June 2016

Liver cirrhotic patients were investigated for their lifestyle, body mass index, biochemical and clinical signs of disease. The study included 500 liver cirrhotic patients who were visited and hospitalized in SKIMS and SMHS hospital Srinagar. The data was collected by using the self made questionnaire which was pretested on 10 patients. These ten patients were excluded from the study. Demographic data, level of education, biochemical values, clinical signs, weight, height and mid arm circumference was undertaken. Out of the 500 cirrhotic patients, 60% were from rural area and 40% were from urban area, 73.8% were males and 26.2% were females. It was observed that illiterates, laborers, married ones with nuclear type of family system from low economic status were being suffering from the liver cirrhosis. The disease is more seen in the age group of 46-60 years. Low BMI and muscle wasting were present in almost all of the studied patients. Hyperbilirubinemia, low albumin and protein levels were observed in studied patients. Anemia, PEM, ascites, edema, muscle wasting were prevalent in vast majority of the patients.

Background: A baby is said to be of low birth weight (LBW) if the estimated weight at birth is less than 2500g (5 pounds 8 ounces). LBW has serious and long lasting health implications for the baby, usually in the neonatal and infancy periods and may persist into adulthood. Several studies have been conducted in the past which looked into the relationship between exposure to ambient air pollution and the delivery of LBW babies with most of the studies concluding with inconsistent results. The goal of the study is to determine if an association exists between LBW and exposure of mothers to ambient air quality (PM2.5) in the first trimester of pregnancy in New Jersey. Method: A cross-sectional study using data derived from the 2008 Electronic Birth Certificates (EBC) for all live births to mothers residing in New Jersey and ambient air (PM2.5) data for 2007 and 2008 were obtained from the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP). Both sets of data were merged using SAS and the resulting dataset was run through a series of linear and logistic regression steps to demonstrate any possible association. Result: Data analysis showed an increased risk for LBW with higher exposure to PM2.5, (unadjusted OR: 1.25, 95% CI 1.03-1.53, p<0.0271). Adjusted odds ratio for LBW was no longer statistically significant when the model included known risk factors for LBW. Conclusion: This study concludes thatPM2.5 exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy shows some positive association with LBW albeit weak with the condition compared with other known risk factors.

The present study aimed to obtain acidic silages of different types of waste from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its characterization through chemical, physical and microbiological analysis over the storage time. To obtain the silage different residues were used, which were divided into five treatments: T1 100% guts, T2 - 100% head, T3 - 100% carcass, T4 - 30% head + 70% carcass and T5 - 15% guts + 20% head + 47% carcass + 15% leather + 3% scales. Each treatment was performed by adding 5% acetic acid and 0.1% p/p of BHT / Kg. Analyses were performed at days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60 and 90. It was found that the texture of the ensiled biomass showed no visible immediate changes, prevailing caramel coloring. The first hydrolysis signals were seen from the 4th day of storage. T1 and T5 treatments had lower temperatures in the biomasses. The pH of the silages were less than 4.5. T1 obtained the highest values of malondialdehyde / kg. The results of microbiological analysis have not detected the presence of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, yeasts and molds for all treatments of the silages. The use of acetic acid and BHT acted efficiently to preserve silage quality. Thus, it can be said that the silages in the process are of high quality, with applicability in food and feed, as well as commercially valuing the fish byproduct and reducing to almost zero waste generation.

The infraorbital swelling due to canine space infection is always reported. In this case report the 11 year child, etiology for canine space infection was unknown and the interesting part was the difficulty in finishing endodontic access due to missed foreign body at the root tip of 21 which was visible only after extraction of 21.The patient was suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and had not given any history of self inflicting injury to reduce pain. The extracted tooth had a wooden stick at the apex which was a very rare and shocking finding and the answer to the surgeon’s dilemma. This case report is one of its kind where hidden wooden stick has caused canine space infection.

Background: Empathy is a fundamental value in health care. The present study was conducted to assess the empathy levels among students and assess the difference in empathy levels across gender and year of study and also to improve their attitude and skills towards the patients and their quality of service to enhance the dentist-patient relationship. Materials and Methods: Cross sectional descriptive studywas conducted to assess the level of empathy using a validated, self-administered questionnaire Jefferson Scale of Empathy, Health Care Provider Student version (JSE-HPS) in this study. Results: A total of 300 dental students and Interns participated in the present study; the mean empathy score among the male dental students was 84.4 and among thefemale dental students was 84.5. Conclusion: Mean empathy score among the male and female dental Students showed less difference however empathy should be given importance in dental curriculum toimprove dentist-patient relationship,thereby achieving optimal outcome in patient care.

Background: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from fish is known to have benefits on cardiovascular system by attenuating ischemic changes. Intending to produce alternative source to fish EPA, we have microbially synthesized EPA (mEPA) from α-linolenic acid from plant oil for pharmacological evaluation in myocardial infarction MI. Objective: The objective of present study was to evaluate cardioprotective activity of mEPA through effect on cardiac enzyme biomarkers and histopathology in experimentally induced MI. Methods: Animals were divided into 7 groups of six animals each; control, standard (Losartan 20 mg/kg); fish oil (1 g/ kg); 3 groups with mEPA (5, 10 and 50 mg/kg) for 15 days. MI was induced in all groups except control by two doses of Isoproterenol HCl at 24 hrs interval (50 mg/ 100 g; s. c.) at the end of treatment. Biochemical assays for serum CK-MB, LDH, SGOT, NO, ACE and antioxidant enzymes were performed. Histopathology of ventricular apex region was done to compare pathological changes. Results: Elevated levels of enzymes CK-MB, SGOT, LDH, NO, ACE and reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes in sham control group were significantly reversed in treatment groups. The effects of mEPA were significant as compared to standard and fish oil. This was evident from the histopathological observations of ventricular apex which indicated necrosis and other pathological changes in MI induced group which were decreased in treatment groups. Conclusion: mEPA has shown promising cardioprotective effect and can fulfil the need of alternative source of EPA to fish for use in MI patients.

Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy is one of the most important complications due to its role in increasing maternal morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis provides more chances to treat it without complications. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate management plan of ectopic pregnancy Method: This retrospective study screened the medical records of all women admitted to ER department at King abdulaziz University hospital as an ectopic case throughout 2012-2014. Results: 120 patients were eligible and were included in this study. The mean age was 29.9±5.7 years. The mean of gravidity was 3.5±2.7. Thirty six (30%) cases had history of Pelvic Surgery and 21 (17.5%) had History of CS. All the 120 cases were admitted through emergency room (ER), 71 (60.7 %) had Vaginal Bleeding. Of the patients, 19 (15.8%) had expectant management, 42 (35%) received Methotrexate, 40 (33.3%) had laparoscopy & 18 (15%) had Laparotomy. Conclusions: The treatment would be determined by the association of three main factors: clinical symptoms, ultrasound examination and β-hCG levels. Methotrexate is recommended for all womenwithout hemodynamic problems, unruptured pregnancyand low β-hCG. The earlier EP diagnosis the greater the chances of reducing maternal morbidity and mortality rate.

Background: To find out the efficacy of lumbar stabilization exercises by using pressure biofeedback and without pressure biofeedback on trunk angle in middle grade school students with no mechanical low back pain. Method: A total of 90 subjects participated in the study, 45 subjects assigned to each group with a 8 weeks’ intervention protocol. The first group was given lumbar stabilization exercises with pressure biofeedback and other group was given stabilization exercises without pressure biofeedback Results: After intervention in both groups showed improvement in trunk angle (sway back posture) but pressure biofeedback group showed more significant result. Conclusion: Lumbar Stabilization exercises using Pressure biofeedback is an effective way for improving trunk angle in middle grade school students

Plasma cell dyscrasias represent 1.4-2 % of all malignancies and among hematologic malignancies; it constitutes 10 % of the tumors. Plasma cell dyscrasias are composed of multiple myeloma, primary and secondary plasma cell leukemia. Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is a rare and aggressive disease, represents 1-4 % of plasma cell dyscrasias. The prognosis of this is very poor with median survival of 8- 11 months in different reported series. We are reporting a study from our hospital over a period of ten years, in which pPCL was found in 1.8% of multiple myeloma patients, with slight male predominance and earlier age than multiple myeloma, and all had high disease burden with high LDH, β2 microglobulin, and plasmacytosis. This disease had very aggressive behavior especially with light chain lambda disease and all patients succumbed within 8 months of treatment.

Purpose: To assess bone regeneration in peri-implant bone defects grafted by demineralized freeze–dried bone graft using platelet-rich plasma and platelet-rich fibrin. Methods: Twenty patients who were to be rehabilitated by implant supported prosthesis were considered for the study. During placement of implants, the implant site was assessed for any peri implant defect and these patients with peri implant defect were divided into two equal groups randomly, one group to receive platelet-rich plasma with bone graft and other group to receive platelet-rich fibrin with bone graft. Immediate and three months post-operative CBCT was taken to compare the bone formation in the peri-implant defect. The CBCT image is screen captured and imported into a picture editing software and linear measurements of the bone is measured. Results: The mean vertical facial bone height formed by using Platelet rich plasma and Platelet rich fibrin with bone graft was 0.17+ 0.19 mm and 0.56 + 0.38 mm respectively(P = 0.015). The mean value in vertical lingual bone height formed was 0.15 + 0.27 mm and 0.72 + 0.68 mm for Platelet rich plasma and Platelet rich fibrin respectively (P = 0.033). Conclusion: Based on the results it was concluded that Platelet rich fibrin is efficacious in the treatment of a peri- implant defect.

Radiation prosthesis is an artificially fabricated device that aids in the efficient administration of radiotherapy to the affected areas and thereby helps in limiting post radiotherapy complications. Radiotherapy is being used as an adjunctive form of treatment in the management of head and neck cancer. Adverse tissue reactions are associated with the use of radiotherapy in the management of patients with head and neck cancer. These reactions are painful and they diminish the quality of life, often discouraging the patient from taking treatment. A prosthodontist can help the Radiotherapist in radiotherapy of the patient by fabrication of certain devices. These devices are shielding devices, positioning stents and radiation source carriers. Radiation shielding devices minimize exposure of the surrounding healthy tissues, positioning devices help in delivering radiation to desired area, while radiation source carrier is used for radiation of intraoral localized area. This article aims at displaying the various prostheses that can be given to oral cancer patients to provide better treatment and decrease post radiation complications. The use of these devices is individualized and close collaboration between the radiotherapist and the prosthodontist is essential. Use of these devices minimizes severity of the problems, improves the prognosis and provides comfort to the patient. Radiation therapy is employed by many institutions and the dentist must be aware of the appliances that can be fabricated to prevent the undesirable side effects of radiation.

Purpose: Epidemiologic studies have shown that the incidence of epilepsy is the highest in the elderly population. As the elderly constitutes the most rapidly growing population in our country, epilepsy in this group has become an important health issue. To identify the characteristics of epilepsy in the elderly, etiology and effect of antiepileptic drugs on seizure control, we studied elderly population at tertiary care centre in this northern part of India for new onset of seizures. Methods: We studied all the patient with history of new onset of seizures with age above 60 years who attended neurology clininc over a period of year. All patients underwent detailed clinical history and physical examinations, various blood investigations, magnetic resonance imaging and/or computed tomography of Brain, and electroencephalogram (EEG). All patients were started on appropriate antiepileptic drugs and monitored for control of seizure and side effects of antiepileptic drugs. Results: We collected data of 118 patients who developed epilepsy after the age of 60 years. The mean age of seizure onset was 67.5 years and out of which 71% patients were males. Generalized tonic clonic seizure semiology was most frequent (n=72). Etiological diagnosis was possible in nearly 72% patients, including those with cerebrovascular disease. A clear cause of epilepsy was not found (i.e., non-lesional epilepsy) in 28% patients. Abnormal EEG was found in 46% patients. Of the 100 patients who were followed for more than 1 year, 75.5% were on antiepileptic monotherapy and 98% had been seizure-free for more than 1 year. Conclusion: In our cohort of elderly persons with new-onset epilepsy, primary generalized tonic clonic seizures was most frequent presentation. Cerebrovascular diseases formed the most frequent etiology of seizures. Epileptogenecity was relatively low in elderly patients and they responded well to antiepileptic medication.

Background: Human human milk may contain high levels of fat and toxins, which exist in our country based on many reports during the first postnatal week. Methods: This study was conducted on 50 mothers who gave birth to a healthy infant at Vali-Asr teaching hospital, affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, from 2014 to 2015. Within the first postnatal week, a 20 cc sample of mother’s human milk was obtained and was sent for laboratory analysis to measure PCB levels via GC Mass method. Results: Maternal diet had a significant role in the concentrations of PCBs in human milk; mothers who had higher daily intake of chicken had significantly higher concentrations of PCB 28 and PCB 180 in their milk (p=0.003, p=0.031, respectively). Mothers who had fish in their meals 3-4 times a week had significantly lower levels of PCB153 in their milk (p=0.025). The percentage of harmful PCB153 was also significantly lower in their milk (p=0.006). Mothers who had twice a week intake of cereals had significantly higher levels of PCB28 in their human milk (p=0.018). Conclusions: Maternal diet have direct influence on human milk PCB concentrations. Therefore, it is necessary to inform mothers of the potential harms that might be caused by overusing some ingredients. Objective: evaluating the concentration of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl) in the mother’s milk

Leukoplakia is the most common pre-cancerous lesion of the oral cavity with high incidence of malignant transformation. Several risk factors including tobacco usage and alcohol consumption leads to formation of leukoplakia and cytogenetically altered keratinocytes, arising from pre-cancerous oral epithelium results in its malignant transformation. Surgical excision and antioxidant therapy are the preferred line of treatment of oral leukoplakia. This review attempts to highlight various aspects of leukoplakia from its formation to diagnosis and treatment with the aid of various recent literatures available.

Background: Dementia is a serious loss of global cognitive ability in a previously unimpaired person, beyond what mightbe expected from normal aging. Dementia is often associated with physical, mental and financial burden. Care giving was associated with more psychological complaints & coping is most often conceptualized as a response to the demands of specific stressful situations. Aim: To assess the Burden in caregiver of persons with dementia and also assess the coping strategies used by the caregivers. Settings and design: The study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry, Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh. The samples for the study were recruited from the outpatient & indoor facilities of the department of Psychiatry, Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh, after application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria (n=40) cases of Dementia and theircaregivers (n=40) were included in the study. Materials and Methods: Diagnosis of dementia were done by fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IVTR). The tools used were burden assessment schedule (Thara et al., 1998), Asamese version of ways of coping Quissionare (Susan Folkman and Richard S. Lazarus). Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS- 20. Results: The result revealed that level of burden reported by caregivers of dementia patients was high. The most common coping strategies used by caregivers of Dementia patients were confronting coping (72%), distancing (45%), seeking social support (45%) and self-controlling (45%). Conclusion: The various findings in our study evidence that dementia can have serious consequences on families particularly the primary caregivers. Result highlight the importance of improving the mixed coping skills in burdened caregivers.

Introduction: Epithelial–mesenchymal interactions are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of odontogenic cysts. Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC) is a benign cystic neoplasm with a characteristic parakeratinized epithelial lining, which differs histologically and behaviourally from the Dentigerous cyst (DC) and Radicular cyst (RC). Biological behaviour of OKC is dependent on both epithelium and the underlying stroma. Collagen plays an important role in maintaining structural integrity and in determination of tissue functions. Collagen has natural birefringence which is attributed to arrangement of its fibres; this property is enhanced by Picrosirius Red staining. Aim: The purpose of this study will be to investigate the differences in collagen fibres within the fibrous tissue walls of OKC, DC and RC. Study design: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of OKC, DC, RC was segregated from the department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, RRDCH and cut sections was subjected to staining with Picrosirius red and was observed under polarising light microscope. Polarising colours of the collagen fibres was recorded and statistically analysed. Materials and Methods: A group of 30 histopathologically diagnosed cases of Odontogenic cysts, 10 cases of Radicular cysts, 10 cases of Dentigerous cyst, 10 cases of Odontogenic Keratocyst and 2 cases of Dental follicular tissue as controls were retrieved from files of Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital. Haematoxylin and Eosin stained slides were evaluated for the existence and degree of inflammation in all the slides. Paraffin embedded tissue blocks were sectioned at 5µm thickness. Sections were deparaffinised, hydrated and stained with Picro Sirius Red stain for collagen. Statistical analysis: Level of Significance: α=0.05 Statistical test used: Chi-squared (χ2) test Results: Our study showed that in, RC and DC - yellowish orange and orange color was seen indicating dense fibrosis in case of mild and moderate inflammation. Whereas in case of OKC , greenish yellow color was dominant in subepithelial, intermediate layer in absence and mild inflammation, whereas in periphery yellowish orange was seen in mild inflammation Conclusion: This method can be used to analyze the orientation of collagen fibers and also how inflammation can induce a change in the collagen from loosely packed thin fibrils to closely packed mature collagen. It can also be used as a diagnostic tool to differentiate two lesions and to predict their nature in terms of biologic behaviour and prognosis.

Objectives: The present study was conducted to observe various mandibular measurements using digital panoramic radiography, which can be used for sex determination. The study was done among the Maharashtran population with a sample size of 500 out of which 250 were males and 250 were females of age group 20-50yrs. Method: The parameters considered for the study were mandibular angle, distance between mental foramen and basal border of the mandible, distance between mental foramen and alveolar border of the mandible, mental foramen breadth, mental foramen height, length of the mandibular body, maximum length of the mandible, height of the mandibular body, maximum ramus breadth, minimum ramus breadth, maximum ramus height, length of the condyle, breadth of the condyle, distance between the centre of mental foramen and mental tubercle, distance between the centre of foramen mentale and gonion, bigonial width. Result: Out of these 16 variables 9 variables were highly significant for sex determination which were, distance between mental foramen and basal border of the mandible, Length of the mandibular body, Maximum length of the mandible, Length of the mandibular body, Maximum and Minimum ramus breadth, Maximum height of ramus and bigonial width were highly significant and variables, distance between the centre of mental foramen and mental tubercle were significant in determining the sex of the mandible. Conclusion: This research showed that variables length of body of mandible, maximum length of mandible, height of body of mandible, maximum and minimum breadth of ramus, height of ramus and bigonial width exhibit highest degree of sexual dimorphism.

Aims and Objective: To study the role of laproscopic fulgration and Low dose danazol therapy for minimal to moderate endometriosis in case of infertility followed by comparision of both therapy. Materials and Methods: The present cross–sectional study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology SN Medical college Agra. Over the period from Dec2010 to Nov 2012. Symptomatic women (n=50) of age group 20-39 yrs coming to gynecology OPD were selected for study group. The study group was subjected to detailed history, physical examination laboratory test, ultrasound examination, laproscopy. Then 25 patient were allotted for laproscopic fulgration and 25 for danazol treatment. Result: In our study out of 50 patient that transvaginal sonography we found that 10%of patient have cyst <2cm size and 20% have >2cm size, rest 70% have normal scan. On laproscopy 52% of patient have red lesion, 16% have bluish black lesion, 20% have yellow brown lesion rest 22% have no findings. On danazol therapy pelvic pain and dysmenorrhoea was relieved in 64% and 52% conceived. On laproscopic fulgration symptom was relieved in 69% and 60% was conceived. Conclusion: Based on this study it can be concluded that choice of therapy depend on age of patient, duration of infertility, physical findings, goal of surgery, experience of surgeon, availability of resources. In this study result was comparabile.

Background: Maintaining a high level of good oral health throughout the force is an integral part of overall combat readiness as clinical dental resources are not always readily available in the deployed environment. Methodology: A total of 205 army personnel were included in this study. The interview comprised few questions to know their oral hygiene practices and deleterious oral habits. The answers to these questions as well as clinical data were recorded in the WHO form 2013. Results: Mean age was 30.4 ± 9.2 years among BSF personnel maximum subjects belonged to 26–30 years age group. Healthy periodontium was seen in 87(42.4%) BSF personnel. Conclusion: BSF needs to strengthen their existing Oral health care delivery system by emphasizing more on to their preventive aspect.

Proximal humeral fractures, defined as fractures occurring at or proximal to the surgical neck of the humerus. Nowadays proximal humeral fractures account for almost 7% of all fractures and make up 80% of all humeral fractures. In patients above the age of 65 years proximal humeral fractures are the second most frequent upper extremity fracture, and the third most common non-vertebral osteoporotic fracture after proximal femur and distal radius fractures. The treatment of this lesion depends on the conditions like the patient’s age, degree of fracture displacement, the amount of damage to the soft tissue, last systematic diseases; fractured bone resulted of pathology, degree of bone damages and experience of surgeon. It might be chosen from surgical or nonsurgical treatment. Although series of conservative treatment suggest that reasonable functional results can be achieved with immobilization alone, without the morbidity associated with surgical management, even in more complex fracture types. With this background we have chosen this topic as a comperative study to evaluate the results of conservative and operative study in displaced proximal humerus fracture.

The present study examines self concept and state trait anxiety of pregnant jobholders and homemakers, 120 samples attending OPD and maternity clinics at Bijapur and Dharwad district of North Karnataka are selected, among them 60 are pregnant jobholders and 60 are pregnant homemakers. Self-concept scale developed by Mukta Rani Rastogi (1979) and State Trait Anxiety Test scale developed by Sanjay Vohra (1992) are used for data collection. The data is computed using Mean, SD, ‘t’-test and Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation. The results revealed that pregnant job holders have high level of self-concept compared to pregnant homemakers which is significant at 0.01 level. Whereas, there is no significant difference found in the level of state trait anxiety between pregnant jobholders & homemakers. There is no significant correlation between Self concept and anxiety of pregnant jobholders and homemakers.

Introduction: Haemorroids is one of the commonest clinical condition that we have come acrossed in our surgical practice. It is one of the commonest troublesome disease also. It is usually diagnosed by their external appearance, symptoms obtained from the patients, proctoscopic examination, per rectal examination, and sigmoidoscopic examination. To rule out carcinoma rectum all cases should be screened by sigmoidoscopy. All patients of haemorroids cannot be treated with only one procedure, each of them is to be evaluated correctly with clinical findings, proctoscopic and sigmoidoscopic examinations. Sometimes manometric study may be necessary for the correct procedure. Materials and Methods: In this study,100 Patients were evaluated in thanjavaur medical college for open and closed haemorroidectomy from May 2015 – May 2016 .Those patients were evaluated for advantages and disadvantage in both procedure and final outcome were studied based on the postoperative outcome and followup. Observation: In this study majority of cases were above fifty years of age and constituting about 50 percent. Male female ratio approximately 2.4 :1 Two patients have the positive family history Among the 100 cases bleeding was the presenting feature in 68 cases, 64 cases had prolapse, 26 had anal discharge, 18 patients had the anal irritation. Operating time is shorter in the open method, in closed method operating time was slightly longer Wound healing was delayed in open operation patients.

Osteoarthritis of the knee is a common cause of pain, reduced mobility and quality of life (QOL) in adults. People with knee osteoarthritis experience restricted participation in activities and behaviors of their choice, and thus it affects their social life. Given the increasing incidence of symptomatic knee Osteoarthritis and the role of non-pharmacological interventions in mitigating symptoms, it is important to find low-cost, easy to administer interventions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of therapeutic exercises on knee related pain, QOL and mobility by using KOOS, timed up and go test. The results of the present study imply that therapeutic exercises that comprising warm-up, active range of motion exercise, strengthening exercise, muscle stretching and cool down were effective over conventional therapies that included hot packs and isometric quadriceps exercise in improving the knee related pain, QOL and mobility of middle aged adults with knee osteoarthritis.

The existence of horse manure around the neighborhood can lead to pollution. This condition is still existed in the Babakan Loa Cimahi settlement. The application of appropriate technology with horse manure can be processed to produce biogas. In addition to horse feces, water hyacinth (Eicchornia crassipes) can be utilized in the production of biogas because it has a large hemicellulose content. The aim of the research is to find out the effect of water hyacinth addition to the volume of biogas generated from horse manure. The research hypothesis shows that there is an effect of water hyacinth addition to the gas volume production. The populations are all horse manures taken from stables in Babakan Loa and water hyacinths on the paddies, while the samples are partially taken from the population with temporary sampling technique. The type of research is quasi-experimental research with one group pre and post test design. Data collection is done by measuring the gas volume produced. The collected data is processed and analyzed using t dependent test. The result shows that the biogas volume produced without the addition of water hyacinth ranged from 0.7 to 3.1 liters, while with addition of water hyacinth ranged from 1.4 to 11.9 liters. There is a significant difference between the volume of biogas without and with the addition of water hyacinth.

Background: To determine the short term effect of fixed orthodontic therapy on periodontal health and to find out which of the ligation techniques adhere more amount of micro organisms. Methods: Total of 30 subjects were selected in the age range of 18 to 25 years in the study. on the first day (T0) Quigely Hein plaque index was performed using two tone dye and bonding was carried out half of the quadrant was ligated with elastic module and half of the quadrant with steel ligature, patients were recalled after 2nd day(T1) of bonding, bracket bond index was carried out. same patients were recalled after 30th day of bonding, Quigely Hein and bracket bond plaque index were performed. Elastic module and steel ligature from either quadrant were removed and placed in the vials containing Stuart transport media were sent for total bacterial count. Results: results were subjected for statistical analysis and it was found that Quigely Hein and Bracket Bond plaque indices revealed higher plaque scores on the side where elastomeric modules were used when compared to ligature wire. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, the microbial counts were increased in case of elastic module than the steel ligature. Furthermore, the findings of the present study demonstrated a link between accumulations of more amount of plaque on elastic module than the steel ligature.

Background: Myocardial ischemia is a metabolic phenomenon that occurs in patients undergoing open heart surgery like coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In myocardial ischemia, secondary myocardial carnitine deficiency has been observed. Objectives: Recording the perioperative hemodynamic changes among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass. Evaluation of the intraoperative cardiac ischemia via biochemical assessment of serum levels of Pyruvate, Lactate, L-carnitine and calculation of lactate/pyruvate ratio preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative. Methods: A prospective case control and clinical observational study was carried out on 17 ischemic heart disease male patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting who admitted at cardiothoracic surgery department-Faculty of Medicine- Assiut University. This was in addition to 25 apparently healthy age matched males as control group. Serum levels of pyruvate and lactate were estimated using spectrophotometric methods, while serum levels of L-carnitine were estimated using ELISA assay kit. Results: There were significant hemodynamic changes regarding the heart rate, arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure, preoperative versus one hour postoperative (p< 0.001). Also, there were significant lower serum pyruvate levels and higher serum lactate levels and lactate /pyruvate ratio intraoperatively when compared with the control group (p < 0. 01) .A significant lower serum L-carnitine levels intraoperatively when compared with the control group (p < 0. 01) and when compared with the preoperative assay levels (p < 0. 05).There was a negative correlation between intraoperative seum L-carnitine levels versus the clamping time (r= -0.607, p=0.01). Conclusions: The myocardial ischemia in various degrees that developed during the intraoperative phase of coronary bypass operations causes significant changes in the serum levels of pyruvate, lactate, lactate/pyruvate ratio and L-carnitine, which should be non-elevating and decreasing towards the control levels post-operatively to indicate good myocardial function with its return to aerobic metabolism with lower morbidity and mortality. Preoperative administration of L-carnitine in such group of patients is recommended as a protector against the intraopeartive cardiac ischemia.

Introduction: The link between pregnancy and periodontal manifestations has been indicated to pose alteration to the systemic health. There is a very high risk of pre-eclampsia & low-birth-weight, pre-term labour in pregnant females with periodontal problems. Aim: The aim of his study was to evaluate the awareness among the Obgy about the periodontal problems faced by the pregnant females during the 3 trimesters & oral health practitioners about the complaints reported by a pregnant female during the same time frame. The establishment of the co-ordination among the dentists & the Obgy was the single main aim of this survey conducted. Materials and Methods: The Obgy& Dentist from various Medical, Dental hospitals & private practises were approached and they consented to join the study. Data was collected from a questionnaire format by means of 2 separate formats. 7 closed ended questions was asked after duly obtaining a consent. Results: It was found that there was very little co-ordination among the dentists and the Obgy. Dentists usually don’t carry out procedures for the pregnant patients, and Obgy’s are not keen about the oral health of their patients neither do they follow a referral protocol. Conclusion: Efforts to increase this awareness may prove valuable in improving preventive care during pregnancy. A strong need for the co-ordination among the Obgy & the Dentists is important to be established. Majority of the periodontal problems can be eliminated if the patient is given proper guidance. Also the chances of pre-eclampsia & low birth weight pre term infants would be decreased.

Cutaneous leiomyosarcoma is a rare malignant soft tissue sarcoma that accounts for about 2-3% of all superficial soft tissue sarcomas. It mostly present in middle aged to elderly males with a predilection for lower limbs. Due to non specific morphologic features with a host of differential diagnosis, immunohistochemistry plays important role in arriving at the final diagnosis. We present the case of 77 year old woman with cutaneous leiomyosarcoma located on the upper back.

Idiopathic colonic perforation in adults is rare. We report a case of idiopathic sigmoid colon perforation in an adult male who presented to the emergency room with signs and symptoms of perforation peritonitis. On exploratory laparotomy, a single perforation was found on the antimesenteric border of the sigmoid colon, the biopsy of which revealed non specific acute inflammation. On evaluation, no etiological factor was found for the perforation.

Back ground and purpose of the study: The ability to perform selective trunk movements is important predictor of functional outcome in post stroke individuals. However, studies evaluating effect of trunk strengthening aimed at improving trunk performance and functional outcome is sparse. Objective of the study: To find out the effect of trunk strengthening exercise in improving trunk performance and functional outcome Study design: Randomized control trial Participants: Both male and female subjects with post stroke duration of 3 months to 1 year between the age group 50 to 60 years who attended rehabilitation centre and home physiotherapy. Intervention: A randomized controlled trial was carried out .Patients were randomized to receive either trunk strengthening or no trunk strengthening exercises. The 24 subjects were assigned to experimental group and control groups. Experimental group n=12 and control group n=12. The source of resistance exercise is body weight or partial bodyweight, As the exercise performance increases, progression of the exercise was done by increasing the leverage for the movement task.10 minutes of warm up, 25 minutes of exercise, 10 minutes of cool down for 14 days over a period of 4 weeks and 3 sets with 8 to 10 repetition was given. The subject will receive 3 set of each exercise in one session for 3 days per week for about 6 weeks of strength training. Rest period between the sessions was 1 to 2 minutes. Each of the 5 exercises given below is repeated for 8 to 10 times per set. This repetition is based on the ability of the subject to perform number of repetition at a stretch without fatigue. Trunk performances was evaluated by Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) pre intervention and post intervention, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor sub total score to evaluate the functional outcome pre and post intervention. Results: Mann Whitney Test (U test) and Wilcoxon signed rank test was performed to know pre and post intervention effects. The mean age group for experimental group was 57.08±2.8 and mean age group for control group was 56.66±3.1. The mean duration of the patients after stroke in experimental group was 7.4±2.2 and control group 5.6±2.5. Gender distribution was equivalent between the groups. Within the experimental group there was significant improvement only in TIS score pre and post with p <0.007 when compared to within control group the TIS pre post was significant with p=0.027. The statistical analysis between the groups showed that there was no effect of trunk strengthening exercise in trunk performance (p=0.755) and functional outcome after strength training (p=0.713). Conclusion: The main aim of the study was to find the effect of trunk strengthening exercise and no trunk strengthening exercise in post stroke subjects. The result stated that there is no effect of trunk strengthening in functional outcome but there was significant improvement in trunk performance in experimental group. The conventional treatment in control group also showed no significant change in the treatment but had significant improvement in trunk performance. Though the trunk performance improved in both the groups comparison between groups showed no significant difference in functional outcome and trunk performance. Hence the set of exercise given in the study may not have served the purpose and a better set of exercise has to be used to perform the exercise.

Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a viral infection of the skin caused by a DNA poxvirus called the molluscum contagiosum virus. Although benign, MC can be socially stigmatizing and have an adverse effect on patients’ and their families’ lives, causing emotional concern and anxiety. Diagnosis is established by histopathological examination demonstrating characteristic molluscum bodies within the keratinocytes correlating with clinical findings. Since the lesions are self resolving in majority of the immunocompetent patients, accurate diagnosis and proper counseling is sufficient at times. We report a case of molluscum contagiosum in a young, immunocompetent female with self resolving nature of the disease which demonstrates the significance of diagnosis and mere counseling to alleviate the anxiety of such patients.

Hyaluronic acid is a high molecular weight polysaccharide, which plays a major role in the functioning of extracellular matrices. Its presence has been found in connective tissues and is particularly concentrated in synovial fluid, the vitreous fluid of the eye, umbilical cords. Also it is found in periodontal tissues including mineralized and non mineralized tissues with a greater concentration in non mineralized tissues, such as gingiva and periodontal ligament. Due to its role in inflammatory and healing mechanisms, use of hyaluronic acid has been applied in various fields like ophthalmology, Dermatology, Orthopedics, etc in various therapeutic procedures. Recently hyaluronic acid has been applied in various periodontal procedures for its therapeutic properties. The aim of present review, article is to discuss application of hyaluronic acid in various periodontal procedures.

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EVC) also called as chondroectodermal dysplasia or mesoectodermal dysplasia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutation in EVC1 and EVC2 genes (4p16). Classical EVC syndrome constitutes a tetrad of chondrodystrophy, ectodermal dysplasia, polydactyly and cardiac defects. Presence of variable clinical findings like fusion of upper lip to the gingival margin, presence of multiple frenula, conical, peg shaped and hypoplastic teeth, neonatal teeth, congenitally missing, absent or delayed eruption of teeth, molars with wide grooves and atypical cusps play an important role in the diagnosis of this syndrome. We report a case of 6 year old boy with short stature, genu valgum, bilateral postaxial polydactyly, dysplastic nails and multiple oral findings and dental anomalies. The diagnosis was made based on clinical and radiological features. EVC syndrome may be undiagnosed due to lack of awareness and improper screening. So, proper diagnosis and management is necessary.

Background and objectives: Breastfeeding is the most natural way of meeting the infant’s nutritional demands due to which exclusively breastfeed for a period of at least 6 is encouraged. But still there is a common practice in some cultures to give pre-lacteal feeds. Objective: To study the practices of pre-lacteal feeding and its associated beliefs among the primary care givers. Methods: An exploratory study was conducted on 100 primary care givers visiting Pediatric OPD which were selected by convenience sampling technique. Results: Total 48% received pre lacteal feed from which 50% received with in 1 hour of birth. Honey as pre lacteal feed was given by 75%, 52.1% of children received pre lacteal feed from their grandmother. About 50% gave prelacteal feed to develop qualities of prelacteal feed giver. Among the primary care givers with health related belief(s); 55.55% gave it to keep the mouth and throat of the baby moist. Those who had received counseling regarding exclusive breastfeeding, they did not give pre-lacteal feeds. Conclusion and Global health implications: Counseling regarding exclusive breastfeeding during antenatal visits can decrease the chances of prelacteal feed.

The natural radionuclide’s 226Ra, 232Th and 40K and some heavy metals (Fe, Cd, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb) were measured in the rice and the flour samples consumed in Saudi Arabia. Gamma ray spectrometry was used to determine the activity concentration of the three nuclides. Heavy metals were analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES). The results indicate that the average concentration of 226Ra, 228Th, and 40K in the rice samples were 1.08, 1.19 and 83.08 Bq kg-1, respectively. While, in the flour samples, the average concentrations were 1.65, 1.61 and 171..31 Bqkg-1, respectively. The ingestion doses were calculated to be 0.224μSvY-1for the rice and 0.471 μSvY-1 for the flour samples which are below the recommended 1 mSv limit. The concentration of heavy elements (Fe. Cd, Mn, Ni, and Pb) in the rice and the flour samples were below the detection limits. Whereas, the mean contents of Cu were 3.75 mg/kg and 3.6 mg/kg of the rice and the flour samples, respectively. The mean values of Zn in the rice and the flour samples were 19.42 mg/kg and 17.3 mg/kg, respectively. The daily intake of Cu and Zn through the rice and the flour samples were lower than the tolerable daily intakes by FAO/WHO; this indicates there is no risk due to the intake of these foods to the people.

Spodoptera litura a serious pest for many types of plant and the larvae can defoliate many economically important plants especially those have soft leaves texture. Centella asiatica, Hydrocotyle sp. and Orthosiphon stamineus were used widely as medicinal plant for health cure. These three different medicinal plants were supplied to Spodoptera litura larvae to investigate their effects towards S. litura development and leaves weight consumed. Centella asiatica shown highest mean leaves weight consumed with 1518.5 mg followed by Hydrocotyle sp. and O. stamineus with 121.5 mg and 1.69 mg for each. Cumulative leaf weight consumed per larva was highest on C. asiatica with total 478525.20 mg, followed by Hydrocotyle sp. with 3237.22 mg and O. stamineus recorded lowest leaves consumed by the larva with 72.25 mg. Development of S. litura also shown C. asiatica recorded only seven stadia compared to Hydrocotyle sp. and O. stamineus that recorded eight stadia for each medicinal plants.

Background: The majority of women with Candida vaginitis suffer from uncomplicated vaginitis characterized by sporadic attacks of mild to moderate severity due to C. albicans, and these attacks occur in healthy adult women without any predisposing factors. In contrast, approximately 10% of women suffer from complicated Candida vaginitis, in which attacks either are more severe, occur on a recurrent basis, or are due to non-albicans Candida species. Although several conventional methods are routinely used for determintion; however, Candida vaginitis or vulvovaginitis a challenge for patients and gynecologists. Aims and objectives: Aims of the current study were to find out the prevalence of candidial vulvovaginitis attributed due to Non-Candida albicans Candida (NCAC) species such as Candida glabrata, Candida tropiclis and Candida parapsilosis, and to use a multiplex PCR technique as a rapid identification method for these Non-Candida albicans Candida species isolated from female patients clinically diagnosed with vulvovaginitis. Materials and Methods: In this study vaginal swabs from 160 female patients were used for culture, Api Candida system, VITEK 2 system and multiplex PCR analysis. Multiplex PCR was performed with species-specific primers targeted to the ITS region of rRNA gene of C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. The result of the multiplex PCR was compared with conventional culture, Api Candida system and VITEK 2 system methods. The positive multiplex PCR product was identified by presence of ~ 423 bp, ~357 bp and ~300 bp amplicons of ITS region of rRNA gene for the C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis, reaspectively. Results: Conventional methods of candidial culture, Api Candida system and VITEK 2 system, showed that to sum up 100 out of 160 vaginal swabs were detected for Candida species; To sum up 16 out of 100 vaginal swabs were detected for C. glabrata, 10 out of 100 vaginal swabs were detected for C. tropicalis, 6 out of 100 vaginal swabs were detected for C. parapsilosis and 37 out of 100 vaginal swabs were detected for other Candida species. Five of the 60 samples that were negative by conventional methods were positive by multiplex PCR. Statistical analysis revealed that the PCR to have a sensitivity of 95.5 % in the detection of Non-Candida albicans in vulvovaginitis. Conclusion: This multiplex PCR method provides a sensitive, rapid, and reliable alternative to conventional methods to identify Non-Candida albicans Candida species isolated from female patients clinically diagnosed with vulvovaginitis.

Thirty two guava genotypes were evaluated at ICAR-RCER, Research Centre Ranchi, on the basis of winter production during 2009-10. The fruit bud differenciation took place in growing vegetative bud and the differences between peak flowering and peak harvesting were about to 4 months for all cultivars. The eight cultivars like Mild Fleshed, Chittidar Alllabad Safeda, Sardar, CHG-1, CHG-2, Kairala Seedling and Nasik were very promising under eastern plateau and hill region. To sudy of the botany of these crop had emense imporatance to breeder, researcher and students. The maximum fruit weight was recored in cultivar Chittidar 265.67g, followed by Sardar (234.3g) and Allahabad Safeda (232.0g). The maximum TSS of the fruit was found in cv.Chittidar 13.870B while the maximum acorbic acid was found in cv. Florida Fleshed which had 358.67 mg/100 g pulp being comparable with Kairala Seedling (357.67 mg/100g pulp). The maximum seed cavity diameter was found in Sardar and Sangam, which are 7.24 cm. The former also exhibited maximum weight of seed cavity tissue (95.98g) followed by Mild Fleshed (95.70g) and Chittidar (75.23g). Very small seed was found in cv. Florida Fleshed (seed no.443.40) as compared to Allahabad Safeda which produced soft and big seeds (no.91.38). Regarding shape of the fruit, cv.Nasik was pyriform whreas CHG-1, CHG-2, Mild Fleshed, Kairal Seedling and Allahabad Safeda were round while Chittiar but oval.

The improving wheat technological quality constitutes an aspect of fundamental importance in the search for products derived of high quality. This study aimed to analyze the technological quality of different wheat genotypes for the use of different nitrogen managements in coverage and sources of nitrogen fertilization. The experimental design was randomized blocks, arranged in a factorial design with three genotypes (Fundacep 52, TBIO Mestre and TBIO Itaipu) x two nitrogen sources (UR: urea - 45% nitrogen and AN: ammonium nitrate - 33.5 % nitrogen) x four managements (NN: no nitrogen, TIL: tillering, TLF: tillering and flowering and TBF: tillering, booting and flowering) arranged in three repetitions. The analysis of variance showed significance for genotype x nitrogen source x management for the characters tenacity (P), extensibility (L) P/L, gluten strength (W), falling number (NQ) and wet gluten (GU). Technological quality parameters are influenced by the managements, nitrogen sources and genotypes. Nitrogen management with urea and ammonium nitrate has no influence in protein content. TbioMestre genotype has higher gluten content, tenacity and extensibility when urea is applied at tillering and flowering, for the ammonium nitrate the best responses are obtained for dropping numbers.

In the presented article it is given information about succession changes appearing in the forest ecosystems during natural and anthropogenic events occurring in forest ecosystems of Azerbaijan Republic. On the basis of statistical data the factors forming the fires on the woodland were researched, the fire areas and its expansion stages were ascertained, the reasons causing fire were revealed, the fire territories were systematically presented on the woodland. At the same time negative cases as a result of human activity caused changes in the vegetation, and it resulted in increase of invasive species. It was determined that during 5-10 years such plants had created 35-40% of succession processes. In the vegetation invasive-detrimental species prevail in the place of useful plants. In some coniferous forests the broad-leaved threes and bushed were formed.

The present paper reveals the estimation of soluble protein content present in Trichogaster fasciatus locally called as Ngapema (Schneider), Channa striata locally called as porom (Bloch) and Anabus testudineus locally called as ukabi (Bloch).The soluble protein contents were expressed as mg/g using Lowry’s method. Protein content was highest in Trichogaster fasciatus (145.83mg/g and lowest in Channa striata (17.9mg/g).This research work shows that these indigenous fishes contain high amount of soluble protein.

One of the man-made wetlands and natural inland waters in Qatar were investigated for the aquatic fauna from September 2010 up to June 2013 during random intervals. The investigations have revealed 24 species of macroinvertebrates: one Rotifer, 3 gastropods, one Notostracan, 2 Ostracods, 2 Copepods, one Cladoceran, one Odonatan, 2 Hemipterans, 5 Coleopterans and 6 Dipterans. Except Gastropods, Ostracods, Copepods and the Odonatan, all the remaining taxa are recorded for the first time in Qatar. Surprisingly, these man-made wetlands have created a favorable habitat for enriched numbers of aquatic organisms in such arid desert.

This research aimed to evaluate the metabolic responses of nitrogen forward the effects of water stress and flooding in young plants of pau-de-balsa. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement (3x4) in three water conditions: control (irrigated), water deficit and flooding in four periods of evaluation (0, 4, 8 and 12 days), with 5 repetitions. The water potential, nitrate, nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase of reduced around 10; 5; 12.5 and 2.69 respectively in stressed plants, which did not occur with Free Ammonia which increased 1.72 in its concentration. The Amino Acid Concentrations, Glycine Betaine and Proline increased in plants under water deficit around 1.9; 2.13 and 2.5 respectively. However in flooding condition these variables significantly decreased from the 4th day of the experiment. Protein content decreased in plants under water stress and flooding about 1.9 and 4.37 respectively. Therefore, the analyzes carried out revealed that the pau-de-balsa plants are highly sensitive to flooding and tolerant to water stress.

This paper describes the methodology and results of classifications of multi-temporal Landsat 4-5 Thematic Mapper data of the River Yamuna in upper stretch, India for the years 1999 and 2011 respectively. Seven different land cover/use categories have been used, named built-up Area/settlement, forest, agricultural land, scrub land, wetlands, river/streams/drains and railways. The overall classification accuracies were 78.46% and 81.23% and Kappa as 0.7470 and 0.7795 for the year 1999 and 2011 respectively. One of the important results for the classifications is the decrease in agricultural land and forest areas and a considerable increase in built-up area as a result of anthropogenic activities in the study area. The classifications have provided an economical and accurate way to quantify, map and analyze changes over time in land cover.

Acrylamide has been shown to be neurotoxic, genotoxic and a carcinogenic compound formed during the frying or baking of foods by means of the Maillard reaction. To evaluate the biological consequences of continuous exposure to acrylamide at levels found in common foodstuffs and its protection by resveratrol, we studied the effects of acrylamide using an in vivo model, nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. As for growth and fecundity nematodes showed retarded growth with reduced body and brood sizes, at 500 mg/L of acrylamide. Lifespan decreased significantly even in 500mg/L of acrylamide. The genotoxic effect was observed to be heritable being carried to further generations. Acrylamide formed DNA adducts bringing about the genotoxic effect. Of the xenobiotic metabolic genes studied, cyp-35A2, ugt-44 were upregulated in acrylamide-exposed worms. Among DNA repair genes studied xpa-1, apn-1, rpa-1, msh-2, ddb-1 and exo-3 were downregulated. Resveratrol which is a naturally occurring polyphenol exhibited protection against AA toxicity on growth, fecundity, and lifespan. The genotoxic effect of acrylamide was protected by resveratrol. The resveratrol preexposed worms showed upregulation of metabolic genes gst-4, ugt-44, a life span longevity genes daf-2 and DNA repair genes xpa-1, apn-1, rpa-1, msh-2, ddb-1.

Ethiopia is a country where major habitat block is contained within political boundaries, having a high degree of endemicity in both fauna and flora. This annotated checklist of birds exploresthe current status and distribution of the 926 birds’ species of Ethiopia, providing a text with a brief description and information on habitat, distribution, habits, breeding. Furthermore, threats and IUCN category are covered. Moreover, a complete list of all known localities is added for each species. I thought birds would be ideal. There was plenty of data available, much as yet ungathered. This annotated checklist of birds is a vital tool for everyone wishing to contribute to our knowledge of the world's birds and to avian conservation. Effective conservation planning can only be based on a sound knowledge of the species, sites and habitats in need of protection. To make the best decisions, it is most important that the information on which such decisions are made is as accurate, systematic and representative as possible. A recent Ornithological knowledge on the complete check list of – Ethiopia avifauna have been compiled in this annotated checklist. It is our intention that these checklists will ease the scientific inquiry into the conservation of Ethiopian avifauna. The checklist sought to initiate the restoration of the depleted bird populations, and protect their threatened ecosystem. As well, it will help to develop Ornithological conservation psychology packages of important bird areas of the country. The annotated checklist will serve as baseline information for i) conducting baseline surveys and household surveys to understand local people’s attitudes towards bird conservation ii) training of youths and community leaders iii) development of community leadership, iv) information dissemination and v) community support building through introduction of conservation incentives. Conducting more birds’ surveys in other unidentified areas vii) creation of community forests/wetlands in designated key sites for the conservation of bird species viii) development of a community-based eco-tourism programme based on birds’ and wildlife watching as well as the aesthetic value of their natural environments. Generally, this annotated checklist will fill the exsting knowdlge gap observed in the aviafauna list of Ethiopia.

Recently our research has allowed developing and using a novel electro-transformed strain of Lactobacillus LMG21688 as protective cultures for inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes in meat products. The result did not give total satisfaction because of the complexity of the matrix (meat) used. To show the total efficiency of this new strain against Listeria, another matrix less complex was tested. Different types of milk (full-cream and skimmed) were used in laboratory fermentations where Listeria monocytogenes was co-cultured at 37°C with either electrocompetent LMG21688 or Lactobacillus curvatus CWBI-B28 bacteriocin-producing strain. The Listeria cfu count reached after 168 hours was 200 times higher in high-fat milk than in skimmed milk.

Many researchers are stressing on the need to change the teaching methodologies to make learning more effective. Various new modes of teaching are suggested especially in the field of medical sciences. The studies mostly focus on the need to adopt Problem-based learning in medical field. The present study was undertaken to see the effectiveness of various teaching methodologies in undergraduate degree college in India. Effectiveness was measured from the students perspective as this study was focused on the response of the students to the questionnaire prepared to evaluate the effectiveness of different modes of teaching. The modes evaluated were ‘Lecture-based learning’ (LBL), ICT supplemented lectures (ISL), Interactive Classroom method (ICM), Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Multiple Teaching Mode (MTM). The present study indicated that LBL, ISL and ICM was not very effective method of teaching as it only fostered gaining of knowledge and comprehension. PBL method is good as it enabled triggering higher order thinking of blooms taxonomy in the students. But PBL, if adopted as the only method of teaching did not cater to the diversity of learners in a classroom. Therefore, we recommend MTM as the new effective method of teaching as it has a combination of LBL, ISL, ICM and PBL. On a Five-point-Lickert-scale, MTM was indicated to enable students to learn the correct method of data collection and investigation(4.45±0.75), transform data and develop logical argument (4.04±0.79), be more creative (4.33±0.90) and thus helped to improve proactive learning abilities. The present study thus demonstrates that PBL can be used as component of MTM for effective learning even for the undergraduate nonprofessional degree courses of Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts.

The region of Bagé, RS presents befitting edaphoclimatic conditions for the production of said guard wines. Wines with Vitisvinifera grapes of the region are being produced 5 years ago, although research aimed at improving the quality of wines from the region are scarce, and production and winemaking protocols are used in other regions with different edaphoclimatic conditions found in Bagé. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of two harvest times (industrial maturation and advanced maturation) cultivars Merlot, Tannat and Cabernet Sauvignon, the composition of wines produced with grapes of the region. The Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot cultivars showed high pH (up to 4.2 in Cabernet Sauvignon), low total acid (56 meq.L-1to Merlot), color indices and low total polyphenol already in the first crop (IM), and the results were lower in the second crop (AM). Tannatcultivar in the harvest in industrial maturation stage proved to be well adapted to Bagé region, with good oenological potential, and, during the late harvest, the anthocyanin levels increase as well as polyphenols. Then, being advanced maturation a good choice regarding the structure and phenolic maturation of these wines. The sensory analysis verified the data of physical chemical analysis and pointed Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot wines as poorly structured, with low marks for color and acidity. Instead, the Tannat wine obtained high marks in both crops, with the second harvest highlighting quality. The negative data of high pH, low total acidity and instability of anthocyanins found in Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, may be attributed to adverse weather conditions for the maturation of Merlot and high amounts of potassium found in the leaves of grapevines before harvest and wines (above 2500 mg L-1) generated with Cabernet Sauvignon grapes.

The study was carried out to assess the influence biodegradation on the nutritive value of cassava peels. Cassava peels were obtained from a ‘gari’ processing mill in Makurdi and sun-dried for a period of seven days to reduce the moisture content to less than 10 %. The dried cassava peels were milled using a hammer mill. Five hundred kilograms (500kg) of milled cassava peels were moistened with water on a concrete floor and covered with cellophane sheet and allowed to ferment for two weeks. Dried Pleurotus tuber-regium (mushroom) was soaked in water for 24 hours in a basin, transferred into a clean basin and allowed to grow mycelia. After the completion of the composting process, the fermented substrate was transferred to inoculation trays (60 cm x 180 cm) and allowed to cool for one hour; the trays were subsequently inoculated with the active mycelia of the mushroom. At the end of the degradation period (30 days), the biodegraded cassava peels were sundried until the substrate attained less than 10 % moisture content. The result shows that P. tuber-regium degraded cassava peels was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ash and ether extract compared to un-degraded cassava peels: CP content was 5.41 % for UDCP and 6.04 % for BDCP, CF content was 15.40 % and 17.40 %, Ash content was 15.60 % and 19.20 % while DM was 93.70 % and 94.70 % for UDCP and BDCP, respectively. The NDF fraction was 65.82 % and 62.39 % for UDCP and BDCP, respectively while ADF was 28.18 % and 29.40 %, ADL was 11.12 % and 10.15 %, Hemicellulose was 37.64 % and 32.99 % and cellulose was 17.06 % and 19.25 % for UDCP and BDCP, respectively. The result shows a significantly (P < 0.05) decrease in the level of NDF, ADL and Hemcellulose after degradation whereas ADF and Cellulose component increase significantly (P < 0.05). it was concluded that biodegradation of cassava peels with Pleurotus tuber-regium enhanced its nutritive value.

A rapid and sensitive HPLC-PDA method was developed for the quantification of metformin in rat plasma using phenformin as internal standard. The analyte and internal standard were extracted from the plasma sample using a solid phase extraction method. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Thermo Accuacore Hillic (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column with a mobile phase consisting 20 mM sodium acetate buffer and acetonitrile (45:55, v/v with pH-4 ); at a flow rate of 0.7 ml /min. The assay was validated with a linear range of 0.062 – 2 µg /ml for metformin using 200 µL of plasma sample. The intra- and inter-day assay precision ranged from 2.51 to 4.37% and 2.19 to 5.59%, respectively, and intra- and inter- day assay accuracy was between from 0.27 to 3.35% and -0.51 to 3.75%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic studies of metformin in rat plasma.

The camel is an important animal component of the fragile desert eco-system. With its unique bio-physiological characteristics, the camel has become an icon of adaptation to challenging ways of living in arid and semi-arid regions. The camelidus inhabit the most extreme climates on the globe and their process of multiplication is determined by the availability of food and protection for the newborn, consequently their reproduction is governed by these factors. The physiological mechanisms, which allow the camel to survive periods of over two weeks without drinking water and to eat the most unpalatable plants, all have to do with the conservation of water and Up to 30 per cent of its body weight can be lost by loss of water - amounts that would be fatal in the case of other farm animals or even man. All the functions of the dromedary organism are conceived to be physiologically adapted to “water and food restrictions” and to a very hot climate. More specifically as with all mammals, camel reproduction is adapted to its specific behavioural, anatomical, physiological and endocrinological peculiarities and in addition to this review will deal with the reproductive performance of the dromedary/ the one-humped, hot-desert camel. The camel is one of the most important desert animal and the following points discussing how the camel copes with the desert environment. Knowing the peculiar characteristics of camel physiology is essential for researcher and breeders for Better selection, disease control, improved husbandry could not only improves production but also could improve productivity and quality of camel herds general, Whereas Improving reproductive capacity of the female and males camels through proper selection and best husbandry practice could improves the economic benefits from camel.

Histology under light and transmission electron microscopy was conducted on the pituitary glands collected from 35 Madras red ewes of different age groups. The chromophobes were round or irregularly oval shaped cells, which occurred in groups in the centre of the cell cords of the pars distalis adenohypophysis of prepubertal, pubertal and dry animals. Their population was more in the rostro-dorsal and rostro-ventral regions of the pars distalis with no affinity towards any of the acidic or basic dyes. These cells are thought to be non-functional reserve cells that become chromogenic when the cells become active. The folliculo-stellate cells were observed mostly around the follicles with a characteristic star-like morphology and long agranular cytoplasmic processes. These cells have supportive role by provided mechanical support to the endocrine population and also by producing many growth factors and cytokines In the current electron microscopic study showed some immature endocrine cells closely associated with chromophobes and folliculo-stellate cells forming an incomplete follicle suggesting that these two types of cells are likely to be involved in the differentiation of new endocrine cells as required by the physiological status of the sheep.

Herbs are plants grown for culinary, medicinal, or in some cases even spiritual value. The green, leafy part of the plant is typically used. General usage differs between culinary herbs and medicinal herbs. A medicinal herb may be a shrub or other woody plant, where as a culinary herb is a non-woody plant. By contrast, spices are the seed, berries, bark, root, fruit, or other parts of the plant, even leaves in some cases; although any of these, as well as any edible fruits or vegetables, may be considered “herbs” in medicinal or spiritual use. Culinary herbs are distinguished from vegetables in that they are used in small amounts and provide flavour (or spices) rather than substance to food. Ayurveda is the oldest surviving complete medical system in the world. Derived from its ancient Sanskrit roots – ‘ayus’ (life) and ‘ved’ (knowledge) – and offering a rich, comprehensive outlook to a healthy life, its origins go back nearly 5000 years. To when it was expounded and practiced by the same spiritual rishis, who laid the foundations of the Vedic civilisation in India, by organising the fundamentals of life into proper systems. The main source of knowledge in this field therefore remain the Vedas, the divine books of knowledge they propounded, and more specifically the fourth of the series, namely Atharvaveda that dates back to around 1000 BC of the few other treatises on Ayurveda that have survived from around the same time, the most famous are CharakaSamhita and the Sushruta Samhita which concentrate on internal medicine and surgery respectively. From this study we can assess that though the plant powder was procured from the authentic source but still for the confirmation we have done the organoleptic study under Pharmacognostic characteristics of Drug. The powdered drug was subjected to extraction protocol soxhalation. The extract so obtained was tested for the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloid, carbohydrate, amino acid, Glycosides, Phenolic compounds and Tannins that shows positive results for the extract. The antimicrobial activity of the powder extract was done with Chloroform, Petroleum ether and Methanol. The result indicates that the antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of amla shows the maximum activity. This shows the amla has an antimicrobial activity and this may be due to the extracted phytochemicals in methanolic extract. The amla shows positive results for tannins in the methanolic extract and even alkaloids may be responsible for the maximum antimicrobial activity. But further chemical characterization is needed to confirm the molecule responsible for the activity. The antimicrobial activity of this herbal formulation was even comparable with standard antibiotics like penicillin G and Oflaxacin

Formamidine disulfide was synthesized by oxidizing thiourea in the presence of potassium permanganate. It was then reacted with various aldehydes to give formamidine disulfide Schiff bases. Each Schiff base was then condensed with maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride to yield corresponding 1,3-oxazepine derivatives respectively. The phthalic anhydride derivative of benzaldehyde Schiff base was not synthesized as a result of low yield. The antimicrobial activities of the schiff bases were better than the oxazepines. Those of the maleic anhydride oxazepine derivatives were better than those of the phthalic anhydride oxazepine derivatives. This shows that the imine group (-C=N-) is responsible for antimicrobial activity in schiff bases. More so, the best schiff base is the 3-nitro benzaldehyde derivative that is; 1,1’{disulfanediylbis[carbonimioylnitrilo (Z)methylylidene]}bis(3-nitrobenzene), for all the organisms used at the lowest concentration (@25mn/dl). At 200mg/dl, which is the highest concentration used, all the compounds synthesized show a level of activity. In between these two extreme concentrations antimicrobial activity of these analogues against E.coli began to show a trend.

A study was conducted in bread wheat to estimate the magnitude of heterosis for grain yield and its seven yield components. 10 F1 hybrids were derived from crosses between two female lines and five testers using line x tester analysis and these F1s along with 7 parents and one commercial check varieties were evaluated during Rabi 2010-11 using Randomized Block Design. Highly significant differences were observed among the genotypes for all the traits studied. The cross GIANT-3 x AAI-347 was recognized as the best heterotic cross for grain yield as it exhibited highly significant positive heterosis over the standard checks HUW 510. The cross GIANT-3 x PBW-343 exhibited highest and significant positive heterosis over better parent, mid parent and over the standard checks for number of tillers per plant and 1000 grain weight. The present study reveals good scope for isolation of pure lines from the progenies of heterotic F1s as well as commercial exploitation of heterosis in bread wheat.

The objectives of this study were determined to effect of vacuum treatments and to measure densities and dry matter losses in vacuum-packed polythene bags silage. Maize (Zea mays L.) was harvested at two maturity stage (30% and 45% dry matter) and ensiled in packages. In the experiment was made 3 vacuum treatments (0.07mPa, 0.1mPa and -0.1mPa). And vacuum-packing machine a model CAS CVP 260 PD type was used. In all experiments, the chopped material was packed into polythene bags (dimensions 200x250 mm). Three different types polythene bags (PA/PE, BOPA/PE and OPP/PE/EVOH/PE) were examined. Vacuum-packed bag silages were opened after 15 days, 45 days,80 days and at the end of one year of ensiling. Results showed that, average dry matter loss in the vacuum-packed bag silages was 8.85, 10.96, and 6.08% after end of the one year, respectively. The highest dry matter loss was BOPA/PE type bags. Dry matter loss affected by at the stage of maturity and vacuum treatments (P<0.05). Density ranged from 0.11 to 0.34 g cm-3. At all bag silages density increased linearly with increasing moisture while decreased with increasing vacuum level (P<0.05).

This study was aimed to determine variations of morphological characters (Morphometrics and meristics) of rabbitfish (Siganusargenteus.) andcompare them with the fork length, head length and other morphometric characters. It was also intended to determine the morphological characters usable for species identification. The fish samples were collected from Manado Bay waters, North Sulawesi, and there was a total of 3 individuals of S. argenteus whose morphological characters were analyzed. Results showed that their taxonomic characters covering quantitative morphology (Morphometric and meristic) and qualitative morphology (color and typical characters) could be used to describe and identify the rabbitfish, S. argenteus. It also exhibited variations in value range of the morphometric character among individuals of the species.This species possesses nearly fusiform-like body shape. Caudal fin is forked. Mouth position is rather ventral and small-sized with blunt snout.

The Myxobolus arcticus Pugachev and Khokhlov, 1979 (P.- Myxozoa; C.-Myxosporea; O.-Bivalvulida; F.-Myxobolidae) is a protozoan parasite residing in brain, nerves and spinal cord of the salmons (F.-Salmonidae). Its principal fish hosts are sockeye salmon - Oncorhynchus nerka, masu salmon - O. masou and Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus found in North Pacific coast of Far East Asia and North America. This is the first report revealing two new facts; first that Myxobolus arcticus was in the kidney (a new site of infection) and, second the host is a freshwater native catfish Clarias batrachus (O.- Siluriformes; F.- Clariidae), from river Gomti at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The present article deals with morphological, morphometric and molecular description of this parasite Myxobolus arcticus. Further the morphometric parameters and small sub unit ribosomal gene (SSu rDNA) sequences of mature spores (trophozoites) were compared to demonstrate the morphological and genetic similarities between geographically distant isolates of M. arcticus. Sequence analysis of present M. arcticus (accession number KF662475) revealed that it has 98% sequence similarity with M. arcticus from O. nerka of Canada (accession number JN003829) and O. masou of Japan (NCBI accession number JN003830). Based on the maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood inferences, it is confirmed that present M. arcticus is conspecific to M. arcticus from Japan and Canada.

A study was conducted to estimate the extant of heterobeltiosis, standard heterosis and the nature of gene action for some quantitative traits using line x tester analysis. Among the parents, M1-10-29VL and TM07280 were the best performing parents for seed yield per plant and its components traits. Cross combinations IR77629-72-2-1-3 X IR64, Basmati 370 X CR2703, Sonam X NDR118 and IR7734-4-0 X CR2703 exhibited high significant effects with high per se performance and standard heterosis over PHB71. High magnitude of heterobltiosis and standard heterosis were observed for almost all characters. Cross combinations M1-10-29 VL X NDR118, Basmati 370 X CR2703, TM07280 X NDR118, IR77629 -72-2-1-3 X IR-64 and TM07280 X IR-64 exhibited highly significant heterosis over PHB71.

In this paper, we address the development of a global optimization procedure for the problem of designing a water distribution network that satisfies tat specified flow demands as stated pressure head requirements. The proposed approach significantly improves upmon a previous method of Lahiouel et al. (2004) by way of adopting a simultaneous layout and pipe size otimization of water distribution networks. The necessity of a coupled solution of the layout and pipe sizing problem is shown. The method does not start with a predefined layout which includes all possible links; it is capable of designing a layout of predefined reliability, including tree-like and looped networks. The applicability of the model for optimization of pipe networks with predefined reliability is illustrated by testing the method against on benchmark example in the literature.

This paper intends to review past studies regarding the addition of waste plastic in self-compacted concrete. SCC is one of the ingenuities products in concrete technology. It is also a special type of highly flowable concrete that does not require vibration for placing and compaction. Mixture proportion could be done by adding a different material to SCC mixtures to improve the properties of SCC. Innovative materials are generally used for partial replacement of cement, sand and a combination of two or more items. The use of plastic waste materials in concrete is a common solution for waste disposal and also serves an economic purpose. Different research studies have been conducted on the use of plastic waste as creative material to produce good quality concrete. The result shows that using waste plastic as a fine aggregate improves the workability and reduces the density and the compressive strength of concrete containing between 10% and 20% of waste by 10% to 24 % respectively. In addition, when used as a coarse aggregate, the properties such as compressive as well as tensile strength are reduced, and the thermal conductivity of concrete is reduced, but the best usage of waste plastic was as a fiber because of its high compressive and flexural strength.

Nanocrystalline tin oxide (SnO2) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering technique under various oxygen partial pressures. The films composition was nearly stoichiometery at the oxygen partial pressure of 7x10-4 mbar. XRD pattern reveals that the films are polycrystalline nature and (110) plane was predominant. The size of grains becomes bigger and spherical in shape with increasing of the oxygen partial pressure. The films show high optical transmittance of 93% at the oxygen partial pressure of 7x10-4mbar. The electrical resistivity of the films was decreases with increasing the oxygen partial pressure.

Cloud computing has brought revolution in IT industry. There are major benefits of using cloud environment due to the better utilization of resources and reduced cost. Cloud infrastructure consists of the use of virtual machines like hypervisor etc. and it is similar to the large network. The cloud storage consists of huge amount of information and that can be shared from anywhere in the world with secure access. Wherever, the network is designed and internet is being used that becomes vulnerable to attacks. And as the technology is advancing, the cyber criminals have also become smarter and can identify the vulnerabilities, threats and can perform attacks on the cloud system. So,this paper aims at describing the different types of threats and attacks in the cloud infrastructure.

This document gives brief idea about Sustainable Computing, Servergy- a sustainable product & innovative Sustainable Computing product proposed by us

In any modern factory all types of DC motors, AC motors, power amplifiers are used. Therefore there is need of intelligent devices capable of controlling and driving a wide range of electromechanical devices. Series architecture of variable resistors is not good for controlling the speed of DC motor because it drops excess of energy and flux control is affected by commutation and armature control methods cannot provide speed control in the desirable range. Therefore Voltage control method is used to control the DC motor in which PWM signal is used to control electromechanical devices. PWM signal obtained from analog or digital IC contains harmonics; therefore mostly PWM signals are generated from (TMS 320 F 28027) Microcontroller. It reduces the hardware complexity and it consumes less power. By modifying CCP register of TMS controller PWM signal is generated. DC motor is connected with TMS through Motor driver. PWM signal is generated at four duty cycle for controlling speed of motor.

Nano ZnWO4 particles have been successfully synthesized through sol-gel process. The size and morphology of ZnWO4 nano particle can be controlled by adjusting the reaction time and temperature. The prepared nano ZnWO4 shows band gap energy of 2.9 eV calculated from UV-DRS, Scanning Electron microscope (SEM), EDS, Transmission Electron microscope (TEM) and FT-IR spectra techniques. The resultant sample is a phase pure ZnWO4. Further the Catalysis studies have been studied by the oxidation of functionalized benzyl alcohols to its corresponding aldehydes in good yields, and it was observed that the prepared ZnWO4 nano particles have better catalytic efficiency.

Power quality has become a topic of concern due to extensive emphasis by power utility on the power system efficiency and customer awareness of power quality issues. This has occurred mainly due to the sensitivity of the modern equipment which are non- linear in nature and thus results in deregulation of the power distribution system. In addition, there are usually very high losses both to power utility and consumers due to poor power quality supplies which are below the set standards. Power quality parameters consist of voltage dips and swells, interruptions, harmonic distortions, voltage flickers, transients and frequency deviations. Among all harmonics are one of the major power quality concern. This paper mainly looks at effect of CFL lamps and Incandecent lamps on system in relation to harmonic distortions and low power factor. Power Quality Analyzer FLUKE 435 is used to carry out the harmonic analysis. The practical set-up used for this is available at NITTTR Chandigarh. The recorded harmonic data has established that the bulbs generate harmonic distortions above standards and leading power factor. Moreover combination of incandescent and CFL lamps was noted to improves the power quality.

Background: Socioeconomic status of farmers plays a key role in agriculture. It is observed that eventually with time there has been a significant change in the overall life style of the farmers. Further the farmers are trying to increase their income level by investing more in agriculture activities. Purpose: The research work focuses on systematic assessment of socioeconomic status of the farmers from drought prone region of Maharashtra, India. Methodology: The area selected for the study was Khatav Taluka, a semi-arid region of Satara district of Maharashtra. Three villages were selected randomly from this area. The average annual rainfall varies from 250 to 300 mm and thus it is categorized as a drought affected region. Stratified random sampling method was employed for the collection of socio-economic data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for analysis of the data. Findings: A survey of 59 farmers was made from several villages of Satara district. Number of family members, debt, loan recovery capacity, number of animals, cultivated crops, source of income and source of irrigation were some of the common terms taken from the literature for the discussion on the socio-economic status of the farmers. Research Implications / Limitations: Similar studies can be carried out to all the other drought prone tehsils of Vidharba region of Maharashtra. Originality: The study may be useful to formulate the policies to improve upon the socio-economic status of the farmers in Maharashtra.

Ethane flames, for four different fuel compositions and two flame configurations were simulated on earth and in zero-gravity. Temperature contours were compared with the experimental photographs. As expected, the flame temperature increases with oxygen enhancement for all flames. Gravity and oxygen variation did not have any significant effect on flame length for inverse flames.

VLF hiss emissions are the naturally occurring phenomena in audio frequency range electromagnetic signal propagating in whistler mode and readily detectable at middle and high latitudes. They have constant spectral density in the limited frequency band with right hand polarization. In this paper, we present some VLF hiss data were observed for the first time at the Indian Antarctic Station, Maitri, Antarctica (geographic latitude 700 46/ S, longitude 110 50/ E, geomagnetic latitude 660 03/ S, longitude 530 21/E) during February 17, 2001 has been analyzed. The typical dynamic spectra of VLF hiss emissions in the frequency range of 11 to 13 kHz and three harmonic lines in different frequency range at 6.2, 8.0 and 9.2 kHz are presented. The lower frequency harmonic line is stronger intensity in comparison to higher frequency harmonic line. To explain about these emissions, we propose that the hiss emissions are generated through Doppler – shifted cyclotron interaction near the geomagnetic equator and propagate towards the Earth in the whistler – mode. We have computed growth rate of the waves for different anisotropies and present the results.

Recycling is well known environmental solution for saving the raw materials and to consequently the contamination of zero waste environment. Bamboo leaf is one the forest waste materials, it has been utilized in the present study. Replacement of quartz by bamboo leaf ash in the production of ceramic electrical insulator was achieved as per industrial norms. The influence of bamboo leaf ash on the fabrication of insulator to enhanced the superiority of this product. Fabricated insulator was characterized by its physico-mechanical properties. Mineralogical study revealed that the formation of crystalline phases mullite and quartz is dependent to BLA addition. Functional groups were identified by using the Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Microstructure development of the insulator was analysed through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Higher dielectric strength was found in BLA addition specimen. Analytical characterization results are correlated with the observed physcio-mechanical parameter. It should be observed that high quality electrical insulator can be achieved from bamboo leaf ash originated ceramic materials.

Antioxidants consist of a group of vitamins, minerals, and enzymes that have health enhancing effects for our bodies. Antioxidants work to neutralize free radicals before they do harm to our bodies. Free radicals are atoms that cause damage to our cells. They harm our immune system leading to many degenerative diseases. In this article the radical scavenging activity of Indian tropical fruit pineapple and grapes was calculated at different concentrations using DPPH method.

Language planners’ inconsistent attitudes towards teaching English in Bangladesh have made the standard of English really poor. ‘Whether or not it is from such inconsistent language planning, the standard of the students’ proficiency in English has been going down steadily over the years’ (Quader 1998:57). In the context of Bangladesh, with large classrooms and emphasis on examinations, the majority of intermediate L2 learners lack competency in speaking. Most have difficulties in pronunciation. Their limited vocabulary makes it difficult for them to continue conversation. Again, lack of knowledge of syntax and structures makes learners unable to produce a conversation. Their goals for learning L2 are only to face the examinations. Memorizing certain given L2 items makes it even more difficult for them to use English in a real world. This paper aims at dealing with an Action Research to find out the effects of showing movies in speaking classes. Some learning theories will be presented to show the significance of using movies in teaching speaking. The paper also tries to prove that movies can be as important a tool as to motivate learners to learn the target language. It is hoped that this paper will be an eye opener to ESL practitioners.

In an attempt to elaborate on the health and literacy attributes of a rural region in India, quantitative surveys were conducted over two six day periods in the village, Naga Valadia. Data describing the infrastructure, politics, and education as they relate to literacy and health outcomes are reported. Naga Valadia is unique in its sophisticated infrastructure and significant commitment to educating the youth; however, it, like most rural areas in India, it is plagued with substance abuse and non-sustainable sources of income. A profile of Naga Valadia, postulated causes of its successes and failures, and future implications are discussed in detail. This paper aims to elaborate on the state of affairs of Naga Valadia and how the researchers’ organization can implement sustainable solutions in an attempt to eradicate the aforementioned issues.

Background Glaucoma is diagnosed by presence of “classical triad”- characteristic feature of visual field defects, morphological changes in optic disc (cupping) and raised intraocular pressure (IOP). Several studies related to blood pressure and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) implicated vascular risk factors in the pathogenesis of glaucoma yet abnormal autoregulation in glaucoma is not fully clear. The most common method of evaluating autoregulatory function is through provocation like isometric head up tilt testing, which put the vascular system under stress and evoke an autoregulatory response maintaining normal ocular perfusion, a failure to this is indicative of disturbed auto regulation. Materials and methods The study subjects of age between 45-65 years of either sex comprised of 20 patients with Primary open angle glaucoma (IOP >21mmhg) (group ІІ) and 20 age and sex matched healthy controls (group І). Blood Pressure and Mean OPP was recorded at rest and immediately after relaese, then after 5minutes. MOPP was calculated as MOPP=2/3MAP – IOP. Results Mean basal MAP in group ІІ was significantly higher (104.73 ±1.45) (p=0.001) as compared to group І. The findings showed highly significant low values of basal MOPP (p<0.000) in group ІІ (POAG) compared to control group. During handgrip test the value of MAP was significantly higher and MOPP was significantly low (P<0.000) in group ІІ. The significant high value of MAP (p<0.000) and low MOPP in group ІІ during recovery period indicated delayed recovery due to sympatho-vagal imbalance. Conclusion Basal values of MAP and MOPP and changes observed during isometric exercise (stress test) and during recovery period indicated ocular vascular alterations and abnormal autoregulatory mechanism in POAG patients as compared to healthy controls.

The Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) model has been used across the globe to engage communities in proactive action however the interpersonal dimensions of this process have not been explored in great detail. The ABCD model often focuses solely on the macro environment with little attention being given to the micro environment. However Relational-cultural Theory, most often used in interpersonal relationships, can be utilized to create growth fostering relationships which bridge the gap between community changes and interpersonal changes. Through a meta-analysis of Academic Search Complete, ERIC, psych ARTICLES, psych INFO, Social Work Abstracts, Soc INDEX with Full Text, and Women’s Studies International, the authors hope to elucidate the nature of this model and theory as it applies to practice and how these theories can best be used to complement each other in clinical and community practice. Often social workers have their feet in both of these fields without a sturdy bridge between them. By combining these concepts, practitioners may be able to confidently serve their communities by helping to promote client growth by building trusting relationships and developing community partnerships in a positive manner.

Groupwork is routinely utilized in social work practice due to its economic value and evidence-based outcomes. The purpose of this study was to deconstruct group development using common group assessments and comparing them to sociograms. Further, this study examined the parallel process in which interns in a field education learning unit experienced their own task group development in order to better implement groupwork with middle school students. The results indicated that individualistically-oriented interns began functioning as a team. The teamwork component was essential for the continuation of their internship and understanding of group dynamics.

Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal. This metal has been a valuable and highly sought-after precious metal for coinage, jewellery, and other arts since long before the beginning of recorded history. The world consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewellery, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry. The primary purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between the Gold futures prices and Gold spot prices traded in India. The data has been collected from National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX) for the period from May 2015 to Jan. 2016. The results from unit root test (ADF) indicate stationarity at 1st difference. Hence, Johansen’s cointegration test is examined to know the relationship between Gold futures prices and spot prices. The causalitytest reveals no contradictory findings If two or more time-series are cointegrated, then there must be Granger causality between them - either one-way or in both directions. It is concluded that there is long- term relationship between Gold futures prices and spot prices price traded in India on testifying Unit Root Test, Cointegration Test and Pair-wise Granger Causality Test. This study enables to determine which market is possessing better information. Spot prices of Gold are caused by the effects of Future prices. The study is immensely helpful for the investors and portfolio managers to develop effective trading and hedging strategies in the Indian gold market.

Study of the food habits of the large mammals is a prelude to any conservation strategies. Tiger is an endangered species of the country and is also considered as a flagship species in conservation. It occupies highest position in the Food Pyramid. Keeping this in mind, an attempt has been made to study the prey base of Tiger and the food habits of the prey base in Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR), India. Standard methods for field survey were adopted to ascertain the prey base of the Tigers in PTR. Enumeration of most common flora and fauna of the Tiger Zone of PTR was carried out. The results of field survey revealed that, of the 8 most preferred common prey of tigers, 3 belong to vulnerable, 4 belong to least concern and 1 belongs to endangered categories of species. It was observed that 23 % of the prey base was herbivorous. The most common flora (43 numbers) and fauna (54 numbers) of the Tiger zone of PTR were also documented in the present study. The Present work highlights the importance of prey base as well as associated flora and fauna in the conservation of Tigers in PTR.

The aims and objectives of Home Science education have been changed to a greater extent. It is treated as the systematic arrangement for the use of human and non-human resources for deriving maximum satisfaction to bring about qualitative change in life. Further, the study of Home Science opens avenues for a number of vocations. Hence, it was felt necessary to construct a comprehensive, valid and reliable scale and an attempt was made to develop a scale in order to measure the attitude of the students towards Home Science degree programme. Eighteen statements were selected from 26 statements for which the validity was identified with the help content validity method and reliability was determined by split half method which was found to be 0.78.

Background: Keratocystic odontogenic tumour and ameloblastoma are classified under tumours by WHO. tumour development and progression involves tumour suppressor genes and down regulation of onco-genes. Apoptosis inhibition is an important event in tumour formation which increases the life span of these cells. Aims and Objectives: To investigate the involvement of apoptosis inhibition in these lesions, expression of Bcl-2 was examined in 10 cases of KCOT (keratocystic odontogenic tumour) and ameloblastoma each. Our study revealed over-expression of Bcl-2 in all the cases in both tumours. The expression was analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Materials and Methods: 10 KCOT cases (sporadic parakeratinized KCOT n-9 and BCCNS KCOT n-1) and 10 Ameloblastoma cases (SMA n-9 and unicystic ameloblastoma n- 1) were selected. Immunohistochemical staining of Bcl-2 was carried out. • BCCNS(Basal cell carcinoma nevus syndrome) • SMA(Solid multicystic Ameloblastoma) • UA(Unicystic Ameloblastoma) Statistical Analysis: Differences in the mean scores for immunostain among the two types of lesions were analysed by students t test to compare the similarity or dissimilarity in the cell count of mean Bcl-2 expression between ameloblastoma and KCOT and their various layers. Results: : The intensity varied among the layers from intense to weak in basal / peripheral ameloblast- like cells and parabasal layers respectively and negative staining was seen only in superficial layer of KCOT but not in Ameloblastoma-central stellate reticulum-like cells in qualitative assessment. Quantitatively the basal layer/ peripheral ameloblast- like cells of both tumours had similar over expression while parabasal and central/superficial cells showed considerable differences. Our study indicates similar over-expression of bcl-2 in both the odontogenic lesions specifically basal layer / peripheral ameloblast- like cells which may represent tumorigenesis by escaping apoptosis. However does antiapoptotic activity and proliferative index warrant reclassification to tumour needs to be addressed.

Objective: The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of smoking in the clinical presentation of periodontal disease (PD) in patients with other cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: Patients and controls were obtained in database of a dental surgeon in the periodontics area who has been attending cases in the last 35 years. This study was conducted using data collected from 1975-2009, involving 106 patients with PD. The occurrence of other cardiovascular risk factors was analyzed. Results: Among the periodontal conditions, significant differences were found between smokers and non-smokers with regard to tartar (p=0.0431), junctional epithelium (p = 0.0216), conjunctive tissue (p=0.0015), gingival coloration (p< 0.0001), tooth mobility (p < 0.0001) and bone loss (p = 0.0216). The main cardiovascular risk factors in smokers with PD were systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) (28.30%), alcoholism (20.76%), and stress (18.87%), whereas in non-smoker the most frequent included SAH (24.53%), stress (18.87%) and dyslipidemia (16.98%). Conclusion: The clinical examination of smokers and non-smokers with PD demonstrates that clinical characteristics, such as the presence of tartar, epithelium and conjunctive tissue alterations, gingival coloration, tooth mobility and bone loss, are more frequent among smokers. The principal cardiovascular risk factors encountered in smokers with PD are SAH, alcoholism, and stress.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the attitudes of dental practitioners toward posterior composite restorations in terms of case selection and concerns. Materials and Methods: 120 questionnaires were randomly distributed to the dental practitioners working in state and/or privet dental clinics in Benghazi. The questionnaires were designed to elicit information regarding case selection criteria and main concerns while placing posterior composite restorations. Results: 114 completed questionnaires were returned, 73 general dental practitioners and 41 specialists responded to the questionnaire. 36.8% of the dentists preferred composites for restoring only small defects and 35% selected composites for posterior restoration on patient demand. Conservation of tooth structure was the cause for placing 64.9%, esthetics for 57.8% and patient preference for placing 28% restoration by these dentists. 50% of the dentists reported concern in relation to isolation during composite placement, and 79.1% showed concern about polymerization shrinkage and microleakage. Differences in responses were not remarkable between general dental practitioners and specialists. Conclusion: Conservation of tooth structure and esthetics were the main reasons for selection of posterior composites. Posterior composite restorations were chosen mainly for small defects. Patient preference was given weightage for material selection.

Background and Aims: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune blood disorder with a characteristic purpuric rash and thrombocytopenia. The disease can progress into chronic ITP when steroid treatment fails. A quarter of patients who had splenectomy due to chronic ITP may continue to have thrombocytopenia. In these cases, it is thought that testing positive for H. pylori may be perpetuating thrombocytopenia. Methods: We investigated the presence of H. pylori infection in patients with chronic ITP who are either responsive or refractory to splenectomy using invasive GI endoscopy followed by rapid urease test. Results: We report that chronic ITP patients who were refractory to splenectomy had improved platelet counts following the eradication of H. pylori Conclusions: We suggest screening for H. pylori in patients with chronic ITP refractory to splenectomy. Treatment of H. pylori can increase the response to splenectomy as judged by the increased platelet counts.

Menopause is characterized by rapid and progressive reduction in estradiol which brings about physiological and psychological changes in a woman’s life. It is estimated that in 1998, there were over 477 million postmenopausal women in the world which may rise to 1.1 billion by the year 2025.Menopause is associated with vasomotor symptoms, loss of bone mineral density, urogenital atrophy, increased cardiovascular risk, sexual dysfunction which decreases the quality of life (QOL).Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the most common preferred treatment option for management of postmenopausal symptoms. The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study demonstrates that the major risks of HRT are venous thrombo-embolism, breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases etc. Hence, alternative treatments are needed to overcome this problem with an intention to improve the women’s QOL. In Unani system of medicine, phytoestrogens are emerging as an alternative to estrogen in the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms and due to the structural similarities to selective estrogen receptor modulator;it does not show negative side effects as compare to conventional therapies. The present paper is an effort to highlight the role of phytoestrogens present in Unanisystem of medicine which have multifaceted pharmacological actions and could be used as alternative to HRT.

Goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland which often presents with a conspicuous swelling in the anterio-lateral region of the neck. We prospectively investigated the characteristics of 68 patients who attended our clinics over a 2 years period that previously patronized traditional healers in the course of their disease. Twenty two (32.35%) patients consulted orthodox doctors as their first and only point of contact, while forty six (67.64%) patients first consulted traditional healers prior to orthodox doctors’ consultation. The mean age of patients without traditional healers’ consultation was 33 years (±9.2412) which is lower compared to those with prior traditional healers’ consultation whose mean age was 47.95 years (±9.1780 ) (P <0.001). Female sex and patients in low socio economic class tend to consult traditional healers first. The patients’ marital status and religion show no statistical significant difference in their pattern of consultation. Better outcomes seen in the patients that consulted orthodox doctors, was the main reason for consulting orthodox doctors by traditional healer consulters. The mean powerful health locus of control for patients with prior traditional healers’ consultation is higher than that of patient without (31.23 (±1.38) vs. 17.41 (±0.361), p < 0.001) while the mean internal health locus of control for patients without prior traditional healers’ consultation is higher than that of patients with prior traditional healers’ consultation (29.11(±1.53) vs. 24.32 (±1.61), p < 0.001). The mean chance health locus of control shows no statistical significant difference. Most patients consulting traditional healers do so as a result of erroneous belief about the cause of goitre, immediate access to treatment within their vicinity and believe in the expertise of traditional healers.

Sahaja Yoga is a unique method of meditation based on an experience called Self Realization (Kundalini awakening) and aims at achieving holistic health care for people, Gupta et al (2015) A study was designed to assess the effect of Sahaja Yoga meditation on Blood Pressure (B.P), plasma MDA levels and blood thiol level in 40 hyper- reactors to cold pressor test (in the age group of 20-25 years ) and was compared with B.P., plasma MDA levels and blood thiol levels in same hyper- reactors before starting the yoga. Blood samples were taken before starting the yoga and 90 days after Yoga practicing. The value of B.P., Plasma MDA level was found to be significantly reduced (p <0.001) and blood thiol level was raised significantly (p< 0.001) after 90days of Sahaja yoga. Similarly, Reduction in oxidative stress suggests that Sahaja Yoga can be used as a complimentary therapy in the management of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and stress related disorders.

Background and Aim: Thyroid hormones regulate the rate of metabolic activity and their alterations can perturb the activity of serum enzymes. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of serum Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in thyroid disorders and to evaluate the relationship between LDH and T3, T4, and TSH levels. Design and Methods: In this study, thyroid function tests (T3, T4 and TSH) and LDH activity was assessed in 359 individuals divided into four groups based on TSH levels as having normal TSH (group 1), Clinical hyperthyroidism (group 2), Sub clinical hypothyroidism (group 3) and clinical hypothyroidism (group 4). Statistical analysis: Data collected was presented as mean± S.D; Pearson’s coefficient of correlation was calculated to study the correlation between different parameters. Results: No change in LDH activity was observed in hyperthyroid state, however in sub clinical and clinical hypothyroid individuals it showed significant change at (p≤0.001) as compared to normal individuals but no significant correlation was found between thyroid hormones, TSH and LDH activity in any of the studied group. Conclusions: With no significant correlation observed between LDH activity and T3, T4 and TSH in any thyroid disorder state, LDH activity we may not use as a direct parameter to assess the thyroid dysfunction.

Background: to evaluate the interrelationship of severe early childhood caries and iron deficiency anemia in young children. Methods: A total of 102 children of age 2-6 years were screened by one of the pediatric dentists for the presence or absence of S-ECC according to the AAPD guidelines and were divided into 2 groups - study group (cases) and control group. Out of total 102 children screened, 60 children consented to participate in the study .The dental caries status, measurement of weight, and blood sample analysis were done for both groups. The blood sample collected was used for estimation of following parameters such as Hb, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and hematocrit packed cell volume (PCV) to diagnose anemia. The data collected were statistically analysed. Results: A total of 60 out of 102 children were recruited 30 cases and 30 controls (59% response); forty two parents did not give consent for the study. There was no statistically significant difference between groups regarding age, male/female ratio between two groups. 43% children in study group suffered with Iron Deficiency Anemia. Data revealed that Hb, MCV, and PCV level differed significantly between the groups, but MCHC levels did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusion: Based on this, it can be suggested that pediatric dentists, pediatricians, and family physicians should recommend the assessment of anemia in S-ECC patients regardless of their clinical nutritional status.

Background: Caudal epidural analgesia with bupivacaine is very popular in pediatric anesthesia for providing intra and post-operative analgesia. Several adjuvants have been used to prolong the action of bupivacaine. Objective: To compare the efficacy of Tramadol and Fentanyl in terms of quality and duration of analgesia they produce when added with bupivacaine by single shot caudal-epidural technique in children. Study design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Method: Sixty children, aged three to seven years, undergoing hypospadias surgery were prospectively randomized into two groups: 1. Caudal analgesia with 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine with Tramadol 1mg/kg in Group A. 2. Caudal analgesia with 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine with Fentanyl1 µg/kg as Group B. Post-operatively pain was assessed by Modified Objective Pain Score (MOPS). Result: The mean duration of analgesia was significantly longer in Group A(756.24±67.83) than the mean analgesic duration of Group B (464±31.79).The pain score assessed using Modified Objective Pain Score (MOPS).The children of group A has required less analgesic dose than the group B. Hemodynamics and level of sedation were similar in two groups. Post- operatively analgesia was supplemented with inj. Febrinil 8 mg/kg by intravenous route. Any adverse effects like respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting were recorded in all patients. Conclusion: For caudal block, Tramadol 1 mg/kg or Fentanyl 1 µg/kg significantly prolong the duration of analgesia and reduces the intra and post-operative analgesic requirements with preserved hemodynamic stability and lack of sedation, thus allowing single shot caudal anesthesia to be recommended for surgery lasting more than 150 minutes. So they may be the drug of choice to prolong duration of caudal anesthesia without respiratory depression.

The infection, known as Zika fever, often causes no or only mild symptoms, similar to a very mild form of dengue fever. Zika may spread from a pregnant woman to the baby. This may result in microcephaly and other severe brain problems. (Rasmussen, Sonja et al., 2016; "CDC Concludes Zika Causes Microcephaly and Other Birth Defects, 2016) Zika infections in adults can, rarely, result in Guillain-Barre. The Zika virus belongs to Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus, and is thus related to the dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses like other flaviviruses. Zika can be transmitted from a man to his sex partners. Emphasis should be also given to manufacture vaccines and antivirals for zika virus, that much alertness and sincerity only can prevent India from the future dangers from zika.

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent worldwide and are considered to be the most common type of bacterial infection in humans.The present study was undertaken to evaluate the use of chromogenic media as primary media for isolation of uropathogens and to compare it with the convention methods of isolation and identification of bacteria. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 samples were tested and inoculated on Blood agar(BA) and MacConkey agar(MA)and HiCrome UTI Agar media, Isolates were identified based on colour on HiCrome UTI Agar media and by standard identification protocol on MA and BA. Results: Out of 200 urine sample tested, 59 (29.5%) yielded significant growth of single organism and 5(2.5%) yielded polymicrobial growth of 2 or 3 organisms.Rate of presumptive identification of organisms in primary culture plate was high in HiCrome UTI agar media. For Escherichia coli, it was 94.73%) whereas and by Blood agar and MacConkey agar media in combination it was 76.31%. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that HiCrome UTI Agar media can replace use of conventional media in clinical laboratory as primary isolation media for urine culture particularly with common uropathogens like E.coli as it is user-friendly ,facilitates early reporting, saves time as well as cost and less labour intensive.

Turnaround time has now-a-days become increasingly important. Conventional tissue processing is a time consuming procedure. Recently microwave tissue processing has been shown to reduce the processing time significantly. Laboratory microwaves are sophisticated costly instruments to be used routinely especially in developing nations like India. In the present study kitchen microwave was used for tissue processing to evaluate its usefulness in terms of quality and time saving in comparison with conventional one. 126 paired specimens were evaluated in a blinded fashion by two pathologists. Each H&E stained slide is evaluated based on the criterias laid down by Kumar et al 2014. Statistical evaluation of the two procedures using a chi-square test showed no significant difference in the sections produced by both the procedures.

Background: Some odontogenic tumors are clinically benign but they are locally aggressive and recur. Therefore such lesions should be completely evaluated for their mitotic potential. Routine staining procedures often pose a problem in differentiating mitotic cells. Although various new methods have been recommended for identifying mitotic figures (MFs) in tissues, the time factor and cost makes them less feasible. Thus, an attempt was made to evaluate the efficacy of crystal violet in identifying MFs. Aim of the Study: 1) To compare various phases & number of mitotic cells in haematoxylin and eosin stain with that in crystal violet stain in odontogenic tumors with aggressive behaviour. Materials and Methods: This case control study included samples randomly selected from archives comprising of benign odontogenic tumors which behaved aggressively even though they were benign such as CEOC, PIOC, and Ameloblastoma etc. The control group comprised of squamous cell carcinoma & normal epithelium. Both the groups were stained with H and E stain and 1% crystal violet stain. The stained sections were observed under research microscope for identification of various phases of cell cycle and counting of MFs. Observations and Results: Data obtained was statistically analysed by using the two tail t test. Conclusion: Crystal violet stain could be considered as best stain to study mitotic figures in lesions with high proliferative potential.

Aims and Objectives: 1. To study emergency presentation of groin hernias and its outcome 2. To study about various Acute surgical emergencies in groin hernia 4. To study various symptoms of presentation and complication 5. To study age and sex incidence 6. To study types of inguinal hernia that presented as acute emergency 7. To study the laterality among cases 8. To study content of hernial sac 9. To study duration of hernia before acute presentation 10. To study the type of surgery done Materials and Methods: Study design: Prospective study Study centre: Department Of General Surgery, Thanjavur Medical College Hospital, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India Study period: SEPTEMBER 2014 to SEPTEMBER 2015 Duration of study: 12 months Total number of cases studied: 47 Inclusion criteria: 1. Both sex, with age >18 years, 2. Incarcerated and strangulated inguinal and femoral hernias , recurrent irreducible inguinal hernias 3. Cases which were regular for post treatment follow-up. 4. Patients willing to be part of this study. Exclusion criteria: 1. Age <18 years 2. Ventral and incisional hernias 3. Cases which did not come for regular follow-up and 4. Patients not willing to be part of this study. Conclusion: Complicated groin hernias has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity and hence elective repair of hernia should be done once it is diagnosed. Even if it presents as emergency it should be treated surgically as early as possible to avoid grave complications like bowel gangrene, anastomotic leak, iliostomies, septicemia and even death. Incarcerated hernias should be operated in less than 12 hrs of presentation and strangulated hernia on an emergency basis to prevent prolonged morbidity and mortality.

The mainstay of treatment in a chronic disease like glaucoma is topical medications. Most of these medications need to be preserved with a preservative as mandated by the US FDA. Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is the most widely employed preservative. It causes corneal and conjunctival damage and leads to various ocular surface disorders (OSD) which affect quality of life of the patients. The causality assessment of BAK has firmly established its role in the patho-physiology of OSD. This is further reinforced by many in vitro and in vivo studies. Chronic use of BAK challenges the basic concept of ocular therapeutics as it is bound to lead to the singular and quite predictable fate i.e. iatrogenic OSD over long term use. Hence, there is a need for newer preservatives or preservative free medications so that ocular surface health is not compromised in the long-term treatment of glaucoma.

Multiple Dental anomalies are rare findings in asymptomatic patient. Here, a case of multiple anomalies in permanent dentition is reported. Routine oral examination revealed fusion in mandibular anterior region. A mesiodense was observed in maxillary anterior region. In the panoramic radiograph view, multiple supernumerary teeth on either side were seen. The article describes unique case of multiple developmental anomalies in an asymptomatic patient and its review of literature.

Background: Suicide is the third leading cause of death among young adults worldwide. The number of suicides in India during the last decade has recorded an increase of 25.0%. Suicide attempt rates are found to be higher than rates for completed suicides. Aim: This study is aimed to evaluate the socio demographic profile and psychiatric morbidity in attempted suicide patients. Settings and Design: The study was conducted in the Agartala Govt. Medical College & GBP Hospital, Agartala, Tripura. The samples for the study were recruited from those who admitted to different departments of AGMC and GBP hospital. These patients were interviewed within the first week of their admission. After application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria sample were included in the study. Materials and Methods: This study assesses the various socio-demographic correlates, the method adopted and the psychiatric disorders in patients with attempted suicide. The tools used were: a) informed consent form, b) proforma for socio demographic datac) MINI plus (mini international neuropsychiatric interview, d) ICD 10 Diagnostic criteria for diagnosis of psychiatric illness. e) Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS- 20. Results: The prevalence of suicidal attempt was high among males with psychiatric illness, whereas more female suicide attempters were without psychiatric illness. The most common psychiatric illnesses were found to be mood disorders (n=23) and dissociative disorders (n=14) as per the ICD-10 criteria. Family type, economic status and religion appears to be playing non-significant role in suicide attempt in this part of the country whereas age, sex, locality, occupation, educational status, Marital status, family history ,past suicidal attempt, mode of suicidal attempt and psychiatric illnesses are playing important role in suicide attempt. Other demographic variables, though, were statistically non-significant, but, below 30 years of age group, low socio-economic status, low education and nuclear families were found to be more vulnerable factors for suicide. Conclusion: The presence of psychiatric morbidity was observed to confer a considerable risk of suicide. Attempted suicide now a day is the burning issue There is need for further study in Indian population using samples from different regions and cultures within the county.

Objective: The aim of this work is to review the literature on the role of periosteal distraction in osteogensis (PDO) in the cranio- maxillofacial region. Design: Using related key words, electronic search of English-language papers was conducted on PubMed and Science Direct data-bases in March /2016. Studies that assessed the role of periosteal distraction in osteogensis in the cranio- maxillofacial region were included. The retrieved articles were thoroughly reviewed according to the type of distraction (static/ dynamic), the used device, protocols, the adjunctive technique, and the obtained results. Results: A total of 28 articles matched the inclusion criteria of this study. Eighteen out of 28 experiments were performed on rabbits. The reviewed papers presented evident heterogeneity with respect to several aspects including the surgical technique, the used device, the distraction rate, the latency period, the length of consolidation period and the adjunctive techniques. Conclusion: periosteal distraction could be considered as a reliable technique for bone regeneration and it might be applicable in cranio-maxillofacial surgery. PDO can produce a new bone formation which derives from both, the periosteum and the underlying bone.

Central odontogenic fibroma (COF) is extremely rare benign neoplasm which stands for less than 0.1% of odontogenic tumors. COF is mainly derived from dental origin tissue of mesenchyme-like dental papilla, periodontal ligament or dental follicle. It has more predilections in the mandible than in maxilla. Radiographically it shows both unilocular as well as a multilocular radiolucent lesion with a sclerotic border. Histologically it shows dense mature connective tissue stroma consisting of mature collagen fibers and plenty of fibroblasts which are usually plump and active in nature. COF is broadly of two types one is a simple type and other is WHO type. Here in our case, 09 years old girl represents central odontogenic fibroma in the mandible.

This paper is the result of discussions and data collection from Kashmir valley’s most volatile places (districts of Srinagar, Budgam and Kupwara) and the subsequent vulnerable populations including; the half widows of Dardpora (Kupwara), Widows of police martyrs (Srinagar), Widows of the persons killed unlawfully in cross firings (Budgam), Rape victims of Kunanposhpora (Kupwara) and the Mothers of disappeared persons (Srinagar and Budgam). The study addresses post-traumatic stress and its impact on the health status of these women who continue to endure plethora hardships on daily basis. This work is a small effort in a direction which seeks to reveal how the incessant and ever-increasing violence in Kashmir has changed the lives of women forever. Results showed that PTSD significantly predicts the health status.

Background: Knowledge about the health status of migrants is often limited due to lack of data. This is because migrants are often excluded from surveys. Immigrants from disease-endemic areas settle in urban slums with highly vector-receptive and unprotected housing, introducing new and drug-resistant strains. Aims and objectives: 1. Study of Morbidity Pattern among Migrant Workers Material & Methods: Migrant population in coastal city was the study population. Study duration: From December 2015 to April 2016. Study design: Cross sectional study. Subjects of this study included migrant population located in 3 different areas of coastal city. Clinical examination was done at the site of camp. Pretested questionnaire was used to collect data by interview method. Results and discussion: A total 300 migrant workers were included in the study, of this 75.33%were male workers and 24.67% were female workers. 39.33%of the workers belonged to the age group of 21-30 years. Amongst the migrants workers, musculoskeletal symptoms ranked 1st in 43.33% subjects. 22.66% migrants had skin problem followed by fever which was seen in 20.66% migrants. Other important illness seen in the migrants were gastrointestinal problems (9%) respiratory problems (8%) and urinary tract infections (6.66%). Only 6% of the migrants had complained of having malaria. Injuries were seen in 3.3% migrants. Conclusion: This study has shown the pattern of health problems amongst migrant workers, which can contribute to further development of health promotion strategies for migrant workers

Introduction, Objectives: The polymeric gel-forming mucins provide together with other proteins the structural framework of saliva and the mucus barriers that cover the mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity. The polyphenols content in green tea, which have many health benefits, are able however influence the barrier properties of these protective layers. The aim of this study it is that to verify in vitro such effects on two different samples of saliva Materials Methods: In two male volunteers, asked to provide a saliva sample, obtained from the collection of the same, at various times of the day, they were determined the pH, density, total proteins and mucins. To these samples they have been assistant increasing quantities of extract of green tea, and then, after centrifugation, determined in the surnatant the concentrations of total proteins and total mucins. The results are analyzed with Fisher Exact Test and T –Test Results: The precipitation of proteins and mucins in both samples after the addition of green tea extract are not statistically non-correlated data (p≥0.05), to the increase the amount of polyphenols compounds, but points out a tendency, by the Fisher Exact Test (FET). The results of this trend arising for the sample 1 by the maximum proteins precipitation value of 32,% and 57.6 %, for the mucins. Test 2 maximum precipitation for the proteins is 28.5%, and 50.0% for mucins. From the same results it is underlined instead that in both the champions the differences of concentration between the mucins and the proteins are statistically significant: the difference of the medium vale with T-TEST is ≥ 0 for both samples Discussion: The two samples of saliva have different initial biochemical parameters values; this fact influence in the differences in the precipitation of the proteins in the two different champions, as it happens for the mucins, but, also the different behaviour between the same proteins and mucins to parity of green tea assistant extract. A value of more elevated, or more distant pH from the isoelettric point, it stretches the protein structures favouring the interaction of the same with the polyphenols, The mucins are in this case more receptive for the presence of polysaccharide terminals groups Conclusions: These data demonstrate the possible effect of a dietary using of the green tea on the mucin network; given the diversity of human diet, many other dietary compounds may also affect the properties of mucus barriers at the level of the mucin network, but the polyphenols compounds are the most important in the alteration of mucus barrier properties in health and disease states, as demonstrated from this study and from various epidemiological evidence

Helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication therapy do not always achieve eradication. One of the probable reasons for the ineffectiveness of eradication treatment is bacillary-coccoid transformation of HP. We present that in cases when HP eradication was not achieved after the first line eradication therapy, patients usually had had a high degree of gastric mucosa colonization with coccoid forms of HP before the start of H. pylori eradication therapy. So, we confirmed the hypothesis of helicobacter coccoid forms can avoid eradication.

Malignant otitis externa (also known as malignant external otitis, necrotising otitis externa, necrotizing external otitis, skull base osteomyelitis and osteomyelitis of the temporal bone) is a rare and potentially life-threatening complication of otitis externa, historically with mortality rates as high as 60%. Management of this condition has varied over the years from radical surgical debridement to medical management only, to tempered combinations of the two. Malignant otitis externa is most often found in the elderly diabetic population and is associated with poor glycaemic control as well as immune compromise. Malignant otitis externa also has a predisposition towards the male gender. Due to the rarity of presentation and variety of management no randomised control trials exist for the management of malignant otitis externa. As a result of this there are no protocols to guide the management of malignant otitis externa. The majority of publications relating to malignant otitis externa are case-series and single case-reports. The paucity of randomised control trials arises from the rarity of condition and the ethical conundrum that would be presented by trialling different management. This review of 71 publications relates to MOE with particular attention to the success of medical, surgical and adjunctive therapies as well as radiological assessment and monitoring of disease. There is a lack of statistical significance in the existing literature, this review will not improve that; however amalgamating the current information will aid management of MOE by providing the necessary information to clinicians.

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is obstruction of blood flow through the superior vena cava (SVC). It is a medical emergency and most often manifests in patients with a malignant disease process within the thorax. A total of 286 patients (218 male and 68 female) were diagnosed with CA bronchus. 253case (192 male and 61female) with an age mean ± SD (62.00 ± 11.896), (29 nonsmoker, 203 smoker, 21 ex- smoker) were diagnosed without SVCO, and 33 case (26 male and 7 female) with an age mean ± SD (62.76 ± 9.959), (5 nonsmoker, 27 smoker and 1 ex- smoker) were diagnosed with SVCO and CA bronchus (primary and or metastatic). Pre-bronchoscopy sputum cytology investigation of cases, Post bronchoscopy sputum investigation of cases and bronchoscopic evaluation of cases was done as well as, also the pleural biopsies and or fine needle aspirate were studied when available during the course of investigation. Otherwise radiological study was done in form of CXR and CT scan of the chest with and without contrast and according we divide the site of the lesion as upper left, lower left, upper right, lower right and others. Our results showed the smoking status within SVCO cases was non-significant difference as the p value was (0.257). According to the site of pathology the results suggested there was highly significant difference regarding the site of pathology in association with SVCO and highest rate with right upper lesion P value was (0.000). Also we compared the results regarding the type of pathology, and the results showed highly significant difference statistically the highest incidence of SVCO was with squamous cell CA and the P value was (0.007). The prebronchoscopic sample was statically significant P value was (0.000), also the results of postbronchoscopic sample showed no significant according to statistical analysis, P value was (0.321) within SVCO cases. Otherwise, the finding of the lesion by bronchoscopy was highly significant as it was positive in all 33 cases of SVCO P value was (0.000). And outcome is studied in all 33 patient within one year to see their survival, within one year from 33 cases of SVCO 21 were died ,6 survive and 6 lots to be followed. In conclusion from data derived from this study we concluded that SVCO is not uncommon within cases of CA bronchus.

The incidence of cleft lip and palate is very high among developed and developing nations. Craniofacial growth is affected with this deformity resulting in hypoplasia and asymmetry of the facial region, specifically the maxilla. Traditionally, orthognathic surgeries were performed in order to correct the deformity. The unsatisfactory outcome from orthognathic surgeries led to employ new approaches to correct the maxillary deformity. Distraction osteogenesis was introduced as a novel way to achieve acceptable results and patient oriented outcomes. The aim of this review is to discuss the current update and outcome of distraction osteogenesis in correcting facial deformity.

Background: Femoral neck anteversion (FNA) now frequently observed globally. Presently its higher incidence located in our country like India. Three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) by some investigators proposed as the gold standard for measurements of the femoral neck ante version angle (FNA).Particularly, developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a simple and reliable imaging method. We using by non-ionizing technique determine the consistency between measurements of the FNA in DDH using 3D CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to estimate the precision, reliability, and reproducibility of FNA. Material and methods: The 3D CT and MRI were used to measure the FNA among patients, including girls and boys, with a mean age of 3-4 years (age range, 1-12 years), We performed independently by our radiologists and scientist at different time frames (2-3 weeks). Later on the radiologists had higher consistency was observed between the MRI and 3D CT. Results: This measurement we summarizes (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.906, P < 0.05). The mean inter-observer & intra-observer agreements were higher.So for MRI (ICC = 0.949 and 0.965, respectively, P < 0.05 for both) and for 3D CT (ICC = 0.943 and 0.967, P < 0.05 for both) respectively. We compared with 3D CT and MRI provided a precise, reliable, reproducible and new method of measuring the FNA in DDH. MRI is now recommended as an appropriate technique for measurement of the FNA in DDH, and this approach could replace 3D CT. Conclusion: MRI delivers no ionizing radiation and offers a better display of soft tissue pathological changes above then 80% of FNA.

This paper deals with heavy metal concentration in the ground waters of Medak and Hyderabad districts located in Telangana, India. Four bore wells, SI, SII, SIII and SIV located in Medak and Hyderabad districts were identified and analyzed for a period of one year. Groundwaters from all these stations were used for drinking as well as other domestic purposes. In the groundwaters of Medak, Pb and Cd were analyzed while at Hyderabad, Zn, Pb and Cr. Pb was below detectable limits i.e., BDL at SI, II and III while at SIV it was 0.027 mg/l which is below the permissible limits given by WHO 1984 and BIS 1983. Cd concentration at SI and SII were 0.13mg/l and 0.10mg/l which was higher than the permissible limits. The concentration of Zn was 0.017mg/l at SIII and BDL at SIV which once again was below the permissible limits. Cr concentration which was 0.027mg/l and 0.037 mg/l at SIII and SIV respectively was well within the permissible limits. Interestingly, the ground water samples from SI and SII exceeded the permissible limits in Cd. Hence, unfit for human consumption. Alternate measures must be made for drinking purpose like supply of potable water or bottled water etc. Potable water protects the health of the individual which leads the progress of the state and nation at large.

Learning through education and training is important in defining human capital because access to education is necessary to improve the quality of human resources. In this study, the drivers of human capital were examined using secondary data on primary and secondary education enrolment rates in Nigeria, 1981-2013. Effects of socio-political stability, per capita gross domestic product, government spending on education, health and agriculture were assessed alongside government oil and non-oil revenues. Data were analyzed using a combination of descriptive and inferential statistics, and regression techniques. Results revealed that gross primary enrolment was positively influenced by democracy (p<0.01) and per capita GDP (p<0.05). The boys' primary enrolment responded positively to changes in oil revenue (p<0.01), but negatively to per capita GDP (p<0.01) while the girls' responded positively to democracy (p<0.01) and negatively to health expenditure (p<0.05). Also, per capital GDP had a significant (p<0.01) positive influence on all secondary education outcomes, namely gross, boys' and girls' enrolments, as against the influence of agriculture that was significant (p<0.01) and negative. Generally, the study found some disconnect between school outcomes and non-oil revenue, education and health expenditure as these factors were grossly redundant in the estimated models. The study supports the sustenance of democracy and promotion of democratic institutions. While still in support of governments' continued funding of education, especially at the lower levels, areas of support should be redefined and prioritized. Sufficient funds should be provided to upgrade the constantly deteriorating infrastructures in public schools while deliberate policy instruments should be used to ensure provision of desired incentives to parents and school-age children to enhance enrolment into schools. Establishment of mini medical clinics in public primary and secondary schools across the country would help to cater for the immediate health care needs of pupils and students while in schools.

Puthen Dam is a small reservoir regarded as mother of irrigation projects of kanyakumari District receives water from both Pechipparai and Perunchani reservoirs. Five stations were selected from the associated water bodies. The study was carried from April 2013 to April 2014.This present paper deals with the dynamic changes of pH, electrical conductivity metal ions in water and sediments of the reservoir. The seasonal variations in the water and sediment characteristics of the reservoir are presented and the significance is highlighted. The sediment pH found to have significant relationship with water pH in polynomial fit while other parameters are not significantly related. The best fit mathematical models are presented and discussed in the light of previous literature.

Static bioassays were carried out to find the LC50 96 hr value of Cypermethrin to Cyprinus carpio and it was found to be 2.0 ppm. Then a group of fishes were recorded in a selected reared sub lethal concentration of the pesticide (0.2 ppm) for 4 weeks. From the control and treated fishes, serum and tissues like gill, liver, kidney and muscle were selected and used for the estimation of antioxidant parameters. There was an overall reduction of various antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, GSH, GR and GPX and an elevation of TBARS level. These results were indicative of occurrence of LPO with resultant ROS causing oxidative stress in the fishes by the pesticide.

Agnikarma or thermal cauterization is one among the anushastras (substitute of surgical instrument) or para-surgical technique mentioned in Ayurveda. It is explained to provide complete relief in certain chronic diseases which are not cured by herbal medicine, surgical interventions and alkaline cauterization. Based on the specific heat retention and transmission capacity of different materials the ancient Indian surgeons had prescribed different materials like pippali (pipper longum), ajasakrut (goats excreta), godantha (cow’s tooth), shara (arrow), shalaka (metal Rods), kshoudra (honey), guda (jaggery), sneha (oil/fat) etc. for cauterizing specific body parts like skin, muscle, blood vessels, ligaments etc. According to the logic of the surgeon appropriate material should be selected for specific disease conditions. The mechanism of action of agnikarma is still obscure. Agnikarma act on a multi-factorial level in the body. Mainly it is indicated in the disease caused by vata and kapha because of its tikshna (quick action), ushna (Hotness), sookshma (subtle), vyavayi (Quick spreading), vikashi (works without being metabolised) proporties to remove srotorodha (obstruction in channels of body). In this article an attempt is being made to unveil the principles of agnikarma.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are rather complex conditions, which may exhibit milder social abnormalities and communication impairment and less rigid interest restrictions in affected children. In some cases of ASDs there is a genetic cause either at the chromosomal or gene level. However many non genetic factors may also play an important role. The present study was focused on evaluating the possible non genetic causes especially to understand the potential risk posed by prenatal and post natal environmental factors. We also attempted to assess the academic and social skill development of ASD children in special school and compared it with the skill development of ASD affected children in regular school. A total number of 184 individuals were studied. According to the present study the potential risk factors for autism are advanced maternal age, stress during pregnancy, supplements taken, gestation period, parity, age gap between children and birth weight. The risk of ASD in pregnancy was reduced when the expecting mothers consumed folic acid-calcium supplement regularly. We conclude that stress during pregnancy can be a major risk factor for ASD. Skill assessment in ASD children revealed that there was considerable progressive improvement of social, play skills and academic skills in children, attending special care section of regular school, rather than ASD children attending special school when their IQ was ≥ 40. We observed that the special care section helped to address their unique needs and cultivate their talents as compared to those studying in a special school. Based on our observations we suggest that necessary measures can be taken to reduce the risk of ASD pregnancy and further extend support to ASD children to enhance their skills at regular school rather than at special school especially in children with IQ ≥ 40.

Diabetes is recognized as a major risk factor for the development of kidney disease. Diabetic subjects with kidney disease may be at high risk for developing other health complications. The early detection of kidney dysfunction in subject with type 1 diabetes is of vital important to treat the progression to diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study is to assess the level of cystatin C for studying early renal function decline in type 1 diabetic patients. This study included 64 type 1 diabetes mellitus patients (male and female) all the patients were hyperglycaemic with poor glucose control and control group included 30 healthy age matching subjects. Levels of HbA1c, serum fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, uric acid, creatinine and cystatin C were determined. Glomerular filtration rate was detected according to cockcroft-gault (CG) and modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formulas. For uric acid level a significant reduction was found in patients with GFRMDRD>90. The serum levels of cholesterol showed a significant increase (P< 0.05) and a very highly significant increase (P< 0.005) in high density lipoprotein in patients with GFRMDRM ˃ 90 ml/min/1.73m2, meanwhile the serum level of low density lipoprotein showed a non-significant increase in patients with GFRMDRM ˃ 90 ml/min/1.73m2. A highly significant decrease was found in cystatin C and creatinine (P< 0.01) and a very highly significant decrease (P< 0.001), (P< 0.000) in both formulas CG and MDRD > 90. This study may suggest that age, BMI, gender, glycaemic control and duration of the diabetes may influence the level of cystatin C and the GFR provides a good index for the decline of kidney function.

The aim of this study which was to determine the parasites of carp Cyprinus spp inhabiting the Dal Lake of Kashmir valley. During the study, a total of 24 common carps were caught in different regions of Dal Lake and investigated parasitologically. On examining 11 fish were found positive to harbour cestodes Adenoscolex and Bothriocephalus from the intestines; trematode Diplozoan from gills and acanthocephala Pomphorhynchus from Intestine. Highest prevalence was shown by cestodes (93.9%) followed by trematodes (4.1%), and acanthocephalan (1.8%) in succession. Maximum mean intensity and abundance has been shown by Adenoscolex and Bothriocephalus (18.3 & 8.4) while the trematode Diplozoan was on the 2nd rank (0.81% & 0.37%). On the other hand, the least intensity and abundance was shown by acanthocephalan Pomphorhychus (0.36 & 0.16). The parasitization showed a significant positive relationship with size of the fish, while very small fishes were nearly free of parasites, this exhibit a correlation with feeding habits of the fish.

Microalgae are a promising alternative source of lipid for biofuel production. One of the most important decisions is the choice of species to use. High lipid productivity is a key desirable characteristic of a species for biodiesel production. This paper reviews information about microalgal growth rates, lipid content and lipid productivities for 8 species of freshwater microalgae. The information provide a framework for decision-making and a starting point for further investigation of species selection. The importance of lipid productivity as a selection parameter over lipid content and growth rate individually is demonstrated. Total lipid content of freshwater algae isolated from different aquatic habitats of Ganjam district, Odisha were examined. A comparative analysis showed variation or total lipid content in different seasons. Total lipid content was high in summer season and least in monsoon. As Microsysts sp. is a bloom causing algae, it is the best source of biofuel production due to its high temperature resistance character.

Fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio (C. carpio) fish were exposed to acute lethal toxicity (LC50/96 hours - 0.71 ppm/l) of phorate (ALTP) for one day and 4 days and the toxic effect of acute lethal concentrations of phorate on the histopathology of muscle was investigated in the present study. Lethal concentration (LC50) of phorate to C. carpio was determined by the probit method of Finney and the LC50 of phorate was taken as lethal concentration for acute toxicity study. On exposure for a period of 1 day to ALTP, splitting of muscle fibers followed by their thinning was observed in the muscle of the exposed fish. The muscle fibers exhibited longitudinal splitting with pyknotic nuclei. On exposure for a period of 4 days, a further increase in the longitudinal splitting of muscle fibers with pyknotic nuclei and cellular degeneration were observed. Karyolysis seems to have occurred as granular debris. The isolation of muscle fibers from one and another was noticed with necrotic changes. The findings of this study demonstrated that the histopathological changes induced by ALTP in the muscle of C. carpio were not only dependent on the concentration of the pesticide but also on the length of the fish exposure period.

In the present study it was aimed to identify the aquatic macrophytes growing abundantly in Nagaram lake of Warangal district in Telangana State, for which a survey was carried out for a period of one year during 2014-2015.A total of 30 species belonging to 11 families and 24 genera under 4 classes were identified, 12 species of 10 genera and 6 families under the class monocotyledons, 2 species of 2 genera and 2 families under the class algae were recorded. The aquatic macrophytes were morphologically categorized as groups viz., classified under floating, submerged, submerged anchored, floating leaved anchored and emergent.

Background: An ideal restoration in a tooth should be able to maintain the esthetics and proper form and function. Cavity preparation on a tooth reduces its fracture resistance. Composite resins as restorations have shown to increase the fracture resistance of the teeth . The drawback with these were stress development and low fracture resistance. These disadvantages forced the researchers to search for a newer generation of composite that has better fracture strength with less polymerization shrinkage. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of fibre reinforced composite, flowable composite and a core build up material on class II cavity. Method and Materials: 90 human maxillary premolars were selected and divided in to 5 Groups. Group 1 served as control group. In Group 2,3,4 & 5 class II cavities were prepared. Group 3,4 & 5 were restored with EverX posterior, SDR and Paracore respectively. All the samples were subjected to Universal testing machine. Results: Statistical tools used were one way analysis of variance, Dunnett’s test and Tukey’s post hoc test. p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Group 3 showed highest mean fracture resistance. Conclusion: Fibre reinforced composite (Group 3) showed maximum mean fracture resistance which was statistically significant when compared to all the tested restorative materials.

The aim of this system is to track person of interest in real time based on scenes obtained from camera modules. This system avoids potential human errors as we are using automatic monitoring. It is a histogram based real time tracking system. Moving objects are detected using background subtraction. Moving object detection, recognition and tracking are basic steps in processing video frames.

Department Information System-know soft provides a simple interface for maintenance of department information according to National Board of Accreditation (NBA) (Ilango, 2013). Know soft means getting complete details of Department through software. It can be used by educational institutes or colleges to maintain the records of students easily (Bharamagoudar et al., 2013). The creation and management of accurate, up-to-date information regarding a department is critically important in the university as well as colleges. Department information system deals with all kind of student details, faculty details, infrastructure details, academic related reports, facilities in department, course details, curriculum, batch details, placement details and other resource related details too. All these details will be available through a secure online interface embedded in the department’s website.

Non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs can be used as donor ligands for complexations of rare earth metals. Amoxicillin is non-steroidal, anti inflammatory drug and is used as extended-spectrum also penicillin and clavulanic acid act as β-lactamase inhibitor. The active components of drugs were detected at 210nm wavelength with the UV detector. Some new organo Erbium (III), Lanthanum (III) and Gadolinium (lll) derivatives of non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs were synthesized. These compounds were structurally characterized by elemental, molar conductivity, U.V visible and Fourier transform infra red analysis . Also high performance liquid chromatography and thermal gravimetric analysis shows the stability and presence of hydrated and coordinated water molecules by which enthalpies can be determined. The thermal degradation study shows the final product metal oxide. The compounds were also screened against different plant pathogens. The molar conductance values suggest the non electrolytic nature of metal complexes. Thermal behavior suggests their more ordered activated state in complex formation. Phenyl bonded silica HPLC column was used to separate metal-NSAIDS complexes. The aim of present study is to synthesize and characterized a number of organo lanthanide complexes with NSAIDs, based on the fact that newly synthesized compounds show significant activity against microbes. Their cytotoxicity data indicates their positive lethality.

Thick films of bulk tin oxide powder were observed to be less sensitive to polluting, hazardous and inflammable gases. So, nanostructured SnO2 powder was synthesized by disc type ultrasonicated microwave assisted centrifuge technique. Thick films of nanostructured pure SnO2 powder were fabricated by screen printing technique. These films were surface functionalized by SrCl26H2O for different intervals of time followed by firing at 450oC for 30 min. The surface morphology, chemical composition, crystal structure, electrical and gas sensing performance of the unmodified and surface functionalized nanostructured SnO2 powder by SrO2 have been investigated by FESEM, E-DAX, XRD, etc.

The liver is the largest organ in the abdomen. Liver cancer is one of the major death factors in the world. Most of the peoples who have liver tumour were died due to the fact of inaccurate detection. Medical image segmentation is difficult to detect the accurate results of tumour in liver. Tumour segmentation in liver CT images is a challenging task. This paper consists of various image processing techniques like image pre-processing and image enhancement which is used to improve the quality of the liver image. This helps to detect and segment the tumour in liver effectively. The automated segmentation of liver is addressed first and then filtering is used to remove unwanted noise finally The clustering algorithm helps to detect the tumour in liver CT image. In this work aids to improve the better classification performance. Early detection helps to save the people from liver cancer

India is going through a rapid urbanization. With increasing population and increasing population density, arises the need of optimized and smart use of resources. With the ever developing science user friendly and custom made technologies serve the purpose of addressing the challenges faced. Thus comes the idea of smart city. Smart city uses technology to observe, measure, monitor and control 3 fold services- • Only utilities- by shifting the social behavior of citizens towards a more efficient • and sustainable utilization of city resources • Where utilities and revenues are generated- allowing service providers (such as utilities and transit companies) and government to provide more efficient and sustainable services • Fun / leisure. Smart city is a “smart”,” intelligent” or ”cognitive” concept which has a multidimensional affect on environment, society, economy and technology. This paper deals with the basic plan and prospect of a smart city.

The technology is allowing the users to communicate with each other. One of the most common way is to use the social networking like Facebook. The social networking sites will allow the users to create the account without any verifications and validation. As more and more user communicate with each other also causing the problem like deception. This is caused due lack of standards followed by the social networking sites. In the proposed paper a physical check mechanism is introduced with the help of which deception is going to be detected. This mechanism is also termed as background check mechanism.

The paper presents a collection of design techniques for building enterprise web services. By applying the techniques to web services development but not only the development increases reusability and productivity, but also the web services improve ability and compatibility. Enterprise web services require high grade of competency in designing web service contracts and A contract of web service formalizes an agreement between web service provider and consumer, in the forms of WSDLs, service schemas and policies. Contract - first method provides great potential of directly dealing with the contracts, a number of articles have been published regarding designing WS and XML schemas, however it is still risk for developers to find cookbooks or guidelines concentrated on designing web service contracts with contract-first method. To fill the gap, a set of web service techniques are introduced and deployed in practice, incorporating some best practices scattered in the web services community. These techniques cover to the most of the key aspects of web service, including consolidating service schemas in line with business entities, constructing coarse-grained namespaces, applying versioning over WSDLs and service schemas, and writing fine-grained filters with contracts.

The web is huge, diverse, dynamic, widely distributed global information service center. With the rapid growth of the web, users get easily lost in the rich hyperlink structure. User rely on the web for information, but the currently available search engines often gives a long list of results, much of which are not always relevant to the user’s requirement. Providing relevant information to the users to cater to their needs is the primary goal. Therefore, finding the content of the web and retrieving the users’ interests and needs from their behavior have become increasingly important. The search engine uses these ranking methods to sort the results to be displayed to the user. In that way user can find the most significant and useful result first. Information Retrieval is the activity of obtaining information resources relevant to an information need from a collection of information resources. Therefore in this paper we are proposing an Approach to combine web content, web structure & web usage mining for Enhancing Web Search Engine Results Delivery.For Web Content mining the textual content of web pages is captured through extraction of frequent words using a term-based weighted technique will be combined with hyperlinks using Weighted Page Rank algorithm of Web structure mining which takes into account the importance of both the in-links and the out-links of the pages & Web server log files to discover useful information of user. Finally, the Search result is optimized by re-ranking the result pages. This proposed system proves to be efficient as the pages desired by the user will be on the top priority in the result list and also optimize the query performance in terms of query results. The proposed work will focus on the problem of improving the performance of information retrieval in web search engine results.

With the dramatic increase of digital form of data, it is difficult to manage the huge amount of documents. Whenever any individual tries to find any information about particular topic, he may receive a large set of documents on the internet. Some of these documents may be in .pdf format some may be in .txt format or simply any word document. The title of these documents may seem relevant to what the individual is looking for but the content in those documents may differ. Thus there was a necessity to read, understand and analyze contents of all the documents at one glance. As a result, it has become necessary to categorize large texts (documents) into specific classes. In our propose system we are classifying the documents, both single and multiple documents into predefined classes. The documents can be of any form i.e .txt, .doc, .docx, .pdf. Then preprocessing techniques are used like tokenization, stop words removal, stemming on input files. The document is classified according to the given learning. Dynamic learning is used to update the learning datasets. This project covers how the classification of document is done and how exactly the desired output is determined (classified documents). We also aimed at generating a classification report of number of documents in a particular class with respect to total number of documents. The pie chart can also showcase why a particular document is inclined towards any particular category and what percentage of its content consists of related information towards that category.

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a group of portable hosts without the required intrusion of any existing arrangement or centralized access point such as a base station. Due to the major characteristic of MANETs i.e. vigorous topology and lack of centralized management security, MANETs are vulnerable to attacks. Black hole attack is one of the possible attacks in MANET. A black hole attack is network layer attack in which the mischievous node misleadingly advertises to the source node that it is having shortest path to the destination and actually it does not have and drops the packets and as a result the destination node never receives that packet. In this paper, we study the behavior of AODV (Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol) with and without black hole nodes on various parameters like End to End delay, Packet delivery ratio, Throughput and Routing Load. All the parameters are analyzed using NS2 simulator.

A Solar Operated Pesticide Sprayer is a pump running on electricity generated by photovoltaic panels or the thermal energy available from collected sunlight as opposed to grid electricity or diesel run water pumps. The operation of solar powered pumps is more economical mainly due to the lower operation and maintenance costs and has less environmental impact than pumps powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE). Solar pumps are useful where grid electricity is unavailable and alternative sources do not provide sufficient energy. Also this provides a modification from the conventional system, mixing the fertilizer thoroughly by using Electro mechanical Stirrer (Proposed). There by the toxic inhalation of the pesticides will be reduced. The battery will be charged during the day time and this power which is stored and used in night and cloudy weather condition.

Inherent uncertainties in demands and supply make it difficult for supply chains to achieve optimum inventory replenishment, resulting in loss of sales or keeping excessive inventories. An unkempt inventory can take up to one-third of an organization’s annual investment. Therefore, in order to compete with invariably erratic demands, it is not only challenging to develop an intelligent system to maintain and control an optimum level of inventory but has also become mandatory. Here we have tried to study the supply chain logistic management in manufacturing industry using XYZ analysis method. Supply chain: Supply chain management (SCM) is the oversight of materials, information, and finances as they move in a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. Supply chain management involves coordinating and integrating these flows both within and among companies Logistic: Logistics management is that part of the supply chain that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customer requirements.

The synthetic and docking studies of Chromonyl linked thiazolidenedione (TZD), rhoadanine (RH), diethyl malonate (DEM), methyl acetoacetate (MAA), barbituric acid (BA) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) analogues in an effort to develop novel peroxisome proliferator activated receptors ligands expected to exhibit PPARγ partial agonism in the management of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia for the treatment of type 2 diabetes is reported. Docking studies showed expected results.

One of the major environmental problems today is groundwater pollution. Pollutants originating from both anthropogenic and natural activities classified into point sources and non-point sources tend to threaten groundwater. This polluted groundwater in turn threatens both human and environmental health through acute and chronic exposures. In order to provide protection to both human and environmental health, there is need to prevent groundwater pollution in the first place by ensuring the elimination of pollutants at their sources. However, If pollution eventually occurs, the polluted groundwater can be remedied using a wide variety of techniques categorized into ex-situ methods (i.e. pumping out of water from aquifer and treating on the surface, e.g. steam stripping, carbon adsorption, chemical oxidation, thermal treatment, bioremediation, etc) and in-situ methods (i.e. in-place treatment of water, e.g. air-sparging, permeable reactive barriers, nanoremediation, monitored natural attenuation, bioremediation, etc). Common remedial measures such as boiling, filtration, sedimentation and chlorination should be adopted for treatment of water before consumption on the home front. A typical case of groundwater pollution is that of Ogoniland, Niger-Delta, Nigeria, contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons but yet to be given any adequate remedial attention. Remediation as an option may not be feasible, hence, prevention is always the best option

This paper dealt with the impact of four components (language, media, standard of living and historical changes) on the idiom of the residents of the city of Split in Croatia over the period 1960. -2060.with the information model that has been based on the assumed linguistic and historical situation in three stages of the observed period, i.e. in the years of 1960, 2010 and 2060. The variables comprised by the information model include: accentual system, language situation, standard of living, historical circumstances and media. The research has produced direct growth rates of the information model for the impact of new settlers on the idiom of the residents of Split City from 1960 to 2060 on the index scale from 0 to 100: 1. Accentual system (89.8); 2. Linguistic situation (89.2); 3. Standard of living (50.0); 4. Historical circumstances (71.8); 5. Media (62.0).

Pilomatrix carcinoma is the rare malignant counterpart of pilomatrixoma, a skin adnexal tumour arising from hair matrix cells that arises either as malignant transformation of pilomatrixioma or as de novo. Pilomatrixoma was first thought of having a sebaceous gland origin but was later found to originate from hair matrix cells. They are slow growing tumours, found in the lower dermis and subcutaneous fat and are predominantly found in the neck and the scalp region. They are rare tumours with 90 cases reported so far.

Prevalence of diabetes is projected to increase to 80 million by 2030, placing an immense burden on the health care resources of our country. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of yogic practices and physical exercises on blood sugar and uric acid among diabetic women patients. 60 women NIDDM patients undergoing treatment in Government Hospitals and Diabetic Centres in Chennai were randomly selected as subjects in the age group of 35 to 45. They were grouped into three based on their mean random blood sugar level, such as control group, experimental group I and experimental group II respectively. Pre tests scores were determined on blood sugar and uric acid based on the blood samples collected. Experimental group I underwent 12 weeks yogic practices, experimental group II underwent 12 weeks physical exercises and control group did not participated in any of the special activity. Immediately after completion of the experimental period, the post tests were conducted on the above said dependent variables, which formed final scores of the subjects. Statistical analysis using ANCOVA proved that experimental treatments significantly contributed to beneficially alter blood sugar (F : 29.42) and uric acid (F: 16.97). Yogic practices were found significantly better than physical exercises in beneficially altering blood sugar and uric acid among diabetic women patients. It was concluded that yogic practices play significant role in regularizing blood sugar and uric acid and yogic practices can be popularized among diabetic patients for treating and managing diabetics especially among women diabetic patients.

The Indian economy is passing from the tough phase, leading to turmoils in various sectors and affecting them with negative shocks. One such effected industry with the present economic turmoil in India is Aviation Industry. India is one of the fastest growing aviation markets in the world, yet its airlines are deep in the red. All major carriers except Indigo are loss making and are burdened with massive debts.Rising fuel cost, heavy slide in rupee, low FDI, high interest rates are few factors affecting this sector adversely. Among the various existing Aitlines in India Kingfisher is affected most as its operations were suspended. This case study is taken to explore the various economic, financial and technical flaws responsible to the sudden rise and fall of this airline (2005-2012).Kingfisher Airlines was established in 2003. It is owned by the Bengaluru based United Breweries Group. The airline started commercial operations in 9 May 2005 with a fleet of four new Airbus A320-200s operating a flight from Mumbai to Delhi. It started its international operations on 3 September 2008 by connecting Bengaluru with London. Kingfisher Airlines Limited was an airline group based in India. Its head office is in Andheri (East), Mumbai and Registered Office in UB City, Bangalore. Kingfisher Airlines, through its parent company United Breweries Group, has a 50% stake in low-cost carrier Kingfisher Red. The airline had been facing financial issues for many years and the reason cited is the merger of Air Deccan airlines and ill-timely expansion that included ordering A380s (subsequently deferred). Until December 2011, Kingfisher Airlines had the second largest share in India's domestic air travel market. However due to a severe financial crisis faced by the airline at the beginning of 2012, it has the lowest market share since April 2012. The airline had shut down its operations when on 20 October2012 the DGCA suspended its flying license. This suspension had been due to failure to give an effective response to the show cause notice issued by DGCA. On 25 October 2012, the employees agreed to return to work. In February 2013 the Indian government announced the withdrawal of both domestic and international flight entitlements allocated to the airline.Kingfisher life cycle span was short term business cycle witnessing various peaks and undersides. On 15 November 2011 the airline released poor financial results, indicating that it was "drowning in high-interest debt and losing money". Now this study is propose to critically analyses the factors leading to the downfall of this airlines and the glimpse of its various phases of bailout plans

The Kherai is the greatest religious festival or puza of the traditional Bodo people who worship Bathou through animal sacrifices. The Doudini is the epicenter of Kherai Puza. Any women or girl having knowledge of Bodo Gods and Goddesses and the worshipers of Bathou can become Doudini upto her capacity. She demonstrates various items of dance under the trance of Gods and Goddesses. It is said that she gives the lesson for human being through demonstration of different activities and dances. She tells fortune and misfortune also. The fortune telling of the Doudini is transmitted by the Oza and the Douri to the common people. The traditional Bodo people believe the telling of the Doudini as the Gods telling and means for peace and prosperity of all human being. The study will try to analyst the traditional practices in clear manner and propagate amongst their neighbours and abroad.

The dimensions of tourism cultural capital have become a key component in creating the image of destinations. Despite their importance to tourism, the amount of research that has been conducted on conceptualizing tourism cultural capital dimensions and their relationship with destination image does not reflect their importance. It is unlikely therefore that such dimensions feature in the image of most tourist destinations to attract tourists. This study explored the relationship between seven dimensions of tourism cultural capital and destination image. Structural equation modelling revealed that four underlying dimensions: historical objects, cultural behaviour, “food and culinary experiences” and handcrafts have a significant relationship with destination image and three were rejected; cultural events, “traditional medicine and spiritual practices” and “traditional aqua activities”. This study produced a broader conceptualization of how the dimensions of tourism cultural capital could be utilized and how these components contribute to the production of destination image so that appropriate management strategies for each may be formulated and implemented for improving the cultural destination to attract potential tourists.