient individuals are at increased risk for venous thrombosis. We are presenting a case of young male patient with heterozygous protein-C deficiency who experienced right sided hemiparesis due to cranial venous sinuses thrombosis without underlying major risk factors. Cerebrovascular accidents in young without underlying major risk factors should be evaluated for thrombophilia including protein C deficiency.

Introduction: Although the treatment of choice for unstable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients has been internal fixation for a long time, several studies have shown mechanical and technical failures. Primary cemented bipolar (PCB) hemiarthroplasty has been proposed as an alternative with some advantages concerning earlier mobilization and minimal postoperative complications. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective cohort hospital-based study conducted at three tertiary hospitals over a period of two years. A total of 98 patients were enrolled in the study, 38 patients treated with Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) and 60 patients treated with PCB hemiarthroplasty. Intraoperative events (e.g. duration of surgery and blood loss), hospital stay, weight bearing, Harris Hip score and post-operative complications were used as predictors of final outcome. Mean follow-up was 13.66±5.9 months in hemiarthroplasty group and 11.8±2.7 months at internal fixation group. Results: The two groups were comparable in age, sex, comorbidity, mode of trauma, and classification of fracture. Early mobilisation was significantly better in hemiarthroplasty (p<0.001) where 93.3% of patients started partial weight bearing on postoperative Day 1, while in the DHS group, 73.7% of patients started partial weight bearing after two weeks postoperatively. At the final follow-up, the mortality rate did not differ between the two groups, but general and mechanical complications were more common in the DHS group. The mean Harris Hip score was better in the hemiarthroplasty group (91.14 vs 74.11). Conclusion: Primary cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty is a safe and valid option in treating unstable intertrochanteric fracture. Although it has been shown to have some advantages over DHS in certain circumstances, lack of randomization and difficulties in standardization of patients and treating surgeon raise a need for more studies with bigger sample size and proper randomization.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorders which is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrates, fats and proteins metabolism resulting from defect in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both causing a significant disturbance of water and electrolytes homeostasis. This is a case control study conducted on 150 diabetic patients of both sexes, 87 (58% ) were males and 63 (42%) were females, 50 patients were only on insulin therapy (group 1), 50 patients were only on oral hypoglycemic agent therapy (group 2) and 50 patients were on insulin and hypoglycemic agent therapy (group 3). Renal function test ( blood urea, serum creatinine and serum electrolytes ) were measured for all patients and compared with each other and with 50 apparently healthy control. Regarding the results of renal function parameters, there were higher levels of serum urea (5.43) mmol/L and creatinine (82.3) µ mol in group 3 (p<0.001,p<0.05) respectively, with higher values of S.Na+ (142.36) mmol/L and K+ (5.15) mmol/L in group 2 (p<0.001, p<0.05) respectively, all in comparison with the control group. There was no significant difference in S.urea and S.creatinine level in all groups while significantly higher level of S.Na+ and S.K+ was found in group 2 (p<0.001). A part from significant higher level of S.creatinine in males of group 3 (86.75) µ mol (p<0.001), there was no significant difference in all other parameters between males and females. In group 1 S.urea (6.23) mmol/L and S.K+ (4.96) µ mol were higher in those with 5-10 years of disease duration (p<0.05), with higher level of S.Na+ (145.0) mmol/L in those of < 5 years of disease duration (P<0.05) in group 2, while no significant difference was seen in group 3. Also ultrasonography had shown no significant differences between the patients groups themselves and between them and the control group.

Introduction: For successful denture therapy an understanding of the common denture follow up problems and their rectification is important. Studies have shown regional differences in the frequency of occurrence of different denture related problems. The aim of the present study was to find out the frequency of chief denture follow up complaints in the Kashmiri population and their comparison among both sexes. Material and Methods: A survey was conducted in the form of a questionnaire including 136 denture follow up patients. The response was collected, accumulated and analyzed statistically. Results: Based on the survey conducted on 136 denture wearing patients included in the study, pain/discomfort related complaints were highest in occurrence 37.5% closely followed by complaints of retention 27.9%. The esthetics and phonetics related complaints were comparatively less with 17.6% and 16.9% respectively. Female population group had a higher occurrence of esthetic complaints as compared to males. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study it was found that the most common complaints of denture follow up patients were related to pain/discomfort. This study should help the local practitioners to understand the needs and desires of the local population, thereby minimizing failure rates.

School counseling service in the secondary school has fall in with numerous challenges due to attitudinal problems of stakeholders in the contemporary schools throughout the globe. The purpose of this study was to identify the present status of counseling in secondary and preparatory schools in Ethiopian context. In line with the purpose, a qualitative – explanatory research design has been used to evaluate the presence status of counseling service in the secondary schools. Generally, twenty-one school counselors and three zonal education officers have been parted in the study by using selective purposive sampling techniques. Counselors have some professional defects in the area of knowledge, skill and practicing of professional counseling services in secondary schools. Professional marginalization and discrimination is a common practice in the secondary schools that in other way hinders the professional growth and advancement of profession. Moreover, attitude towards counseling service, weak promotional ladder in education environment, lack of supervision and coaching, were the genuinely reported problems in the secondary schools. Scientific systems and structure has to be establishing to empower counselors to downgrade the upgrading status of psychological and social pathologies in the contemporary secondary schools. Procedurally and contently structured counseling guideline and counseling text books has be developed to expand counselors knowledge and skills in the secondary schools. On the other hand, universities should revisit their curriculum in how to delivering the courses in psychology and in the way how to rendering community service to raise community mobilization and participation.

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity frequently metastasize to the cervical lymph nodes level I II III IV, which are the first site of arrest of tumor cells that have invaded the lymphatic, hence the strongest predictor of disease prognosis and outcome. Case Series A case series of 5 patients who were diagnosed with primary squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity with extensive cervical lymphadenopathy. Conclusions: Lymph node involvement is an important prognostic factor, the rate of lymph node invasion is related to the initial N staging. In the oral cavity tumors, metastatic LNs are most often present in level I II III. Bilateral metastasis is frequently encountered in tumors of base of the tongue Subject Area: oral cancer Keywords: Cervical lymphadenopathy, oral cancer, lymph nodes.

Esthetic concerns about the smile often are the patient’s main reason other than pain for seeking dental care. Esthetic problems in childhood and adolescence can have significant effect on psychosocial development and interaction with peers. A variety of esthetic restorative materials are available in the market for restoring primary incisors. So knowing in detail about the knowledge of the specific strengths, weakness, and properties of each material will enhance the clinician’s ability to make the best choice of selection for each situation.

The regaining of the social and personal competencies lost during the alcoholic’s life is critical in the rehabilitation process and is instrumental in prevention of relapsing back into alcoholism. An understanding of how addiction counsellors characteristics influence the development of competencies among recovering alcoholics is therefore key to their reintegration into society. The range of competencies include specific skills and abilities to general constructs such as self-esteem that reflect an improved adjustment to deal with issues in the family, school, work and in society at large The study adopted behavioural, Adlerian and person centred theories for its theoretical framework. The study employed the ex-post- facto correlational research design with an accessible population of 202 recovering alcoholics and 81 addiction counsellors in 17 rehabilitation facilities in Central and Nairobi regions employing the 12 step facilitation approach. Census sampling method was used for the addiction counsellors with the entire population participating in the study. A sample size of 134 respondents calculated using Yamane simplified formula was used for the recovering alcoholics. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire for the recovering alcoholics and addiction counsellors. The instruments were validated and adjustments done after the pilot study, while reliability was determined using the Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient at 0.860. The data was analysed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Pearson correlations were used to test the relationship between the dependent variable (recovering alcoholics competencies) and the independent variable (addiction counsellors characteristics). Addiction counsellors characteristics were established to be statistically significant at p=0.000<0.05 with a strong positive association (r=0.649). The study recommends the need for rehabilitation centres engaging addiction counsellors’ with better understanding of the rehabilitation process as well as strengthening counselling services in an attempt to improve recovering competencies of the alcoholics in their facilities.

Background: HRCT with its excellent imaging quality and the ability to eliminate bone and soft tissue, is the best method for evaluating the mastoid air cell system. It helps in accurate assessment of pathology prior to surgical exploration regarding location, extent and complication of the disease. HRCT is now established as the most useful and versatile procedure for showing bony detail in the petrous pyramid, soft tissue abnormalities in the middle ear and the extension of the disease into the cranial cavity. Objective: The objective of the study is primarily to understand the capability of HRCT in diagnosis and detection of pathologies of the temporal bone. Methods: The study was conducted in 60 patients with symptoms of mastoiditis, in the department of Radio-Diagnosis and Imaging in co-ordination with the department of Otolaryngology GMC Jammu. Contiguous 0.5-1mm thick slices were obtained using an ultra high algorithm in the axial axis. Coronal images were obtained perpendicular to the axial plane from the cochlea to the posterior semicircular canal. Intravenous contrast were administered wherever necessary to study for intracranial or extracranial extension of middle ear disease. Results: In our study population, age of patients ranged from 7 years to 64 years. There were 40 males ( 66.5%). There were 20 (33.5%) females. Male to female ratio of study population was 2:1. Patients with infections (n=36), cholesteatoma was seen in 20 cases and mastoiditis was seen in 9 cases. Combination of both cholesteatoma and mastoiditis was seen in 7 cases. Total 27 cases of cholesteatoma (20+7) and 16 cases of mastoiditis (9+7) were seen. HRCT diagnosed opacified mastoid air cells were seen in 16 cases however only 8 cases with associated cholesteatoma were operated and 8 cases of mastoiditis alone were treated conservatively. Conclusion: HRCT produced high quality images of soft tissue lesions in air spaces. HRCT has outdated the conventional modalities of investigations by providing better soft tissue contrast and is ideal for evaluation of Temporal Bone lesions.

Emotional Intelligence among B.Ed. students had been observed as important aspects of personality. The study would provide substantial information on B.Ed. students’ emotional intelligence in relation to the academic achievement and gender. Descriptive Survey Method of research has been employed for the present study. Stratified Random Sampling Technique has been used to select a sample of 200 B.Ed. students from four Private Colleges by selecting 50 B.Ed. students from each college. A standardised tool namely Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) by Hyde, Pethe and Dhar (2007) has been used. The data collected has been analysed by employing Mean, Standard Deviation and t-Test. The present study revealed that most (98.5%) of the B.Ed. students have high level of Emotional Intelligence. B.Ed. students with high academic achievement have been found to be significantly more self-aware, more empathetic, more emotionally stable, more self-developed, more value-oriented, more committed than B.Ed. students with low academic achievement. Overall emotional intelligence of B.Ed. students has been significantly higher in comparison to B.Ed. students with low academic achievement. Similar results have been observed for gender differences in favour of female B.Ed. students.

Ethics in business decisions has been implied and accepted in all areas of business operations. Social responsibility of corporates had been considered as the ethical domain of business. Over the years the corporates have been responsible for unethical activities like financial and business scams, adulteration of food stuff, climate change, pollution, deforestation and ecological imbalance, etc. These alarming instances of unethical acts by corporates have led to the need for regulation and legislation. This paper focuses on CSR being one dimension of ethical code for corporates to follow and how their failure to comply with this ethical discharge of social responsibility lead to regulation and legislation.

Background: Conservative treatment by closed reduction and cast application is the gold standard treatment for tibial shaft fracture in children. Surgical intervention is required in tibial shaft fractures associated with multiple long bone fracture, head injury, unstable tibial fracture, compound tibial fracture, failed closed reduction and cases of compartment syndrome. Titanium elastic nails (TENS) are the ideal implant for paediatric tibial fractures as it maintains alignment and rotation without causing damage to open physis. Method: The present study was conducted in Department of Orthopaedics GMC Jammu on 25 patients presenting with tibial fractures. Paediatric tibial fractures were fixed with two titanium elastic nails through proximal tibia preserving the physis. Results: Twenty five patients were treated with TENS. There were 14 male and 11 female. Commonest mode of injury pattern is road traffic accident. Nail prominence and skin irritation is the commonest complication encountered in 4(16%) patients, delayed union 2(8%), malunion1(4%) and infection at entry portal 1(4%) patient. Evaluation of the results were done were by Flynn criteria. In 17 (68%) patients excellent results were seen, 8 (32%) patients satisfactory results were seen and poor result was not seen in any patient. Conclusion: Titanium elastic nail achieve satisfactory results in management of paediatric tibial fractures in which surgery is indicated. TENS is the treatment of choice in children with compound fractures or soft tissue injuries as it allows rapid healing of tibial fracture with minimal complications.

Background: Direct Acting Antivirals (DAAs) have revolutionized the treatment of chronic hepatitis-C infection.Genotype-3 is the most common genotype found in India and Kashmir as well and it has the more aggressive nature and leads to increased riskof steatosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Aims and Objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety in chronic hepatitis C genotype-3 infection in Kashmiri population. Materials and Methods: An observational, Prospective, Open label, Hospital based study carried over a period of two years. Treatment naïve Chronic Hepatitis-C genotype-3 patients were included in the study. Patients were divided in two groups. Group-A: Non-cirrhotics who received Sofosbuvir (400 mg daily) with Daclatasvir. Group BCirrhoticswho received Sofosbuvir (400mg daily) with Daclatasvir (60mg daily) and weight based Ribavarin. Results:260 patients were enrolled. Both males(n=133) and females(n=127) were almost equal in distribution. We observed 97 % (203/210) SVR12 in non-cirrhoticswho received Daclatasvir plus Sofosbuvir treatment regimen. Cirrhotics who received Sofosbuvir plus Daclatasvir along with Ribavirin observed SVR of 86 % (43/50). All patients tolerated the drug regimens well without any serious adverse effect. Conclusion: Once daily oralSofosbuvir plus daclatasvir based therapy is highly efficient and safe in both cirrhotics and non-cirrhotic hepatitis C patients.

Background: Among intravenous agents, propofol has been the drug of choice in view of better safety profile, relaxation and depression of upper airway reflexes. Sevoflurane on the other hand, with pleasant odor, nonirritating to the airways and with bronchodilator property are best among the volatile induction agents. Objectives: To compare the induction characteristics and ease of laryngeal mask airway insertion with halothane and sevoflurane in pediatric patients. Methods: A prospective randomized study of 200 American Society of Anaesthesiologists’ Class I and II patients was conducted equal distribution among two groups with 50 each undergoing gynecological procedures under general anesthesia. Group P received injection propofol and Group S received sevoflurane. Results: Sevoflurane took a longer time for induction and jaw relaxation than propofol. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups, with respect to LMA insertion time, and conditions. Apnea time was more in propofol group. Fall in heart rate and mean blood pressure was more in propofol. Conclusion: Propofol is associated with faster induction while sevoflurane is associated with good hemodynamic stability.

Ever enduring supremacy of tribal chiefs and presumably the patriarchal authority of men over women in Papua New Guinea (PNG) have still been persisting. This persuasive nature of male dominance in all aspects of family lives in PNG got its primordial values indoctrinated to women’s relegation at all times. The Melanesian society sanctioned this unsolicited female domestic slavery usurped for centuries. Global expansionism and consumerist economic exercises in postmodern states could hardly make any impact on the traditional condiments of customary tribal practices in PNG. Although, there are ample instances of women’s’ domestic slavery in many other societies even with the least or absence of inelegant tribal family traits of ‘male dictate’ over the female folks. The extreme form of gender discrimination has been prevailing in PNG incongruent to the usual trend of liberal attitudes towards women in the developed world. This paper attempts to critically appraise the women’s pecuniary as well as sociocultural status in PNG society alongside tribal specificity. This research is determined based on selected ethnographic accounts covering major provinces/regions of PNG. Basic information enduringly associated with PNG women’s extreme forms of compliance to men are collected through intensive interviews utilizing structured and open-ended questions.

The present study has been undertaken to determine the most appropriate oral hygiene motivation method (OHMM) for maintaining good oral hygiene during fixed appliance orthodontic treatment. Material and Methods- The study group was divided into four groups in accordance to their OHMM such as- GROUP I. Only verbal information (V). GROUP II. Only written information (W). GROUP III. Demonstration on model (M). GROUP IV. Audio Visual Aids and Self application by the patients (AV). Proper hygiene instructions were then provided and clinical examination was performed (baseline,1st ,3rd ,and 6th month). The examination included recording of Plaque Index (PI) for each sample at each examination. Results: At 1st, 3rd , 6 th months group V had the highest mean PI score while the lowest mean PI score was observed in Group AV and the difference between the groups was significant. Conclusion: The preventive, educational and motivational actions undertaken in this study proved statistically effective in improving the oral health of orthodontic patients. The most effective method is demonstration by audiovisual aids.

Background: Escherichia coli accounts for majority of community and hospital acquired urinary tract infections in many parts of the world. It has developed resistance against antimicrobial agents and it is necessary to have up to date knowledge of drug resistance pattern for treatment of UTIs caused by this organism. Objective: To determine and compare antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of urinary. E.coli isolated from patients with community and hospital acquired UTIs in Makkah Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This prospective descriptive study was performed for a period of three months. A total of 92 Escherichia coli isolated from urine samples were collected from four hospitals of Makkah. The clinical and demographic information of the patients was collected using a predesigned questionnaire. Isolates were confirmed by using bacteriological methods and API 20E kits. All E.coli strains were subjected to in vitro susceptibility testing using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method as described in CLSI guidelines. Results: The study was performed in patients of all age groups and both the genders. Majority of the patients were in age group1-10 years and 21-30 years in community acquired infections and1-10 years followed by 21-30 years and 70-80 years in hospital acquired infections. A predominance of female patients (73%) compared to male patients (27%) was seen. Majority of the urinary tract infections were community acquired (55%) compared to hospital acquired (45).Over all antibiotic resistance data of 92 isolates showed low to high resistance to all drugs tested (2.17-100%). The highest resistance was exhibited by ampicillin (100%) followed by cephalothin (65.2%) and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (64.1%). The rates of drug resistance for other antibiotics were: cefuroxime 36.9%, norfloxan29.3%, levofloxacin 28.2%, ceftazidime 18.4 %, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 14.1%and cefoxitin 11.9%. Among all antibiotics tested imipenem showed lowest resistance (2.17%). In summary, highest resistance was seen against ampicillin followed by cephalothin and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and least resistance was shown against imepenim. Moreover, higher resistance was seen in hospital acquired infections compared tocommunity acquired infections. Very high level of MDR was also seen (60%) among isolates from all the hospitals. Conclusion: This study showed low to high drug resistance of E.coli isolates from various hospitals of Makkah. Alarming rates of MDR among community acquired as well as nosocomial isolates call for continuous periodic monitoring in Makkah region to know the developing resistance pattern which, will help in deciding the most adequate therapy for E.coli urinary tract infections.

Background: Dystocia remains the most common indication for emergency cesarean section especially for primigravidae. As such, it is a major contributor to operative and instrumental intervention. Type of Study: A double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 2 spasmolytic drugs, Drotaverine and Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide on shortening of first stage of labor. Setting: Obstetrics and Gynecology Departments of Al-Azhar university hospital (Assiut), Egypt. Patients & Methds: 150 full term primigravidae in labor (cervical dilatation 3-4cm with regular progressive uterine contractions 3-4/ 10 minutes, each lasting for at least 40 seconds) were recruited for this study during the period from June 2018 to december 2018. Patients were divided into three equal groups (50 patients for each). Group I: Received (40mg) drotaverine hydrochloride by slowly IV infusion. Group II: Received (20mg) hyoscine-n-butylbromide by slowly IV infusion. Group III: (control): Received Sterile water for injection (placebo). Results: the rate of cervical dilation was significantly higher in group 1&II compared to the control group; also duration of 1st stages was significantly shorter in the same groups while no significant difference in duration of 2nd stage were present among the 3 groups, the degree of severe pain and the need for oxytocin augmentation doses were significantly lesser in both groups compared to control (p<0.001). The neonatal outcomes in the form of APGAR score was higher and need for NICU admission was significantly lower in group I&II compared to group III. Conclusion: both drugs used in this study have significant effects on shortening of 1st stage of labor with lesser units of oxytocin needed for augmentation with good analgesic effect and good neonatal outcome, however, Drotaverine hydrochloride was better as it was more effective beside it has the strongest labor pain relieve and lesser maternal adverse effects. Recommendations: We recommend using of either drug in enhancing first stage of labor however; Drotaverine hydrochloride is preferable as it is more effective with minimal maternal adverse effects.

This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity on Carica papaya leaves. The objective of the study uses bacteria to resistant or susceptible characteristic over the phytochemicals obtained from the papaya leaf by applying two different solvent systems. The study also targets the reactive oxygen species antioxidant role of the leaf extracts as a bioactive component in removing off the free radicals with various chemically obtained free radicals by in vitro study by evaluating the capability by absorption spectrum. The activity of the extracts calibrated with its activity upon the bacteria S.aureus by locating the type of phytochemicals present in the extract and its role on the bacteria been studied with studying the fingerprinting by thin layer chromatography.