March 2017

The objective of this paper is to determine how methodology ROR can give information when having a series, whose auto correlograms are a white noise. Deceased by car accidents variable was used for Cuba in the period 2006- 2011. The future projection of the data series can be obtained by using modeling ROR, which provides a new and important way, promising for the series that behave as a white noise, because this gives new information for the series and its behavior. Deceased tendency is to diminish at about 29 persons a year; deceased persons depend on quantity of deceased two years backwards. As the model is perfect and errors with zero value are obtained, Cristosols Numbers are introduced, which could create new statistics and prediction models. This study was done using the statistical package of Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 13.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection tends to immune suppression which progresses terminally to death. The introduction of the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has changed the status of HIV infection from that of a rapidly fatal disorder to a chronic one with persisting physical symptoms. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of persistent physical symptoms on psychiatric morbidity in HIV positive patients. Methods: Using a systematic sampling method, 353 subjects were recruited into two groups; HIV positive subjects from the RVD clinic and HIV negative subjects from the GOPD clinic. They were assessed using a self-designed questionnaire to elicit socio-demographic and clinical variables. The subjects were screened for psychological distress with a 12 item General Health Questionnaire and diagnoses made using Present State Examination (PSE) manual (version 10). Data was analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, version 15). Results: The study shows that there was a significant difference in the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in HIV positive patients when compared with controls. Significantly prevalent physical symptoms among the patients with psychiatric morbidity were fits, cough, dermatological lesions, chronic pain, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss and fever. Via logistic regression, “persistent fever” was identified as a risk factor for psychiatric morbidity. Conclusion: The findings from this study underscore among other things, the need for a high index of suspicion and early identification of cases of psychiatric morbidity among HIV positive patients. This will definitely translate to a more favourable management outcome in the long run.

Background: The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a lethal neuro-medical disorder caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The consequences of HIV/AIDS are myriad and devastating, but there has been paucity of studies on psychiatric morbidity in HIV/AIDS patients in the undeveloped world. Aim: The study aims to investigate the socio-demographic and psychosocial correlates of psychiatric morbidity in HIV positive patients in a tertiary hospital in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Methods: Using a systematic sampling method, 353 subjects were recruited into two groups; HIV positive subjects from the RVD clinic and HIV negative subjects from the GOPD clinic. They were assessed using a self-designed questionnaire to elicit socio-demographic and clinical variables. The subjects were screened for psychological distress with a 12 item General Health Questionnaire and diagnoses made using Present State Examination (PSE) manual (version 10). Data was analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, version 15). Results: Of the 241 subjects assessed, 89 were HIV positive and 152 HIV negative. Significantly more HIV positive patients practiced safe sex, denied the history of multiple sexual partners during the one month period before the interview and admitted to using psychoactive substances. Significantly more females presented with psychiatric morbidity and the only significant determinant of psychiatric morbidity was the presence of organized social support. Conclusion: In view of the monumental and diverse challenges raised by HIV/AIDS, effort should not be spent only on the chemotherapeutic management of this global nightmare but there’s urgent need to step up the management of the resultant associated psychosocial challenges.

Functional appliances have been used since the 1930s. Despite this relatively long history, there continues to be much confusion relating to their use, method of action, and effectiveness. These appliances alter the arrangement of various muscle groups that influence the function and position of the mandible in order to trasmit forces to the dentition and the basal bone. Typically these muscular forces are generated by altering the mandibular position sagitally and vertically, resulting in orthodontic and orthopedic changes. Functional appliances have been broadly divided into two categories removable and fixed functional appliances. Fixed functional appliances have been used in patients who are non compliant to removable appliances and in patients after the active growth phase has been completed. The purpose of this review was to overview the different fixed functional appliances available till date for the treatment of Class II malocclusions.

Background and aim: Primary mucinous carcinoma of the vagina is a rare disease which is characterized by aggressiveness and relative resistance to conventional treatment modalities. We aim to report a new case of this rare entity, to investigate its characteristics and its prognostic factors. It is a case of advanced stage of primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the vagina, diagnosed in our service in January 2015, showing a highly aggressive course. Case: A 35 year old woman was admitted to our institute to be treated for advanced stage primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the vagina. She had no history of in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol. A digestive endoscopy and a colonoscopy were normal. She was treated by three courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with tri-weekly paclitaxel and carboplatin which were partially effective. However, the disease progressed rapidly and the patient died four months after the treatment. Conclusion: Recognition of this rare entity is important and additional data about patients with primary mucinous carcinoma of the vagina should be collected and analyzed to better characterize these tumors and to elucidate its prognostic factors, optimal treatment and outcome.

The aim of this study was to assess the levels of dental fear and state anxiety in the mothers of pediatric dental patients and whether providing preparatory information regarding treatment would have a significant impact on the anticipatory anxiety. Forty children and their mothers visiting the pediatric dental clinic were participants of the study, and were randomly allocated into two groups. One group was provided with preparatory information regarding the child's treatment. Using dental fear survey and state trait anxiety inventory - state, fear and anxiety levels in the mothers were measured respectively, before and after reading the preparatory information. In Experimental Group, the mother’s dental fear and anxiety levels showed a significant reduction as compared to the control group. This study confirms the existence of a significant relationship between maternal fear and anxiety, and child behaviour in the dental office. Involving the parents through communication, and engendering a cooperative spirit will assure reduced stress in treating our pediatric patients.

Objectives: To compare streptococcus mutans levels in saliva, before and after consumption of milk containing probiotic and probiotic curd. Materials and Methods: Twenty caries free children in the aged 12-14 years were selectedand divided into two groups A and B respectively. Children in group Awas given probiotic curd for first 7 days and group B was given probiotic milk for first 7 days.7 days wash out period was given to both the groups and for next 7 days, group A was given probiotic milkand group B was given ml probiotic curd.Saliva samples were assessedat baseline, 1 hour after consumption, on 7th day, after wash out period (14th day) and on 21thday. Results: The study revealed a reduction in salivary mutans streptococci (MS) counts after 7 days in both the groups. After 7 days, probiotic milk showed a statistically significant reduction in MS counts.The difference in the reduction of MS counts with probiotic milk and probiotic curd at21th day was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The use of probiotic products could be an alternative strategy of displacing pathogenic microorganisms by probiotic bacteria

Asthma continues to be a major public health problem and dietary factors play a significant role in triggering as well as in preventing bronchial asthma. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to highlight the nutritional aspect of asthma.

Acute aortic syndrome (AAS) describes emergency aortic diseases. In 80% of patients, the AAS presents itself as an Acute Dissection of Aorta (ADA). It's worth pointing out that the traumatic etiology of this condition, has great relevance regarding morbidity and mortality. This is fact that the Traumatic Thoracic Aortic Dissection (TTAD), usually occurs from a contuse injury, product of an abrupt deceleration, especially in men and individuals with overweight or obesity, which have a history of smoking and heart surgeries. Early diagnosis of ADA is indispensable, since patients who arrive alive at the hospital, have high probability of death in a short period of time if not treated properly, especially those who have been victims of some traumatic event earlier. In this context, the endovascular approach has become the treatment of choice for acute surgical emergencies involving the descending thoracic aorta. Moreover, it should be considered as a first-line option in the conduct of any emerging conditions that involve this region of the aorta. It is important to note that the longevity and durability of this technology throughout the life of young patients remains to be elucidated.

Objectives: To analyse the prevalence of role modelling among third and sixth course medical students at Medical faculty - Sofia. Methods: Cross-sectional web-based study was carried out in 2015 at the Department of Social medicine, Faculty of Public Health- Sofia. In the study took part 123 medical students in third course and 134 students in sixth course. Relation between variables was assessed with chi-square test with a significance level of p <0.05. Results: Almost half of the medical students (48.2%) declared not having a role model. From the respondents 49.8% said that negative role models are more common during their medical education. The most valued qualities in the role models were, excellent clinical ability and skilful work with patients". The study found an association between abuse of medical students and negative role modelling. Conclusion: Medical teachers in Medical faculty - Sofia do not always serve as good role models for the students. Positive role modelling should be stimulated through policies against abuse in medical universities and a proper training of the medical educators. Strategies to improve role modelling should be an integral part of the politic of the medical universities for the training of the medical educators (Cruess et al., 2008).

Background: Severe acute pancreatitis is an acute abdominal disease that possesses a powerful systemic inflammatory response, and can progress quickly, going from the stage of local pancreatic damages to the dysfunction of several organs, with the development of multiple local and systemic complications. Aim: In this article, a case of splenic perforation by abdominal drain will be described, as a late complication of pancreatic necrosectomy, in a patient with severe acute pancreatitis. Methods: The information was obtained through data from medical records and photographic registers of the diagnosed methods to which the patient has been submitted, andrevision of medical literature. Results: F.L.S, female, 54 years old, hospitalized at Health House São Lucas Hospital presenting intense abdominal pain and elevation of pancreatic enzymes. During the hospitalization, the patient developed a sepsis and a new abdominal CT scan showed necrosis covering more than 70% of the pancreas, associated with the infection of the mentioned necrosis. Following the pancreatic necrosectomy by placement of abdominal drains, the patient presented a splenic perforation by the tubular abdominal drain, resulting in the necessity to adopt conservatory measures to deal with this case. Conclusion: Therefore, it is possible to observe that there hasn´t been any reports of splenic perforation by draining following a pancreatic necrosectomy in the medical literature consulted. Thus, this report constitutes a rare case to the present day. However, there is no way to contraindicate the frequent use of tubular draining, since this is an isolated case and there isn´t other data and there aren´t reports that analyses this topic in medical literature.

Mental health is a level of psychological well-being, or an absence of a mental disorder. It is the "psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment”. According to World Health Organization (WHO) mental health includes "subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence, and self-actualization of one's intellectual and emotional potential, among others. " A person struggling with his or her mental health may experience stress, depression, anxiety, relationship problems, grief, addiction, ADHD or learning disabilities, mood disorders, or other mental illnesses of varying degrees. The aim of this study was to assess the level of mental health among young middle aged population and to associate the level of mental health among the middle aged population with their demographic variables. Non experimental research design was adopted to assess the level of mental health among the young middle aged population. The study was conducted at East Potheri, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram dist. Standardized tool was used to assess the level of mental health among young middle aged population. The data was collected from 50 samples using purposive sampling technique. The data was analyzed and interpreted based on the objectives using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study revealed that, majority 32( 64%) of the young middle aged people had moderate level of mental health, 18(36%) of them had good mental health and no one had poor mental health. There was no association found between the level of mental health among the middle aged population with their demographic variables.

The periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) technique is a combination of a selective decortication-facilitated orthodontic technique and alveolar augmentation. It provides an increased net alveolar volume after orthodontic treatment. The purpose of this article is to describe the history, biology, clinical surgical procedures, indications, contraindications and recent modifications of the PAOO procedure.

New approaches to shorten treatment time without foregoing optimal results, has become a primary goal of all areas of orthodontics. Low friction and self-ligating bracket systems, preformed archwires, alveolar corticotomies are some examples. The phases of normal tooth movement are (Burstone 1962) 1. Initial phase, 2. Lag phase 3.Post lag /continuous phase. When a force is applied onto a tooth, it results in a number of biophysical events such as compression of periodontal ligament, bone deformation and tissue injury. These biophysical events in turn lead to certain biochemical reactions at a cellular level which bring about bone remodelling. Bone deformation and compression of the periodontal ligament leads to the release of some extra-cellular signaling molecules called first messengers. Hormones such as parathormone, local chemical mediators such as prostaglandins and neurotransmitters such as substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The first messengers bind to receptors present on the cell surface of target cells and initiate a process of intracellular signalling. The intra-cellular signalling results in formation of second messengers, which include cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and calcium. Second messengers inside the cells is believed to initiate formation of bone cells namely osteoclasts and osteoblasts which are responsible for bone remodelling. Mechanical forces, at present the only clinical means for producing orthodontic tooth movement, are but one way to activate cells. Chemical and physical agents are capable of stimulating bone cells to perform specific functions. Cellular activation occurs in or through the cell membrane. It involves fluxes of ions, such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl, and inorganic phosphate as well as activation of the membrane-bound enzymes adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase. Enzymes act upon their respective substrates, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), to produce adenosine 3’, 5’-monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3’, 5’-monophosphate (cGMP). These latter substances, together with Ca2+, are considered to be the intracellular “second messengers” which mediate the effects of external stimuli on their target cells. All three substances serve as co-factors in enzymatic phosphorylation reactions. The rational of acceleration by physical stimulation concomitant with orthodontic forces is done in order to augment the effect of the mechanical forces. Tissue remodeling effect which is mediated by a variety of cells like fibroblasts, root and bone surface lining cells endothelial and epithelial cells and different kinds of leukocytes. Thus this method is helpful in increasing the speed of tooth movement. The chemical methods to accelerate the rate of orthodontic tooth movement includes application of pharmacologic agents have shown good results in increasing orthodontic tooth movement .The combined effect of force application and the exogenous administration of an osteoclast differentiation factor has an effect on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal ligament gene expression. In surgical method of corticotomy were linear cuts and bur holes are made extending 0.5mm into the medullary bone results in a temporary burst of localized soft and hard tissue remodeling (i.e., regeneration) which rebuilds the bone back to its normal state. Rapid tooth movement was due to transient localised demineralization and remineralisation in the bone due to wound healing. This phenomenon is known as the regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP). This article presents a detailed description of the various methods of acceleration of tooth movement.

Results obtained from stored samples of serum or whole blood are often contradictory. The present study was done with the aim to determine the effects of storage time on the laboratory results of 5 analytes in sera. We determined the concentration of Glucose, Creatinine, Bilirubin, SGOT and SGPT at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours and observed its stability. All samples were stored at 4-8° C. It was observed that all five serum analytes examined are sufficiently stable for 72 hours in serum.

First described by Philipsen in 1956, the odontogenic keratocyst is characterized by a large squamous keratinization of its border, an aggressive growth behaviour, a high recurrent rate and characteristic histological appearance. It is now designated by the World Health Organization as a keratocystic odontogenic tumour (KOT). Clinically, the KOT is manifested by an asymptomatic growth. Radiographically, it appears as a well-defined unilocular or multilocular osteolytic lesion. The diagnostic approach is based on a combined analysis of the medical history, the clinical appearance and the radiographic appearance. The diagnosis may be confirmed by the histopathological report. Finally, treatment consists of surgical excision and follow up is characterized by a high rate of recurrence. Case Presentation: In this case report we present a 51-year-old male patient with a large odontogenic keratocyst and treatment with Enucleation and Chemical cauterization followed by dental implants with a 2 year follow-up. According to the patient's age and clinical findings, implants supported fixed prosthesis was the treatment of choice.

Objective: To determine the association of thrombocytopenia and prolong bleeding time in children suffering from malaria. Study design: Cross sectional descriptive study Setting: Department of pediatrics Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. Duration: Six month from 24th June 2014 to 23rd December 2014 Subjects and methods: All children presenting in pediatrics department of Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad with fever (>101 oF) or history of fever (>101 oF) for 3 days duration were evaluated for malaria parasite through thick and thin blood smear. Then all malaria positive patients were assessed for platelet count. Thrombocytopenia; if present then further evaluated for their bleeding time (BT) by Duke’s method and observation were noted. Results: Total 154 children of malaria were included in this study mean age + SD (range) was 5.76 + 3.63 (6 months to 12 years). 118 cases were plasmodium vivax positive while 34 were suffering from plasmodium falciparum malaria, whereas 02 children had mixed (p. vivax and p. falciparum) infection. Out of 154 children of malaria, 100(65.0%) had decreased platelets count. Of these, 71(71.0%, n =100) had mild thrombocytopenia, 26(26.0%, n = 100) had moderate thrombocytopenia, while severe thrombocytopenia was observed in 3(3.0%, n = 100). Prolonged bleeding time was observed in those children who had thrombocytopenia. Out of 100 cases of thrombocytopenia, prolonged bleeding time (> 8 minutes) was seen in 8(8.0%, n = 100) cases. Of these, 5(62.5%, n = 8) children had moderate thrombocytopenia while 3(37.5%, n = 8) had severe thrombocytopenia. Conclusion: This study concluded that various degree of thrombocytopenia is common with malaria from asymptomatic to prolong bleeding time leading to life threatening bleeding require early diagnosis and prompt management.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric endodontic procedures has increased steadily in the past decade. Therefore, restoration of teeth after endodontic treatment is becoming an integral part of the restorative practice in dentistry. AIM: To evaluate the compressive strength of root filled deciduous molar teeth with different restorative techniques along with fibre placement. METHODOLOGY: Fifty extracted deciduous molars were taken [Figure No. 2] and divided into four groups. Group 1- served as control, Group 2- pediatric endodontic procedure was performed and were kept unrestored (post obturation restoration). In groups 3 and 4 – post obturation restoration with composite composite was done. A 3mm groove using 343 sized bur was prepared on the occlusal surface of the finished restorations in group 4 from buccal to lingual direction. Glass fibre was inserted in the groove in combination with flowable resin that was cured and covered with composite resin. Cavity surfaces were covered with flowable resin in group 5 and were placed onto the bed of resin in buccal to lingual direction before the composite restoration. Compressive loading of the teeth was performed by a Universal Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 3mm-1 until failure. Data was recorded in Newton and submitted to Anova and Tukey post hoc test. RESULTS: Fibre when placed from buccal to lingual direction under composite restoration (Group 5) {2213.02(204.4)} significantly increased fracture resistance. CONCLUSION: Post endodontic restoration is an important step necessary step for a good prognosis of the tooth. In the present study restoration has been evaluated along with fibre placement in two variations and fibre placement under the composite restoration was found to be providing a greater compressive strength. However, further studies both in vivo and in vitro need to be done to evaluate the efficiency of fibre placement as a post endodontic restoration.

Background: Incidence of Tubercular meningitis (TBM) in developing countries is 7-12%. About 25 % patients have poor prognosis because of delay in diagnosis. The aim of the present study is to find a simple, rapid, cost effective diagnostic test in differentiating tubercular etiology from other causes. Methods: Sixty-two patients admitted to our tertiary hospital with symptoms and signs of meningitis were selected and divided into two groups: tubercular (n=39) and pyogenic (n= 23), depending upon the accepted criteria. CSF examination done in each patients and adenosine deaminase (ADA) level estimated. Cut off value of ADA kept at or above 10 IU/L for tubercular meningitis. Results: The mean age of patients with tubercular meningitis was 39.07 ± 16.67 years and that of pyogenic meningitis 34.35 ± 16.73 years. Out of 39 tuberculous patients, 33 patients were found to be having CSF ADA at or above the cutoff value of 10 IU/L while six had below cutoff value. In tubercular meningitis, the ADA level in CSF ranged between 7 to 112 U/L with mean± SD as 35.72 ± 32.83 IU/L, while in pyogenic meningitis, the ADA level ranged between 2.4 to 7 IU/L with a mean ± SD as 4.21± 1.35 IU/L. On comparison between two groups, the CSF ADA level found to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions: our study showed that estimation of ADA in CSF is not only simple, inexpensive and rapid but also fairly specific method for making a diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. For this reason we recommend CSF ADA estimation in TBM.

Purpose: To compare efficacy of fibrin glue versusconjunctival suturing after pterygium excision in terms of operating time, postoperative symptoms, signs, recurrences & safety in terms of anaphylactic reaction and disease transmission (HIV, HBsAG). Materials and Methods: This hospital based prospective study was conducted at R.L. Jalappa Hospital and Research Centre, Tamaka, Kolar between January 2015 and June 2016. Study included 100 patients fulfilling inclusion criteria and all were worked up according to the protocol. Patients were randomly allocated to 2 groups, Group A (Fibrin group =50) and Group B (Suture group =50) who underwent pterygium excision with limbal conjunctival autograft with fibrin glue and pterygium excision with limbal conjunctival autograft with suture respectively. Patients were followed up at 1st day, 3rd day, 10th day, 1st month and 6th month for postoperative symptoms and signs like pain, foreign body sensation and lacrimation, sub conjunctival haemorrhage, graft retraction/gaping and recurrences. Results: Mean age of Limbal conjunctivalauto graft with suture was 52.39 years and 53.22 years in fibrin glue group. Mean operating time was 43.00 minutes in the suture group compared to fibrin glue group which was 22.78 minutes. Patients in fibrin glue group had less symptoms of pain, foreign body sensation, lacrimation, sub conjunctival haemorrhage and graft gaping compared to suture group. Recurrence was noted in 3 & 1 patient in suture group & fibrin glue group respectively at the end of six-month follow-up period. Conclusion: Fibrin glue was found to be a safe and effective method for attaching limbal conjunctival autograft following pterygium excision. Its use results in a shorter operating time, less post-operative discomfort, inflammation, recurrence and no anaphylactic reaction and disease transmission like HIV and HBsAG compared to suturing.

The revolutionary era of tooth replacement began with the invention of implants. Although success rate of 81 to 99% have been reported, there has been a failure rate of 1.5 to 6.7%. Though small these failures still pose a significant clinical, psychological and financial challenges to clinician and patients. Improper implant planning, patient compliance and hypersensitivity to implant metal are major causes for its failure as there is a void and scope of research in this area. Hence this study has been designed to determine the metal particle released from titanium end osseous implant by exfoliative cytology and histopathology

Purpose: This study was conducted in New Delhi, India to evaluate the effectiveness of lavender tea in relieving fatigue, enhancing sleep quality and in improving maternal-infant attachment during the postpartum period. Method: A total of 60 Indian postnatal women with no history of allergy to herbal teas, foods, or medicines were assigned systematically to either the experimental group (n=30) or the control group (n=30). The participants in the experimental group were instructed to drink one cup of lavender tea after spending time to appreciate and smell the aroma each day for a period of 2 weeks, whereas their control group received regular postpartum care only. The Lee fatigue scale, Postnatal sleep quality scale and Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire were used to assess outcomes. Findings: Data gathered were analyzed and interpreted using descriptive and inferential statistics. The mean post fatigue score of the postnatal mothers in experimental group (38.93) was lower than the control group (119.5) with a mean difference of 80.57. The obtained ‘t’ value of 21.5 was significant at 0.05 level. The mean post sleep quality level of the postnatal mothers in experimental group (3.93) was lower than the control group (15.86) with a mean difference of 11.93. The obtained ‘t’ value of 26.5 was significant at 0.05 level and the mean post maternal infant attachment of the postnatal mothers in experimental group (28.72) was lower than control group (69.55) with a mean difference of 40.8. The obtained ‘t’ value of 7 was significant at 0.05 level. This indicates that administration of lavender tea to postnatal mothers in experimental group for 14 consecutive days was to be effective in decreasing fatigue level, improving sleep quality and improving maternal infant attachment of postnatal mother whereas in control group regular postpartum care found not effective in improving maternal infant attachment. Conclusion: This study supports the popular claim for the beneficial effects of lavender tea on fatigue, sleep quality, and maternal-infant attachment in postpartum women. The lack of reported side effects further supports lavender tea consumption as an alternative therapy that is safe, simple, cost-effective, and viable for all clients.

Recent diagnostic and therapeutic progress for severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) has decreased the case mortality rate. There is a therapeutic window within the first 48 h, when specific treatment may alter the outcome. An ideal scoring system and laboratory assay in the evaluation of acute pancreatitis patients should provide an early severity assessment to facilitate treatment. This should be applicable in the clinical setting, rapid, low cost, accurate and available on a 24-hour basis. Objective: To evaluate the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) score and Interleukin (IL)-6 for predicting severity of acute pancreatitis. Methodology: SIRS scoring system and IL -6 levels is evaluated in 30 patients with acute pancreatitis at time of admission. These 30 patients were divided into 2 groups- mild and severe pancreatitis depending on presence of organ failure and/or local complications such as necrosis, etc. Correlation between SIRS’s score and IL-6 levels and its role in predicting severity of pancreatitis was evaluated. Results: Thirty-patients with acute pancreatitis admitted to our hospital between March 2014 to October 2015 were studied, 12 mild-group patients and 18 severe-group patients. SIRS score for severe form was > 2 while mild form had score < 2. IL-6 levels showed significant differences (p < 0.005) between the severe group and the mild group on the day of admission. Even SIRS score and IL-6 levels showed significant correlation with severity of pancreatitis. Conclusion: SIRS scoring system and IL-6 levels on the day of admission are useful for early prediction of severity of acute pancreatitis in primary health care and aides in effective management, thus reducing the morbidity and mortality of acute pancreatitis.

In relating to explain the scientific basis of triple RLung, Mkhris, Badgan theory of Tibetan Traditional Medicine among many researchers have been prevailed the opinions as if rlung, mkhris, badgan are living things, the real thing, which really existed inside human body we could looking at it and touching it. By L.Ron Hubbard principle the first barrier to study is not having the real thing there that you are studying about, the real things or the objects that you study about are called mass. Our study demonstrated that inside a human body are not really existed a living rlung, mkhris, badgan, which play the role of so named mass-real things according to L.Ron Hubbard principle. If we would accept the opinions of some researchers about existing the living rlung, mkhris, badgan inside human body as the real thing as mass, which could look and touch, that mean that we should recognize the idea about existence of Homo sapiens human species, whose body beside living cells, contained a really existing living rlung, mkhris, badgan as mass-real things and who may be described as “Homo sapiens, containing rlung, mkhris, badgan” human species. In such way it is categorically resisted, refused the opinions, relating to coexistence of “Homo sapiens plus vata, kapha, pitta “human species (human species, containing a living rlung, mkhris, badgan had not registered in Linnaean taxonomy) along with “Homo sapiens” human species. In this connection it is raised the principal question that what things are really existed inside human body, conditioning the appearance of triple rlung, mkhris, badgan theory of Tibetan Traditional Medicine and served the role of mass - real things or the objects that we study, we could looking at it and touching it. By our study established that the membrane - redox potentials three - state line system dependent - full 9 stepped cycle of proton conductance-related regulations as the universal metabolic formula and the 4 compartments of human body and the 10 functional systems of human body formed during 4,4 billion years - basic stages of evolution development to ensure the normal functions of the membrane - redox potentials three - state line system dependent - full 9 stepped cycle of proton conductance since, when sets the stage for the formation of life in the universe, served the role of living mass - real thing in relating to Rlung, Mkhris, Badgan theory, which really existed inside human body we could looking at it and touching it.

Ayurveda is one of the greatest gifts of sages of ancient india to the mankind. The word “Ayu” means all aspects of life from birth to death. The word “Veda” means knowledge or learning. Hence Ayurveda is a science by which life in its totality is understood. It is away of life which describes, the diet behaviour & alsoteaches us to maintain & protect mental, physical health & achieve longevity. Health means balance, harmony & equilibrium in all physiological activities of body & mind i.e. balance state of Doshas, Dhatus, Malas, Agni, Prasanna atma, Indriya & Mana. Contents of swasthvritta are 1. Dincharya 2. Ritucharya 3. Sadvritta 4. Preventive Measures Medicine that improves oja & prevents from aging & disease is called Rasayana. Rasayana means the food, exercise, medicine & all which provide nutrition to sapta dhatus & avoid aging. Rasayana includes concept of vayasthapana, Ayuvardhak, Medhya Rasayana. A person undergo rejuvenation therapy attains longevity, memory, intellect, freedom from disease, youth excellence & voice. Acharya charak decribed 4 dravys as medhya rasayan. Out of these Guduchi is one of the most rejuvenative herb.

Aims: The aim of the study is to determine the effect of a care based on Roy’s adaptation model on physiological dimension among pediatric patients suffering from URTI. Settings and Design: Quantitative approach was selected with pretest posttest design conducted in the HAHC Hospital, Delhi. Sample and Sampling: 30 samples were chosen using convenience sampling technique. Methods: Care based on Roy’s adaptation model was given to the study subjects and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data regarding the physiological dimensions of the subjects before and after the intervention. Results: Findings revealed that the mean posttest physiological score of the experimental group was greater than the mean posttest physiological score of control group. Conclusions: Thus it is concluded that care based on Roy’s adaptation Model (physiological dimensions) was effective among pediatric patients suffering from URTI.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect on the use of vitamin C, E and C + E as antioxidants on sperm quality of frozen-thawed semen boar semen Yorkshire breed, which was divided into three treatments with Vitamin C, E and combined (C + E) at different concentrations (0, 2, 4 and 6 mg / ml) was used. Motility and viability was assessed before and after freezing the semen, semen freezing was described by Westendorf based with some modifications. After thawing with vitamin C motility of 80% and viability of 75%, with vitamin E motility was obtained was 85% and a viability of 89% and vitamin C + E motility was 85% and 88% viability. Concentration of 4 mg / ml in the control treatment vitamin C was 81% and 85% viability, with E motility was 80% and 85% viability. With vitamins C + E motility was 86% and 88% viability before freezing. After thawing, motility vitamin C was 80% and 80% viability; with E motility was 80% and 83% viability; with C + E vitamins in the witness vitamin C motility was 83% and the viability of 85%: In the concentration at 6 mg / ml the witness with vitamin C motility was 81% and viability of 80% ; with E motility was 87% and the viability of 80% and vitamins C + E motility was 85% and the viability of 88%: After thawing, the C motility was 83% and 79% viability, with E motility was 85% and 83% viability with vitamins C + E motility was 87% and 88% viability. In conclusion, the addition of vitamins in the spermatic conservation help keep sperm motility and viability.

Ivy Gourd Coccinia grandis (L) also known as baby watermelon or little gourd is a unique tropical plant, that is a member of the family of Cucurmbitaceae. It has been classified as a medicinal herb in traditional Thai and ayurvedic medicine. The fruits of C. grandis are known to contain active constituents like taraxerone, taxerol, amyran, lupeol and glycoside cucurbitacan B. The tender green fruits are nutritious and are good source of protein, calcium, fiber and beta carotene, Vitamin-A. Coccinia grandis herb lowers blood sugar levels by 20 percent in type 2 diabetics, helps in regulating body temperature during fever, used as an injection into chronic sinuses, used in decoction for gonorrhea, used to treat inflammation, dyspnea, cough, emaciation, fever with burning sensation; convulsion, syphilis pulse and flower are used in jaundice.

Introduction: The management of rectal cancer has changed over the years with an emphasis on neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NACRT) followed by surgery. Multiple western studies had shown better local control and sphincter preservation with preoperative chemoradiation in carcinoma rectum. However, data from India is lacking. Thus, we conducted the retrospective study in our institution to show the impact of neoadjuvant chemoradiation on sphincter preservation in carcinoma rectum. Aims: Down staging, local control and sphincter preservation in carcinoma rectum. Materials and Methods: The retrospective study was conducted in our institution which enrolled 126 patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of carcinoma rectum (stage I-III) treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery from Jan2009-Dec2013. Total dose of 45Gy in 25 fractions over 5weeks was delivered using 3D-CRT technique. All patients received 5-FU/LV(5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin) weekly with 5-FU 325mg/m2 and LV 30mg/m2 on D1 of every week. 4-8weeks after completion of NACRT, patients were assessed for disease response, sphinchter preservation possibility and resectability of tumour. Pathologic assessment of response was seen in the resected tumours. Impact of different prognostic factors on clinical outcome was analysed. Results: Median age of presentation was 48 years (range 18-77 years). Out of 126 patients, 86 were males and 40 were females. Most of the patients presented with bleeding per rectum (94.4%). Mean duration of symptoms was 9 months. Most of the patients presented with T3 disease (50.8%) followed by T2 (43.6%) and T4 (5.6%). Out of 126 patients, 83(65.9%) had N1 disease and 10(7.9%) had N2 disease. Lymph nodes were not involved in 33(26.2%). Most of our patients presented with stage III disease (73.8%). Mean distance of tumor was 4.2cm from anal verge. All the patients had histologically proven adenocarcinoma with signet ring cell and mucinous variety seen in 9.5% and 7.1% respectively. Most of the patients had moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (43.7%). Well differentiated and poorly differentiated variety were seen in 6 and 5 patients respectively. With NACRT 82(65.07%) patients out of 126 were down staged and were amenable for surgery. Among 126 patients, 63(50.0%) underwent LAR(low anterior resection) and thus 50% of the patients had sphincter preserved and 53(42.1%) underwent APR(abdomino-perineal resection). Pathological complete response was seen in 14(11.9%) patients. Local control was seen in 60% of the patients. Patients with Hb>12gm//dl and tumours more than 3 cm from anal verge showed better sphincter preservation (p=0.018,p=0.011 respectively). Though grade of the tumour did not have impact on sphincter preservation however survival was improved in low grade tumours. Type of histology, lymph node positivity, pre op CEA did not have any significant impact on outcome. Conclusion: This study represents the largest Indian experience with standard neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery in rectal cancer. Down staging of tumor, improved local control and increased sphincter preservation was seen in our study. Pretreatment Hemoglobin status, distance from anal verge and grade of the tumour came out to be the important prognostic factors.

Aim - To evaluate the effects of a herbal desensitizing dentifrice in different forms on dentinal tubule occlusion by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Methods and Materials - 120 dentine blocks were prepared from the cervical region measuring 1.5 ×1.5 ×1.5 mm, was etched with 6% citric acid for 2 minutes, rinsed in distilled water and were divided into 4 groups: Group 1 specimens were brushed with distilled water, Group 2 specimens were rinsed in Hiora K mouth wash, Group 3 specimens were brushed with Hiora K tooth paste, Group 4 specimens were brushed with Hiora k tooth paste and the rinsed with Hiora K mouth wash From each group 5 samples each were taken on 3rd, 7th, 21st, 28th, 45th and 60th day. Specimens were washed with distilled water, dried in dessicator for 2 days, sputter coated with thin gold layer and subjected for SEM analysis and was scored in accordance with the tubule occlusion classification scoring system. Results –All the groups excluding control showed complete occlusion of dentinal tubule on the 45th and 60 th day. On the remaining days better results were shown by the tooth paste group followed by combination group and least occlusion was seen in mouth wash alone group. Conclusions - As Hiora K toothpaste and mouthwash occluded the dentinal tubules, they may be useful for the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity.

A case of utilization of xylazine to induce sedation in cattle to avoid their noise and movement for illegal trafficking was reported. A veterinary tranquilizer xylazine was detected by high performance thin layer chromatography followed by Gas Chromatography - Mass spectrometer. The blood sample of cattle and used syringes was received by the laboratory from the scene of crime by investigating agency. The extraction of drug from the biological samples has been done by using liquid-liquid extraction method. The methods strongly support the presence of xylazine in sample of question and give firm evidence for the material used for the purpose of crime.

History of Ayurveda literature can be traced back to Vedic period. Continuous foreign invasion makes it difficult for the exact prediction of descend of Scientific literature in Ayurveda through years. Literature works in Ayurveda flourished mostly in Samhita and Sangraha kala. But a lot of Rasasastra texts were written in modern period also. Rasakamadhenu is one among such texts, which may be considered as an important work in the field of Rasasastra. This text is considered as a compilation work which is done by Vaidyavara Sri. Chudamani Mishra. It is composed of 4 padas and 81 chapters. Rasakamadhenu gives a detailed description about the two main concepts of Rasasastra, i.e. Lohavada and Dehavada.

Lactic acid is found to be one of the most industrially essential acids that have a wide spread application such as food preservative, curing agent and flavouring agent. Lactic acid bacteria has antioxidant activity which is associated with multiple health protective effects such as prevention and treatment of diarrheal disease, inflammatory bowel disease, immunomodulation, treatment of cholesterolemia, prevention of systemic infections, prevention and treatment of allergies, and remedy for lactose intolerance. This investigation was designed to analyze the antioxidant capacity of lactic acid bacteria in order to provide characteristic parameter and theoretical basis for its further utilization as a natural antioxidant. In this study, different food samples were used to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Bacterial isolates that showed catalase negative, gram positive, glucose positive, mannitol positive and lactose positive were selected for further studies. The antioxidant activity of cells and different cellular fractions of Lactobacillus sp was evaluated by reducing power, total antioxidant activity, ferrous ion chelator, flavonoid test, scavenging DPPH and total phenolic content present. Further to confirm HPLC and TLC were also done. The probiotic potential of the isolates was found out by checking their pH and bile tolerance ability. All the isolates shown growth at pH 4. The study highlights a simple and rapid method for identification of Lactobacillus sp. On the other hand, in presented study media optimization was also done to maximize the production of LAB.

Fast Life and Competition to stand to the expectation of Parents are making Student Life Complicated Day by Day. While entering into College from School is the stage of Adolescence. It is the period in which several hormonal changes takes place in girls, a change from Childhood to Adulthood. As a teacher in college aims to develop students with skills, good manners and knowledge in their life. This study aimed to determine the problems the students encounter while entering in College. The research used an Observational Research method to know the problems the girl students face while entering in college and Experimental method to know about the Percentage of Awareness in them. Results of the Observation method showed that the problems faced were pressure from parents, Irritation during hormonal changes, race to become popular in College. The result obtained from Experimental method was that the awareness percentage was 40 to 50%.

Power consumption and it’s reduction is one of the primary concerns in today’s VLSI design because of two main reasons, one is the long operating life requirement of phone battery and portable devices and second is due to increasing number of transistors on a single chip which leads to high power dissipation and it can lead to reliability and IC packaging problems. Power reduction has become an important issue in digital circuit design, especially for high performance portable devices (such as cell phones, PDAs, etc.). Thus, it is evident that methodologies for the design of high-throughput, low-power digital systems are needed. A chip’s maximum power consumption depends on its technology as well as its implementation. Due to scaling down of technology and when CMOS circuits are powered by lower supply voltages, standby leakage current becomes significant. Also threshold voltage is reduced due to scaling which leads to the increase in sub- threshold leakage current and hence there will be increase in static power dissipation. In order to reduce the static power dissipation, one has to give up the circuit performance and area of the given circuit. This project discuss about various leakage current reduction methods that will be useful for both Conventional and Gate diffusion input (GDI) logics inorder to reduce the static power, dynamic power and also consider the area by using minimum number of transistors. These all were done in 95nm technology using Tanner EDA V13.0 Tool.

This research paper proposes the Fuzzy logic Controller (FLC) for Forward Converter with Active Clamp circuit (ACFC) to improve the performance of the converter Brief review on the fuzzy logic controller and mathematical modeling of Converter is first given. The importance of FLC for forward converter and design procedure is described in detail. And the validity of designing controllers and achievement of desired compensation is verified by the results of implementing Fuzzy PID controller and Fuzzy PD controller to Active Clamp Forward Converter (ACFC). Finally the results are analyzed by applying disturbances at both sides of the converter. And obtained results of Fuzzy Controllers are compared with the results of Discrete-time PID Controller. The ACFC is used in Telecom Power Supply, in Distrubuted Power System Circuits and Improvement in performance of the Converter is achieved by designing the Fuzzy Controllers by simplifying the design process of the controller.

Ginger and Garlic Paste is mainly used as a condiment in various food preparation and also serves as a carminative and gastric stimulant in many medicine preparations. As a condiment, it is used for flavoring mayonnaise and Tomato Ketchup sauce, Salads, meat sausages, chutney, pickles, Biryani, Fried Rice etc. The project is about fabrication of mechanical crusher which would help to making a paste for full size ginger and garlic material. This project aims to design a crusher that could be installed anywhere and would aid crush of full size ginger and garlic. This project involves the process of designing the crusher considering forces required for crushing and ergonomic factor that an operator needs. The design of this machine is such that it would require optimum load to crush and will not strain the user or operator. The crusher is designed based in the simple principle or a mechanism which is Crank and Slotted Lever Mechanism where the rotary motion from the motor is connected to crushing plates that crushes materials. The Designed components were then assembled and analyzed using analysis software and the required dimensions of the crusher for the optimum performance have been found. These data’s were then transformed into a real time model by manufacturing it. The designed crusher was then checked and the crusher effectively crushed all the components with ease and with reduced human effort.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process, widely emerging its usage in various manufacturing applications, used for joining similar & dissimilar metals mostly used for aluminum alloys. The present investigation is carried out on magnesium alloy (AZ31B) plates using FSW technique by varying the process parameters viz. tool material and tool pin profile while keeping the other parameters to a constant value. The output parameters are ultimate tensile strength, hardness and joint efficiency were studied for the above parameters for rotational speed of 900rpm & 1400 rpm, feed rate of 20mm/min, tilt angle 1° and axial force of 5KN. The optimum conditions have been found for the best weld quality with superior mechanical properties.

The level of microbial activity in environment water used for consumption in Dekina, Anyigba and Ejule Districts in the Eastern Senatorial District of Kogi State were determined. Sample were taken from Agbano pond in Ejule, Kogi State University borehole, Anyigba, Oganaji River in Anyigba and Dekina River in Dekina. The physiochemical parameters such as particular matter, pH, Temperature and odour for each sample were taken. All samples were prepared using serial dilution. Colonies formation count was done using plate inoculation method at 37oc for 24 hours. The aerobic mesophilic for each sample was done using three media, (McConkey agar, M-endo agar and Eosin methylene blue agar). Sub-culturing were prepared for each sample and the Gram stain technique was used to determined the type of bacteria present in water. The catalase test were equally carried out. The results the rivers (Oganaji and Dekina) were highly polluted and contain more potent bacteria (Salmonella typhi) among others and hence pose a heavy health risk in the environment.

Sound land administration needs effective good governance which has become a major area of focus by the government of Ethiopia. However, there is still a gap in applying the principles of good governance in urban land administration. The objective of this study was to assess the practice of urban land administration in Shashemene City of Oromia Regional State, Southern Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, the study has applied multi-stage representative sampling technique. The researcher has employed descriptive research design and mixed research approach. The study used 129 systematically selected sample households from four sampled kebeles. The primary data was collected from the city municipal officials and experts, focus group discussions participants as well as households by the researcher with the help of enumerators and secondary data were collected from rules and regulations, documents concerning land and property registration system, different documents on good governance principles and official records. Qualitative data were analyzed by narration, while quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. The cumulative finding reveals that there is an inefficient as well as ineffective land administration system and administrative, technical and capacity problems were the major challenges in the study area. Finally, the study stated improving the participation of people, striving for high level integration between service rendering departments and offices, instituting a pro poor land allocation and management system, strict controlling and evaluation system up on employees, applying the modern cadastral system of land registration and setting clear and uniform work procedure as recommendations based on the findings of the study.

The Wadi Qutabah gabbroic intrusion associated with magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposit is located in the northwest of Yemen, about 60 km. of Sana’a City. Petrographic examination shows the gabbroic rocks are composed mainly of plagioclase, clinopyroxene orthopyroxene and hornblende. Two main types of sulfide mineralization have been recognized within gabbroic rocks; disseminated and massive sulfides. The principal ore minerals are pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite and magnetite. The chemical compositions of the gabbroic rocks represent SiO2 (47.68 - 53.13 wt. %), MgO (1.97 - 9.98 wt. %) Al2O3 (16.57 - 26.76 wt. %), Fe2O3 (2.0 - 13.35 wt. %) and TiO2 (0.54 - 3.07 wt. %). The results of chemical analysis of the sulfides represent Ni (0.40 – 1.54 wt. %), Cu (0.06 – 2.46 wt. %) and Co (0.08 – 0.180 wt. %). The Wadi Qutabah gabbroic intrusion is enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREE), and exhibit positive Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies and negative Zr and Hf anomalies. Major oxide, trace element and REE data are suggestive of oceanic island evolved basalt as the parent for these gabbros. The mineralogy and tectonic discrimination diagrams suggest within plate basalt tholeiitic.

In this paper, author tries to relate inflation rate (measured both by CPI and WPI) with growth rate in India during 1960-2015 and calculated target rate of WPI and CPI. Author used Bai-Perron test (2003) for structural breaks and also used Granger Causality test (1969), Johansen cointegration and vector error correction models (1991,1996) for relationship and used residual test for autocorrelation and found impulse response functions for convergence and stability for both CPI and WPI with growth. By taking Khan and Senhadi model (2001), author found out the target rate of CPI and WPI for India. Author observed that one per cent increase in whole sale price index per year leads to 0.59 per cent increase in GDP growth rate per year in India during 1960-2015. The WPI granger cause growth rate but not vice versa i.e. causality is uni-directional. Growth and WPI is cointegrated in the order of one. VEC Model is stable but change in WPI has slow error correction whereas change in growth rate is not a good fit but its error correction process is faster than change in WPI. Its residuals are not normal having autocorrelation problem and impulse response functions are diverging. During 1960-2015, WPI has four structural breaks at 1974, 1988, 1995 and 2008 respectively. Above the threshold level of WPI=4.12 with 2010=100, the inflation-growth nexus tends to negative. The paper also found that one per cent increase in consumer price index per year leads to 0.55 per cent increase in GDP growth rate per year in India during 1960-2015. The CPI granger cause growth rate but not vice versa i.e. causality is uni-directional. Growth and CPI is cointegrated in the order of one. VEC Model is stable and is highly good fit but only error correction process of change in growth rate is significant for speedy correction. Its residuals are not normal having autocorrelation problem and impulse response functions are diverging. During 1960-2015, CPI has four structural breaks at 1974, 1987, 1996, and 2008 respectively. Above the threshold level of CPI=3.258 with 2010=100, the inflation-growth nexus tends to negative.

Indian economy is prominently driven by the cities. Cities in India have its own challenges and opportunities in itself. These challenges are economical, infrastructure related and also social. As per the census 2011, the urban population residing in the various cities in India accounts for approximate 30% of its total population and contributes approximate of 65% of its total GDP. This is posed to increase to 40% and 75% respectively by 2030. In light of this situation, one has to investigate these posed challenges and also look into the opportunities so as to make these cities Smarter. One of the noticeable challenges is of Water and Waste Water Management of the cities, which need to be studied with respect to the current operational difficulties and expected changes as per the guidelines of the Smart City. Annual per capita water availability would be decreased by almost 25% by 2050 in India. Currently most of the cities of India are missing the appropriate sewage treatment facilities and the suitable sanitation. As per the guidelines of Smart City, the research is focused to understand the basic requirements of Water and Waste Water Management. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to understand the gap between the proposed Smart City requirements and the existing infrastructure. This paper also investigates specifics about the Water and Waste Water Management of proposed Smart City requirements vis-à-vis prevailing systems. Methodology: This research paper is descriptive in nature. The primary data is collected through interview method. The primary facts were gathered through the discussions with the municipal authorities involved in water and waste water management. The content analysis method is used to evaluate the secondary data related to the guidelines of Smart City and existing records. Findings: The major finding of this research assignment reflects the enormous gap between the current systems and expected transformation into Smart City.

In India, always a day starts with a news story saying about the future health care. Air pollution is the strong evidence for environmental problem in India in terms of human health, causing thousands of deaths and illness which leads to a huge amount for health care expenses. Air pollution leads to deaths of many pre-mature when compared to traffic accidents but the media coverage and government action is very less in India. According to the survey conducted by Organization for Economic Cooperation and development, India consistently ranks among the most polluted country. India is responsible for Sulphur dioxide emissions, nitrogen dioxide emissions, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide emissions and greenhouse gas emissions. The reason for the emissions of such harmful pollutants is due to weak laws and guidelines. To reduce this pollution, level the government should take certain precautions and production and also to give strict laws to control air pollution by comparing the air pollution act with other countries we can know how strong and how weak are our laws, so that we do some amendments to finalize the laws and Act to reduce air pollution in our country. Unless India strengthens this laws and regulations, pressures from people will result in increasing hazardous air pollutants.

The experimental sheep (Bannur breed) were observed for their basic behavior patterns for six hundred hours, six hours in a day during the study. Study was done to construct the ethogram for bannur breed of sheep under semi-intensive farm conditions. Eight main behavioral categories consisting of forty-six different behavioral patterns were grouped under different headings, were used for the study. Behavioral categories included, gaits, animal oriented locomotion, visual patterns, object and self oriented contact patterns, vocal and non-vocal patterns, stretching patterns, stationary body positions and stances and feeding, digestive and elimination patterns. Sheep utilized the maximum time for grazing activity with occasional browsing on plants, trees, etc. Defecation and urination were the common patterns exhibited along with the feeding activities. Most of the activities were expressed during the day time. The rumination was observed during rest while the animals slept during night times. These results of the study indicated that the bannur sheep express maximum natural behavioral activities in free range system. Further the behavior patterns exhibited under confinement are only need based suggesting that the animal prefer an independent free movement space than enclosed systems.

The study investigates the macroeconomic determents of tourist arrivals in Sri Lanka, using annually series of the corresponding variables. To achieve the objectives both time series technique and econometrics techniques were used to analyze data. The statistical techniques used include the unit root Augmented Dickey Fuller test in order to fulfill the objective of stationary for all the time series. The results from granger causality test revealed that past behavior of gross domestic production, gross domestic per capita income, government expenditure on capital and net lending, imports of goods, exports of goods and foreign direct investment are significant factors which determine the present behavior of tourist arrivals in Sri Lanka. The regression analysis it showed that all macroeconomic variables are strongly linear associated with tourist arrivals. The VECM model has revealed that there exists long run relationship between tourist arrivals and those variables. The results derived in this study can be effectively used for implementation of new strategies to attract more tourists to Sri Lanka.

The National Rural employment Guarantee Act 2005 is a landmark initiative in the history of poverty reduction strategies in India. The act providing unskilled wage work to the poor at the bottom addresses the worst form of poverty in the rural India. The Act provides a legal Guarantee of 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work at the minimum wage rate notified for agricultural labour prescribed in the State or else an unemployment allowance. The objective of the Act is to supplement wage employment opportunities in rural areas and in the process also build up durable Assets. The objective of the paper is to examine the extent to which the intended programme has reached the tribals and schedule cast people in terms of employment generation, asset creation and wage accruals through involving MGNREGA The reference period for the analysis is from 2016-15 to 2012-13. The data is collected from secondary sources for this study it includes the information available on the official websites of MGNREGA and Simple averages, ratios, and percentages have been used to carry out my objective. The major findings of the study are no household in tribal of the village completed 100 days employment programme, above 50 % employment sharing by the tribal women in every year in this village.

The present study consisted of two stages; the first one compared the dimensions of social behavior among adolescent men and women with special educational needs; And the academic averages were compared according to the types of NEEs. We used the Socialization Battery BAS-1 (teachers), BAS-2 (parents) and BAS-3 (self-perception) (Moreno & Martorell. 1987, 1989). It was carried out in a Telesecundaria of San Francisco de Campeche, with a sample of 25 students; The results were analyzed with the statistical student´st-testand the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant gender differences were found in BAS 1: anxiety / shyness scale. Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder were also found to obtain higher academic averages in English, science, and technology, while students with emotional difficulties scored higher on physical education. The second stage of the study compared the academic averages (scores) of 50 students divided into groups, with and without NEEs, as well as by gender. ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Significant differences were found in different subjects among the groups studied.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) is a flagship programme of the Government of India that directly touches the lives of the poor and promotes inclusive growth. It is a paradigm shift from earlier programme of anti-poverty alleviation programme which enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work (Government of India, 2008). The paper discusses the working of MGNREGS in a village and brings out lack of accountability and monitoring system at the village level.

For a nation with multi-cultural pluralistic society to maintain or promote peaceful coexistence, it is crucial to have, positive perception towards their counterparts. Therefore, studying their perception to figure out the current situation is essential to take necessary actions. In this regard, based upon sample survey and interviews, this article attempts to find out the perception of non-Muslims about co-existence with Muslims in Seremban in the state of Negari Sembilan, Malaysia. Such a study is warranted because of the plural nature of Seremban society whose stability depends upon harmonious relations between various ethnic and religious groups. The analysis of this research involved 100 respondents, all of whom are based in Seremban and its surrounding areas. It is composed of various educated segments, professionals and university students from different religious background such as Christians, Hindus and Buddhists. The study found that majority of non-Muslims hold positive opinion about their counterpart in this area which augurs well for the stability of the region and the country. Nevertheless, there exists a good number of people holding a negative opinion about Islam and Muslims implying, therefore, the need for more concerted efforts about improving the image of Islam and Muslims in Seremban and other parts of Malaysia.

At a time when the economic crisis is identified has one of the main problems, state administrations are asked to come up with the most effective solutions. The effort focuses on the activation of development mechanisms in order to heat up the economy by limiting the recessionary pressures. A prime example is the Greek crisis and the effort of finding the appropriate response measures. The focus on activation of dormant mechanisms of economic development is a difficult yet one-sided way to address the economic crisis. Particular attention should be given to the restructuring of the administrative system which is largely responsible for the inefficient management, bureaucratic structure and the delayed response to administrative requirements, rendering the tackling of to the current economic crisis an extremely difficult task. Gradually it becomes clear that in order to overcome the crisis, we must first sanitize the system of governance and secondarily develop appropriate development tools that will lead to economic consolidation.

Background: Distal tibia fractures are rare fractures of lower limb. This study assessed the outcomes of distal tibial fractures treated with percutaneous locking plates. Methods: 50 patients were selected based on the fracture pattern and classified using the AO classification and stabilized with medial tibial locking plate. Time to fracture union, complications, and outcomes were assessed with the American Orthopedic Footand Ankle Society Ankle score at 14 months. Results: Out of 50 patients 37 were males and 13 were females. The mean plate hole was 12.08±1.82. Mean proximal screw was 3.94±0.42. Mean distal screw was 4.12±0.22. Mean no. of compressions were 0.56±0.76. Mean operative time was 82.66±23.56 min while union was 4.98±1.58 months. 44(88%) patients gave satisfactory results. It was found that there is no significant association of satisfactory result were observed with gender, injury, fracture type, fibula fracture and fibula fixation. Conclusions: Distal tibial locking plates have high fracture union rates, minimum soft tissue complications, and good functional outcomes. The literature shows similar fracture union and complication rates using locking plates.

Condylar guidance on articulators is an approximate duplication of the condylar path in patients and reproduced on the instrument with the help of interocclusal records (Zarb et al., 2004). Varying inclinations have been reported with consecutive registrations, between operators, between recording materials, and between articulators (Christensen, 1978; Gysi, 1929). The purpose of this study is to compare condylar guidance values obtained from arcon and non-arcon articulators with the gold standard values of cephalometric readings and to analyze which articulator gives more accurate readings. And also to check whether lateral cephalogram can be used to determine the condylar guidance value of the patient. This will save the valuable clinical time in adjusting the occlusion.

Introduction: Universal moth prop: A mouth prop (also bite block) is a wedge-shaped implement used in dentistry for dentists working with children and other patients who have difficulty keeping their mouths open wide and steady during a procedure or during procedures where the patient is sedated. It has a rubber-like texture and is typically made from thermoplastic material. They come in several different sizes, from pediatric to adult, and are typically ridged as to use the back teeth to hold them in place. Newly designed mouth prop (pillar): This design allows the assistant to have a clear view of the treatment. Since it is sleek the patient won’t have a gag reflex. The height adjusting mechanism in treatment under general anesthesia, Where the patient is not in consciousness to open his mouth while changing the sizes. In between the treatment, if the patient complains the size of the prop is too huge it can be adjusted straight away, unlike the conventional ones where we have to keep changing the props until we get the right size. Materials and Method: 20 patients are included in this study, 10 patients in each group. Randomization was done by tossing of coin. Group A universal mouth prop and Group B newly designed mouth prop “Pillar”. Inclusion criteria patients need surgical removal of lower third molar. Exclusion criteria patients had restricted mouth opening. Measuring parameters are patient’s comfort, operator’s ease and assistant’s work efficiency. Result: The mean age group was range from 20- 28 years. Male and female ratio was 11:9. there was no patient discomfort, Operator's ease in favor of newer design, and Assistant's work efficiency also increased while using newer design.

The antibacterial activity of using lozenges in controlling E. faecalis causing dental caries were not reported widely. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the antibacterial activity of different lozenges such as Strepsils, Koflet and Stodal against E. faecalis isolated from dental caries. Based on our study, Strepsils has higher antibacterial activity against E. faecalis and has a MIC value of 1:3. Stodal as a homeopathic lozenges did not show any activity. This indicates the role of lozenges in controlling dental caries.

Hypercementosis is an excessive, non-neoplastic deposition of radicular cementum and is mostly presented as a solitary lesion or in rare cases as a multiple type. It usually occurs in the premolar and molar region of the mandible with no sex predilection. Hypercementosis is coupled with a number of etiological factors, which may be local or systemic in nature. It is decision making choice for a general dental practitioner to manage such situations. We report a female patient with multiple hypercementosed tooth.

On the gums lesions associated with gingival tissues means Epulis or Epulides. A reactive focal connective tissue proliferation confined only to gingiva, but its histopathology etiology is unknown. Fibrous epulis is a slow growing, painless, hyperplastic fibrous tissue mass located only in gums. Commonly found in anterior region of oral cavity. Here we report a case of giant fibrous epulis which occurred in the third molar region of mandible associated with impacted third molar. The case of fibrous epulis at the lower left quadrant of mandible for past 5 months duration is presented, it was painless, slow growing mass, on examination well pedunculated growth over the third molar on left lower mandibular region. Provisional diagnosis was fibrous epulis with impacted third molar tooth. Surgical excision was done under local anesthetic solution along with removal of impacted third molar and second molar also. Histopathology report suggests of pyogenic granuloma with no signs of malignancy. Considering the fact that all the clinical features resembles that for fibrous epulis, we would like to emphasize the good histopathologic consideration for the post – operative follow up by the dentist.

About 80 percent of adults experience low back pain at some point in their lifetimes. It is the most common cause of job-related disability and a leading contributor to missed work days. Vast majority of low back pains are mechanical in nature. In many cases, low back pain is associated with spondylosis, a term that refers to the general degeneration of the spine associated with normal wear and tear that occurs in the joints, discs, and bones of the spine as people get older. Recurring back pain resulting from improper body mechanics is often preventable and minimized by avoiding movements that jolt or strain the back, maintaining correct posture, and lifting objects properly. Many work-related injuries are caused or aggravated by stressors such as heavy lifting, contact stress (repeated or constant contact between soft body tissue and a hard or sharp object), vibration, repetitive motion, and awkward posture. Using ergonomically designed furniture and equipment to protect the body from injury at home and in the workplace may reduce the risk of back injury. In this module, authors have provided background, etiology, risk factors and prevention of back pain. Adopting correct postures is the key to manage backache. We have demonstrated correct postures with the help of eleven colour pictures.

Background: Scabies is a contagious skin disease caused by infestation and sensitization towards Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis (S.scabiei). The disease could possibly spread through both direct and indirect contact with skin. According to Republic of Indonesia’s Ministry of Health, the prevalence of scabies in Indonesia in 2008 was 5.6%⸺2.95% from all patients who visited Primary Health Care. The incidence of scabies has remained high in Indonesia, with the lowest number was found in North Sulawesi, and the highest in West Java. Some factors that increase the prevalence of scabies are high humidity, poor level of sanitation, dense population, malnutrition, poor hygiene and lack of knowledge. Although scabies is not life-threatening, the disease could progress to a more severe and persistent form, complicated by low immunity and secondary skin infections. Aim: Revealing the prevalence and characteristics of scabies patients in Dermatovenereology Clinic, Bandung District Hospital between 2014⸺2015. Methods: Retrospective study from medical record of all scabies patients in Dermatovenereology Clinic, Bandung District Hospital between 2014 and 2015. Results: The total amount of scabies patients in 2014 was 306 (7.11%) and in 2015 was 300 (7.14%) among patients who admitted outpatient clinic. The most common groups were male, children, students, unclear transmission source, all of patient was administered permethrin 5% and 22,33% patients had secondary infections.

Sexually transmitted diseases are becoming more common, such as Human Papilloma virus, which occupies the second place in this type of disease, after infection with Chlamydia. Objective: To know the risk cofactors associated with human papiloma virus infection in women aged 25-65 years of the Dzibalchen, Hopelchen, Campeche Health Center and the benefits of the HPV vaccine. Conclusion: The study showed a prevalence of infection with the human papiloma virus of 12.7%, being the onset of sexual life at an early age between 16 and 20 years (66%) and the number of couples (60%) the most Associated with this disease.

Background: Mastalgia has been reported as a condition that impacts individual’s activities of daily living and Quality of Life (QOL). The aim of this study was to evaluate impact of mastalgia related pain on QOL. The study also investigated the impact of psychological intervention done at breast clinic on both pain and QOL among patients with mastalgia. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted to identify impact of psychological intervention on QOL among patients with mastalgia. In total 128 participants were recruited from outpatient department of a Tertiary Care hospital in Karachi. The study was conducted over the period of 10 months. The recruited participants were randomly divided into two groups (n=64, each group). Group-I received psychological intervention of 45 minutes whereas, Group-II was considered as a control group. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used for assessing pain. However, QOL was measured by SF-36. Both scales were applied on initial presentation and then after the period of 3 months. Results: Before giving psychological intervention, no statistical difference was noted in pain measured via VAS and QOL measured using SF-36. However, the analysis showed significant difference after giving psychological intervention. The participants in Group-I reported lower level of pain and better QOL when they were assessed after 3 months of psychological intervention in comparison to Group-II. Conclusion: Findings of current study suggested that mastalgia impacts on QOL of patients. Moreover, study findings revealed positive influence of psychological intervention on patients with mastalgia. Therefore, it has been suggested to make psychological intervention as a build in component of treatment if patient presents with no findings on physical examination.

Background: Since the introduction of dental implants, they have been accepted as a predictable and reliable modality for both partially and completely edentulous patients. Successful implant placement depends on the osseointegration of the implant into the host bone. Integration of the implant is greatly influenced by the properties of the implant surface and its design. Objectives: The objective of this review is to determine the effect of implant design and surface modification on implant osseointegration. Data Sources: A complete online search for articles was made using PubMed and Google Scholar. Study eligibility criteria: All articles that were published in English or those having detailed summary in English were included. Only those articles that were published between 1st January 1994 and 31st March 2016 were considered. Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies with data on osseointegration of implants with different implant designs and surface modifications done on animals were considered. Articles having histomorphometric and histologic method of analysis with a study period of more than 6 weeks were selected. Results: The review gives an insight of the various surface modifications and designs that can be successfully applied on dental implants so that a greater level of osseointegration can be achieved. Limitations: Few articles do not clearly mention the results which makes the interpretation difficult. Conclusions: Major advancements have been made in order to develop implants with innovative surface topography and design. These modifications have greatly influenced the rate and degree of osseointegration. Hence, such implants have set the stage for the future of successful implantology.

Purpose: Which is more convenient ABDELHAMID technique or Lichtenstein. Background: Hernia recurrences are mostly due to excessive tension, abnormal scared tissue, and inadequate repair or over looked hernias. In Lichtenstein repair A mesh was inserted along the posterior wall without disturbing the old repair. While in transabdominal pre-peritoneal (TAPP) with external fixation the mesh was applied away from the scared old repair in the preperitoneal space Methods: This is a retrospective study for 100 patients done years ago at Al Hayat Hospital Jeddah, KSA, Bani-Suef University Hospital and Bani Suef Health Insurance Hospital. The study design and data collection were between 9 -2015 and 9 – 2016. We reported the patients for duration of operation, hospital stay, cost, recurrence and return to work. Results: The mean operative time in TAPP with external fixation was 80 min while in Lichtenstein repair was 65 min. The cost was less in Lichtenstein repair while long of stay (LOS) was the same. Recurrence was 2% in TAPP with external fixation on the other hand it was 4% in Lichtenstein repair. Patients returned back to work after 5 days in TAPP with external fixation and after 9 days in Lichtenstein repair. Conclusion: TAPP with external fixation is associated with longer operative time and higher cost but the incidence of recurrence is much less while return to work was earlier in TAPP with external fixation advocating to be used as a primary option in recurrent inguinal hernia repair.

Stress can fill in as a main thrust regarding acquiring comes about, however then again, relentless stress can go about as an executioner as far as execution. It is essential for nursing instructors to know the predominance of psychological stress and psychological prosperity among nursing understudies. This paper is a report of a review led to investigate the level of stress among the nursing understudies. With the use of modified perceived stress scale (PSS-14) level of stress was measured from sample of 30 from each group of bachelor of nursing 2nd, 3rd & 4th year. The outcomes demonstrate that there was severe stress among the nursing understudies (63%). Future research is prescribed to expand the extent of this audit by tending to the adapting methodologies that are used by nursing understudies to manage clinical stress.

Background: Ectopic pregnancy is the most life threatening emergency in pregnancy leading to maternal death. Ectopic pregnancy jeoparadizes the wish of attainmaint of motherhood also, But now therapy for ectopic gestation has evolved from a radical procedure to conservative treatment aimed at the preservation of fertility. Objective: To assess the demographic profile, risk factors, clinical presentation & determine the efficacy of methotrexate treatment for ectopic pregnancies at our tertiary care centre which will not only help in reducing maternal mortality and morbidity rates but also go a long way in preservation of future fertility. Method: A prospective, longitudinal and observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Umaid hospital, Dr. SN Medical college, Jodhpur during a period of two year from October 2013 to September 2015. 32 cases of ectopic pregnancy admitted in the hospital were analyzed in terms of demographic profile, risk factors, clinical presentation, management and efficacy of methotraxate. Finally all collected material and data were analyzed statistically to draw various informative conclusions. Results: Most common age and parity affected by ectopic pregnancy were 21-30 years (63.75%) and para 1-3 (72.50%) respectively. No age and parity were immune to ectopic pregnancy. More than one clinical feature was present in most of the patients. Efficacy of methotraxate in our study was 81.25%. Successfullness of Methotraxate treatment in gestational sac size <4cm was 84% and in D1 β-hCG level <5000 mIU/ml was 88.46%. Effectiveness of methotraxate was decreased when gestational sac size and β-hCG level increased. Conclusion: Medical therapy with MTX has an established place in the treatment of early EP in selected patients with hemodynamic stability and lower initial levels of hCG as the most reliable predictors of treatment outcome and advantage of tubal conservation and saves patients from requiring surgery.

Altered passive eruption is a condition in which the gingival tissue remain positioned on the enamel prominence rather than at the cementoenamel junction. Difficult to detect, most of these cases go undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Hence, it is necessary to be informed of this entity in order to adequately diagnose and treat it. Treatment modalities often involve surgical intervention and restoring esthetics is a prime concern in these cases. This article describes a review of literature and provides vital information in diagnosing and treatment this condition as well as describes a successfully treated case.

Despite chemotherapy and radiation therapy as being effective in the treatment of cancer, like other therapies, they can cause some side effects, which may vary in each individual. Sometimes these treatment sessions cause pain that may decrease with time. But in some people, permanent nerve damage happens, which can cause severe symptoms after treatment. The study focused on measuring the effect of two types of music therapy on pain in blood cancer patients. 180 young adult (age range of 20-40 years) patients (with an equal number of males and females)with blood cancer who were undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy, were equally assigned to three groups randomly viz. two intervention groups (i.e. either active or receptive music therapy) and a control group. Participants were evaluated by McGill pain questionnaire visual analogue scale. Scores were obtained before and after the music therapy. Twenty sessions of active or receptive music therapy(with each session of 15-30 minutes) were applied on intervention groups whereas the control group received only routine medical treatment sessions. Results indicated significant differences in reduction in scores of pain from pre-therapy to post-therapy scores for both intervention groups as compared to no intervention group. Analyses of Covariance applied to compare these three independent groups revealed that active music therapy had the greatest impact on the reduction of pain as compared to the receptive music therapy group. The study has great implications for pain reduction in the patients undergoing the cancer treatment.

Oral cavity is one of the commonest site for cancer in our population due to a high prevalence of tobacco use in the country. Aim: The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess the oral cancer profile among patients who underwent biopsy in a tertiary centre in Central Kerala and there by implement the preventive measures for controlling it. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted by analyzing the histopathological records in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Government Dental College Kottayam from June 2008 to May 2014. Results: The study showed that among 1270 patients who underwent biopsy as a part of the diagnostic procedures during the study period, 570 (44.8%) patients were diagnosed as having dysplasia, premalignant and malignant lesions .Out of this, 361 patients were diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma. There was an increased predilection of oral cancer among males and the predominant age group affected was between 61-70 years of age followed by 30-40 year age group. Buccal mucosa was the most common site accounting for 42.6% of the total cases. The most prevalent histopathological pattern was moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Statistically significant association was found between age group and histopathological grading, sub site and histopathological grading with p value <0.005. Conclusion: The increased prevalence and younger age group involvement of oral SCC in the study suggests that preventive measures should be implemented in our society at the earliest.The data found in the study can be used to make public awareness of the harmful effects tobacco and alcohol.

Background: Periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease which effects bone and the supporting structures of teeth. The treatment for periodontal diseases has moved towards an antimicrobial model of disease management. With the threat of wide spread antibiotic resistance rendering many antibiotics useless against many diseases, there is an increased necessity to develop a novel antimicrobial based treatment for effective disease prevention. In this regard an invitro study was conducted comparing virgin coconut oil with standard chlorhexidine mouth wash (0.2%) on five periodontal pathogens. Methods: An invitro study on the five putative pathogens of periodontal disease was conducted using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), maximum bacterial count (MBC) and time kill curve methods. The culture media used was Brain heart infusion broth. Results: The results showed that all the organisms were resistant to virgin coconut oil, while there was varying degree of sensitivity to chlorhexidine. Conclusion: The results of the current study showed that virgin coconut oil has no therapeutic effect in the treatment of active periodontal disease, while chlorhexidine was found to have bacteriocidal effect on against Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tenerella forsythia and bacteriostatic effect on against Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetum commitans.

A five years old Pomeranian bitch having 7 kg body weight was presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram with a history of straining to urinate, dribbling of bloody tinged urine, anorexia since one week. The patient was mildly dehydrated and dull. Palpation of the ventral abdomen elicited discomfort. Observation at micturition revealed that blood was voided at the end of micturition. Lateral and ventro-dorsal radiography revealed the presence of bladder calculi. Ultrasound examination showed presence of a hyperechoic mass with clear acoustic shadow indicative of calculus with cystitis. The calculus measured about 2.5 cm horizontal diameter and 2.75 cm vertical diameter and weight was 10 gm. The urine appeared anechoic with no debris and the bladder wall measured 0.2 mm thickness. The calculus was successfully removed by a cystotomy procedure.

Objectives of the study: To compare soft tissue chin thickness at different cephalometric points and its correlation with mandibular divergence pattern in south indian population Materials and Method: Lateral cephalograms of 90 South Indian patients in the age group 18 and above were taken and divided into three groups – low angle, medium angle and high angle of manbibular plane to the cranial base. Soft tissue chin thickness was measured at three different levels of chin: Pogonion, Gnathion, Menton. The soft tissue chin thickness was also compared between males and females. Results: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by comparison between different growth pattern groups using Post Hoc Tukey’s test was done. Statistically significant difference was seen between the low angle and high angle groups with increased soft tissue chin thickness in high angle cases. No statistically significant difference was observed between males and females. Conclusion: Soft tissue chin thickness was minimum at menton and maximum at pogonion. Thicker soft tissue was seen in low angle cases, with no statistically significant sexual dimorphism.

Introduction: Human hyoid bone is anunique and important part of musculo-skeletal apparatus of the craniofacial complex. Change in it’s position postoperatively might contribute to relapse and affect the dimension of airway.The aim of the present study is to evaluate the position of the hyoid bone and its co-relation with pharyngeal airway space in different skeletal pattern. Methodology: The study was conducted in-vitro and samples were equally divided in three groups (n=25) based on skeletal pattern. Result: Skeletal changes affect vertical and horizontal position of hyoid bone but no significant change in pharyngeal airway space. Conclusion - As limited parameters used in this study we can use these parameters in our regular records for easy evaluation of hyoid bone position and to predict the tendency of relapse in patients treated with functional appliance and orthognathic surgery.

Amebic liver abscess is the most frequent extraintestinal manifestation of Entamoeba histolytica infection. This infection is caused by the protozoa E histolytica, which enter the portal venous system from the colon. Amebic liver abscess is an important cause of space-occupying lesions of the liver, mainly in developing countries. Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment of amebic liver abscess lead to improved morbidity and mortality.

Endometrial ablation is the procedure in which we remove or destroy the endometrium and superficial myometrium to destroy the basal layer of endometrium and inhibit its regeneration, hence preventing blood loss during menses. Based on the Principles used for the development of the second generation techniques for endometrial ablation, we have utilised a technique in which a silicone Foley’s catheter with Hot Normal Saline is used to ablate the endometrium. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was carried out in the outpatient Gynaecology clinic and the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Dr DY Patil Medical College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai with recruitment of subjects from March 2016 to September 2016 and follow up till date. The study included 50 patients aged from 35 to 55 years complaining of menorrhagia not responding to treatment (medical treatment) for 3 to 12 months. Foleys cathetar inserted in endometrial cavity inflated with boiling saline was used to ablate endometrium. Results: 92% satisfaction rate with the procedure at 6 months was observed. Complete cessation of menses was reported in 26% patients and 18% patients had eumenorhea. 48% Patients had reported Hypomenorrhoea at 6 months post procedure. Conclusion: Foley’s thermal balloon endometrial ablation is a safe, cost effective, simple and effective procedure.

The Purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Curcumin, a component of turmeric in the management of Oral lichen planus. A total of 30 patients were included in the study who were administered oral curcumin of dosage 300mg used thrice daily for three months in the management of clinical symptoms such as pain, burning sensation, erythema, ulceration and in reduction of inflammatory markers level interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, high sensitivity C-reactive protein. Assessment of patients was done at 15th day, 30th day, 60th day and 90th day. Symptomatic effect of pain evaluation- there was a significant reduction in pain by using VAS score and burning sensation. Similarly, there was also significant reduction in the degree of Erythema and ulceration by using Oral mucositis assessment scale. There was a reduction in the level of inflammatory markers in the patient serum. Oral administration of curcumin showed a reduction of symptoms and inflammatory markers level in Oral lichen planus.

Typhoid is endemic in almost all parts of Bangladesh. Widal test is one of the easily available tools in many areas of the developing countries for the diagnosis of typhoid fever. The interpretation of Widal test depends upon the baseline titer which is prevalent amongst healthy individuals in a particular geographical area. In the endemic areas, the healthy people may contain antibodies which are capable of reacting up to a variable titer in the Widal test due to a past exposure, vaccination and cross reacting antigens. Therefore, it varies widely from place to place and is referred to as the baseline titer of that area. The objectives of this study were to determine the average baseline titer of the apparently healthy students of a private medical college of Dhaka and to find out the correlation among age; sex and the history of typhoid fever, antibiotics and vaccines against typhoid in regard to the Widal titers. The blood samples were collected from 100 apparently healthy students over the period of five months. After collecting the blood, sera were separated and analyzed for the presence of the Salmonella antibodies using the Widal tube agglutination test. Among the 100 serum specimens which were tested, 59 were positive for TO from 1:20 to 1:80 and 27 were positive for TH from 1:20 to 1:80. Based on the above results of the study, it has been revealed that the cut-off titers of 1:80 for the TO and of 1:80 for the TH may be considered as diagnostic for typhoid fever in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Besides, the study showed that there is no correlation among the age; sex and the history of typhoid fever, antibiotics and vaccines against typhoid in regard to Widal titers.

Background: The frontline workers which include nurses need to be focused in creating awareness and reduce the cultural and emotional barrier about breast screening among the female patients and community they come across. Objective: To determine the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of use of cancer screening programmes among nursing students and staff of a tertiary care center. Methodology: A cross sectional survey was conducted among 300 nursing students and staff of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh in 2016. A semi structured predesigned study tool was introduced to assess the demographic profile and KAP regarding screening methods pertaining to breast cancer. Results: The adequate knowledge about all symptoms of breast cancer was observed to be >80% among younger age nurses (age <40 years).A positive attitude towards breast self-examination (BSE) promotion in mass media was observed in more than 80% of younger age group nurses (<30 years).Majority (78%) of them performed BSE once a month; 11.3% underwent clinical breast examination (CBE) and 11.6% mammography. Time constraint (14.6 %), lack of services and specialist (23.6%) and embarrassing to get examined (10.6%) were the quoted as the reasons behind not getting CBE. In a given situation when the participant discovers a breast lump, around 87% responded of taking immediate consultation from doctor. Conclusion: Along with increasing knowledge we have to strengthen emotional status of women in our country. The frontline workers can prove to be a great asset in creating community awareness.

There is an urgent need for increase in land allocation to food crops due to rising population, especially in developing countries and on the other hand, cotton availability and its per capita availability is getting reduced due to which alternative fibre sources need to be identified and appropriate technologies developed for their conversion into useful textile products. Ligno-cellulosic fibres are one such alternative but their extraction is a tedious task which may vary as per the intended use of the fibres extracted. The present paper summarizes the extraction process of ligno-cellulosic fibres according to their end use and also briefs about their possible applications in textiles.

The genetic diversity of Common bean accessions from the germplasm of INERA in DR-Congo was assessed to understand their phylogeny relationship using SSR molecular markers. A set of 91 accessions, comprising 21 from CIAT/Columbia, 36 from Mvuazi, 30 from Mulungu and 4 from Gandajika, were genotyped with 12 SSR markers that generated 89 alleles with an average of 7 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value was 0.64 indicating a fair diversity with a range of 0.40-0.82. The average heterozygosity level per locus was 0.24. The variability was as low as 1% among the populations, 64% within individual and 35% within population. Clustering analysis based on the genetic similarity grouped the 91 Common bean genotypes into 2 main distinct clusters. Information generated from this study can be driven to select parents for breeding or develop hybrid lines for yield increase, high biomass, resistance against abiotic/biotic stresses and segregating populations to map genes/QTLs for yield in Common bean in the western DR-Congo.

Fly ash, a residue of coal combustion from thermal power plant play potential role in bioreclamation of degraded agricultural soils. Fly ash contains some micro and macronutrients viz. Cu, Fe, Zn, Mo, Mg, K, P and Co, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni which enhance the growth of plants. AMF helps plant growth by increasing uptake of nutrients, producing growth promoting hormones and suppress plant pathogens. In present study, utilization of beneficial microorganism viz. AMF e.g. Funneliformis mossae in fly ash amended soil for bioreclamation of degraded agricultural soil was studied. Pot assay method was conducted from last week of November to February. Various concentration of soil/fly ash (w/w) was prepared and were taken in different pots. Fly ash concentrations viz. 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% were taken in the respective pots. 0% i.e. only soil was considered as control. In first set, that is set no. F, only fly ash and soil was added (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) and in another set, set no. C soil+FA+Funneliformis mossae was taken. Seeds of Wheat cultivar Lok-1 was used as test crop. During pot assay method, morphological characters of wheat plant were studied i.e. Germination %, Shoot length and Root length etc. Morphological characters were compared between set F and set C, over the control. Increase in %germination, shoot and root length was observed in set C which contains Funneliformis mossae as compared in set F which contained soil and fly ash. Highest shoot and root lengths were observed in set C2 and C4 followed by F2 contains 20% and 40% fly ash respectively. Rate of % germination was observed high in set no. C2, C4 followed by C1.The present study showed that AMF viz. Funneliformis mossae had vital role on wheat growth in fly ash amended soil.

The present study were undertaken in the Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand during the year 2014 to study effect of various seed treatments on seed germination parameters in Wild Fig (Ficus palmate L.). In this experiment wild fig seeds are given stratification (7, 14 and 21 days at 40C) and then GA3 (250, 500and 750 ppm) treatment to see their effect on breaking dormancy and promot6ing germination. The experiment design was completely randomized block with three replications. The study revealed that the seeds of Wild Fig (Ficus palmate L.) treated with T1S2 (7days stratification + 500 ppm GA3) significantly affected germination percentage ,germination rate, height of seedling, fresh weight of seedling, dry weight of seedling and survival percentage of seedling. So it can be concluded that T1S2 (7days stratification + 500 ppm GA3) had the best effect on breaking wild fig seed dormancy and improving of this plant germination and seedling growth.

The present investigation has been undertaken to find out the antimicrobial activities of the selected crustacean Portunus pelagicus. Antimicrobial activity of the whole body shell of crabs were tested against five bacterial strains and four fungal strains by disc diffusion method. Among the crab antibacterial activity of shell of Portunus pelagicus showed the best activity against Streptococcus (7mm) and antifungal activity of ethanol shell extract showed the maximum activity against Aspergillus flavus. The result of present study revealed that ethanol extract of whole body shell of P. pelagicus showed the best antibacterial and antifungal activity.

Estimation of fibre yield in sisal (Agave sisalana Perr. ex Engelm.) is absolutely necessary for well ahead planning of marketing arrangements between the actual grower or cooperatives and the fibre purchaser or mills who are situated geographically in distant locations in India. There is no yield prediction method for sisal which could estimate fibre yield well ahead of harvesting. Therefore, an attempt had been made during 2010-11 at Sisal Research Station, Bamra, Sambalpur, Odisha to develop linear regression equations of fibre yield (Y) estimation by considering number of harvestable leaf (LN), leaf length (LL), leaf breadth (LB), leaf green weight (LW) as independent variables data collected from field experiment. In total, nine regression equations were developed, of which the equation, Y = -1221.428 + (23.327) x LN+ (10.761) x LL+ 21.355 [where, Y= Fibre yield (g/plant); LN= mean Leaf number per plant (harvestable); LL= mean Leaf length (cm)] predicted the fibre yield most accurately (2.48 t/ha) with the observed actual yield data (2.39 t/ha) and the coefficient of determination (R2) value was near unity (0.981). Therefore, the developed regression equation can predict the fibre yield in sisal with acceptable accuracy for edapho-climatic condition prevailing in central plateau region of India.

The indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture can affect the production of fish by creating different physiological anomaly which can also affect the human health by biomagnifications. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate the Sublethal toxicity of triazophos (o,o-Diethyl-o-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4,- triazol-3yl) thiophosphate), an organophosphate (OP) pesticide, on histopathological and haematological parameters of a freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. Fishes were exposed to 5% and 10% of LC50 concentration, 0.068 mg/l of triazophos for 96 h maintaining ten fishes in each group, along with the control group. For histopathological studies, tissues under study were dissected and fixed appropriately and for haematological studies, blood sample were collected. Histopathological changes in liver include vacuolization and increase in number of kupffer cells; in gills, changes in the architecture of primary and secondary gill lamella; and in kidney, shrinkage of glomerular and kidney tubules were observed. In hematological parameters significant increase in total WBC, MCV and significant decrease in RBC, Hb, MCH, MCHC were observed with respect to control. This preliminary study indicates the physiological effect of triazophos on C. punctatus. However, further molecular and biochemical studies may supplement the mechanism of action of this pesticide.

Now a day an image fusion is an emerging field and powerful technology in the area of image processing. The process of integrating multiple input images into a new single composite image with more informative than any of input image. There are different image fusion transform techniques proposed by many researchers. Out of that transform techniques a Non-subsampled shearlet transform adds the property of shift-invariant, capture more directional information and represent the directions of edges more accurately as compared to other transform techniques such as discrete wavelet transform and Non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) techniques. This paper presents concept of software simulation of Non-subsampled shearlet transform based decomposition algorithm for application of image fusion using MATLAB Simulink Library. Simulink library Blockset is used to implement a model which is able to do the pixel level averaging image fusion. Non-subsampled shearlet transform is implemented with the filter banks whose levels can be adjusted. The perfect reconstruction can be obtained with the down sampling of the images. NSST decomposition provides a simple hierarchical framework to fuse images with different spatial resolution. It is a powerful tool to separate the spectral content of an image from the spatial information.

The present research paper discusses the absorbance measurement by using different mixtures of solutions filter. The expected and observed transmittance spectra were recorded and the results have been compared with the wavelength of maximum absorbance, maximum percentage of transmittance values. Mixture of copper nitrate, Copper chloride, Sodium dichromate, Potassium permanganate and Rhodomine- B were used in the present study. Cucl2+Na2Cr2O7 mixture solutions desirable results among other mixtures of solution filters. It is commonly know that every compound absorbs or transmits light over a firm range of wavelength. Colorimetry is one of the most useful devices of quantitative investigation in several areas such as chemical science, physical science, life science, and Medical science applications.

This study was conducted with the objective to evaluate soybean (Glycine max L.) response to P and K fertilizer application under greenhouse condition in a pot experiment. Four representative surface soil (0-20 cm) samples were collected from Damot Sore, Boloso Bombe, Damot Pulasa, and Humbo Districts. Four rates of P (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg P2O5 ha-1) in the form of triple super phosphate (TSP) and four rates of K (0, 21.5, 43 and 64.5 kg K2O ha-1) in the form of potassium chloride (KCl) were used. The soil samples collected were planted with soybean and the treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors in three replications. The dry weight content and P and K concentrations in the leaves of soybean plant showed significant difference at P < 0.05 level by the application of treatments. The dry weights found by the application of P69 K64.5 and P69 K21.5 markedly higher than the dry weights of the other treatments and the highest K concentrations in the leaves of the soybean plant were observed by the application of P69 K21.5 and P69 K64.5 for Damot Sore District. For Boloso Bombe District, the highest P concentration was recorded by the application of P69 K21.5, P69 K43 and P69 K64.5 and the lowest P concentration was obtained by the application of P0 K0. The highest concentration of K in the plant leaves was observed by the application of P23 K43. The amount of fertilizer applied at the rate of P46 K21.5 significantly increased the K concentration in the leaves of soybean plant (43.6 g kg-1) for Damot Pulasa Districts. For Humbo site, the amount of fertilizer applied at the rate of P46 K21.5, significantly increased the K concentration in the leaves of soybean plant (43.6 g kg-1) whereas, the control treatment (P0 K0) has the lowest K concentration in the leaves of the plant (12.1 g kg-1). Therefore, application of P and K containing fertilizers had a positive impact on growth of the plants in acidic soils. However, further study is recommended to confirm these findings under field conditions.

Objective Exams (OE) plays a major role in educational assessment as well as in Electronic learning. In this paper we present a Framework that generates three types of Objective exams questions (multiple choice questions (MCQ), true-false question (T/FQ), and complete Questions (CQ)from paragraphs of electronic course. The proposed Framework consists of a lot of main stages, it uses both of the Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to generate three types of questions (GFQ, T/FQ, and MCQ), and Exam Maker (EM), it uses the generated questions to produce the object exams.

Research on the espousal of information technology, drawing on models hired from social psychology, characteristically outlooks adoption as a task of individual attitudes, the influence of others, insight of facility to carry out a particular behaviour, and facilitating features. A momentous restraint of these models, in technology-adoption situations, is breakdown to deem the features of the technology itself. This essentially theoretical paper introduces the construct ‘website features’ as potentially influential in technology adoption, and specifically Internet banking. Research facts on the salience of such features are reconsidered and it is argued that the valuable features and their impact vary along the stages of the customer loyalty and its related procedure. A speculative framework is portrayed for evaluating mobile web design in relation to these stages. Using this ensemble into active models, it is squabbled, will proceeds marketing theory in mobile environment and support mobile web designers in enhancing website efficacy to the profit of the customer loyalty.

The Cross River monoliths refer essentially to a collection of historic stones embedded in a restricted area of Ejagham territory in the upper Cross River region of Nigeria. These monoliths, locally called Akwanshi clearly capture and exemplify the depth of a formidable artistic tradition that is unique, rich and sophisticated with hardly any parallel anywhere else in Africa. The monoliths, which are yet to have a comprehensive scholarly visitation and interrogation, have however enjoyed a measure of art-historical, archaeological and ethnographic investigation. What is clearly lacking thus far is the placement of these investigations in proper historical perspective. This paper would attempt to do so. To achieve our objective, we shall consult oral sources, depend on pristine published works and extant literature on the subject.

Consumption is a phenomenon that allows people a symbolic experience replete with meanings. The understanding of this practice is not only related to the utilitarian value that the product can offer, on the contrary, there is a cultural dimension that governs consumption actions and the way consumers internalize the meanings of the products. In this research, the automobile assumes the role of study object because it is a product capable of receiving social and cultural projections that increase its symbolic value, in addition when it becomes personalized becomes synonymous with greater benefits. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the meanings associated with the practices of low-income consumers in the purchase of personalized cars. The interest in researching the people of the emerging middle class comes from the active participation that has been demonstrating in the consumption of goods and services in recent years. The results provide information relevant to the process of technological innovation in the production of custom cars, adapting the product to the customer's preferences for affordable prices and design. Finally in conclusion, the information provided may be relevant to the process of technological innovation in the production of customized cars, adapting the product according to customer preferences at an affordable cost. In this way, organizations must develop strategies in relation to the potential for redirection at affordable prices for the low-income consumers.

The World Health Organization indicate that 35% of women worldwide have experienced partner or non-partner violence in some part of their lives, but in war-torn zones in some sub-Saharan African countries like Burundi, sexual violence was a part of the everyday lives of most women and girls during the periods of series of conflicts the country experienced. Sexual violence was used as a weapon of war by combatants during the conflict periods. However, even in the post-conflict era, the rate of various forms of sexual violence is still on a rise. This paper reviews the situation of sexual violence during and after the Burundi conflicts, influencing factors and the way forward.

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a multilingual country with three official languages: Luxembourgish, French and German. Many people living and working in Luxembourg also speak English and other languages, such as Portuguese and Italian. The purpose of this paper is to investigate contemporary language use and language attitudes towards multilingualism in Luxembourg. We conducted online research on language situation in Luxembourg from 1 July 2016 to 31 August 2016, which included a questionnaire via Google forms. Mixed questionnaire with both close and open ended questions was used to collect all the responses. 155 participants completed our survey, 82 of which (or 52.9%) are Luxembourgish (this number also comprises dual nationalities, for example Luxembourgish-Portuguese or Luxembourgish-French), and 73 (or 47.1%) are foreign nationals. All of the participants live and/or work in Luxembourg and they experience multilingualism on a daily basis. Mostly social networks, such as Facebook groups or Reddit, were used to share the questionnaire. The average age of the participants is 26.8. Therefore, the results are representative for the younger generation.

Whether or not the quality of education is very dependent on who is running the education itself. The level of student achievement is also highly dependent on the quality of the teachers who carry out the learning to the learners. Education in Indonesia has made a new paradigm in addressing the low quality of education and achievements of learners through increasing academic qualifications for teachers who teach in primary school to high-school level. Improvement of qualification of teachers specifically focused on the most elementary school teachers from the School of Teacher Education qualification (SPG) and the Diploma to Degree level education elementary school teacher (PGSD). To expedite the qualification of primary school teachers in Indonesia required that organizes college degree program (S-1) PGSD with considerable capacity. To realize this the only alternative is the Open University as an institution of higher education distance that can accommodate a large number of students without being limited by space and time. This is because the Open University uses distance learning system with the concept of self-learning, so teachers who studied at the Open University does not have to leave his job as a teacher in the learning process. With the concept of self-study is expected later teachers graduated from S-1 PGSD Open University is able to carry out his work in the learning process full independence in the face of all obstacles in school and in the community. The extent to which implemented self-learning experiences in the learning process? And how the independence of elementary school teachers graduated from the Open University in implementing learning in school?. Researchers are trying to find out "Independence Elementary School Teacher Tier One", Review of Social Reality Independence Teacher Open University graduates in Bojonegoro Region. The respondents of teachers drawn from schools in urban areas to the suburbs in accordance with the criteria and character study. Independence (autonomy) teachers are the focus of research. This research is using qualitative method in the analysis of the data and produce a compilation propositions and conclusions. Data taken by observation, monitoring, and interviews in accordance with qualitative research methods, the data on the independence of teachers in accordance with the existing indicators. Characteristics of teachers in learning activities is a reality field that actually happened and values that develop on a regular basis so that the behavior becomes more consistent. The role of informants consisting of Bojonegoro district education offices, school principals, peers, school committees, and learners are very significant in providing data completeness and refinement of research results. While the implications for existing theories is to provide a basic understanding of independence, according to some experts and based on existing research results, that independence is "independence is a condition in which a person believes in his ability and be able to ensure the parameters are there to resolve the issue with the free, intelligent, responsible, and produce work, initiative, sense, and copyright without the help of others.

The current study aims to explore the prevalence of superstitious beliefs and their relationship with social compliance among a random sample of female students from the Faculty of Science and Art at Al-Qassim University. The researcher has adopted the descriptive approach in the present study which consists of(100) female students from the primary education section, level seven, scientific and humanitarian track. The researcher selected(50) female students for each track. The scale of the superstitious beliefs consists of(22) items, while the social compliance one consists of(24). Having designed the scales, they have been applied on the sample and the data have been treated statistically. The study outcomes have shown that –firstly, there is a significant difference towards superstitious beliefs among students. Secondly, there are no statistically differences in the degree of superstitious beliefs among students related to the academic scientific and humanitarian track. Thirdly, there is a significant difference towards social compliance. Finally, there are no statistically differences between the two tracks in the degree of social compliance. The statistical analysis which has been done by using Pearson correlation coefficient has shown that there is a relation between the students degrees on the superstitious beliefs scale and social compliance one, which equals(0,34). After using T-test for two correlated samples, the value of T is(8,52), which is a statistically significant at the(0.05) level. This means that the relation between the two variables is significant and positive.

Background: Inadequate knowledge of postnatal mothers regarding care of low birth weight babies will pave the way for increase in morbidity and mortality. There are only few studies that assessed their knowledge. Methodology: This prospective clinical trial was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital in south India. Postnatal mothers knowledge, before and after structured teaching programme was assessed in 75 postal natal mothers. Results: Knowledge of postnatal mothers after structured programme was significantly high. Conclusion: Structured teaching programme is effective in enhancing the knowledge level of postnatal mothers.

Infectious diseases have become a major concern in the health care fields. Recent increase in incidence of diseases such as hepatitis-B and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has lead to a significant change in attitude towards the importance of cross infection control in dentistry. It has been reported contaminated prosthesis can transfer microorganisms to prosthesis, materials, equipment, personnel, and patients and can establish a cross contamination cycle. To avoid this, there is a need to establish a disinfection protocol that is effective, clinically viable, inexpensive, and easy to comply with and which should not have physical, mechanical and chemical effect on denture base resin. Routinely, chemical method of disinfecting denture materials is used which includes use of sodium hypochlorite, Glutaraldehyde and chlorine dioxide. Recently, use of microwave energy has been suggested as a simple alternative to prosthesis disinfection with lower operational cost, ease of use, requires no special storage, has no expiration date and doesn’t induce resistance to Candida albicans. It has been reported that both the methods are effective in prosthesis disinfection but their effect on dimensional accuracy of denture base resin is still controversial. So the purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the effect of Glutaraldehyde and microwave disinfection on dimensional accuracy of two commercially available heat polymerized denture base resins.

Background: This study is to understand the oral health quality of life for implant placed patients since there are different methods of implant placement. Aim and Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in oral health-related quality of life during implant treatment for partially edentulous patients, and to evaluate the influence of the type of partially edentulous arch. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with a small number of lost teeth who underwent implant treatment were selected. Quality of life change during implant treatment was measured. The subjects completed the survey which comprised of 9 questions which were used to analyze the quality of life after implant placement. Results: A total of 52 patients were selected (28 male and 24 female) and survey was conducted within the age limit of 20-50 and the age group between 41-50 had most implant placement for nearly 1-5 yrs. They were not much comfortable while eating. They felt socially happy then before. And they also felt physically rehabilitated but they did nt feel much comfortable in smiling. They had a improved general health and personality. Conclusion: Although there is a temporary functional limitation after implant placement in overall here may be an improvement after the definitive prosthesis placement.

Background: Since intra-articular prostheses advanced in terms of quality and longevity, monitoring and evaluation of the results of joint arthroplasty is necessary. This study aimed to evaluated the short-term outcomes of total hip arthroplasty (pain and function) in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip in two orthopedic center, Imam Khomeini and BooAli Sina hospital in Sari, 2011-2015 Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective (surgery documents) and prospective (outcomes) study to evaluate hip pain and function after THA surgery by using the Harris Hip. Results: The average Harris scores was 85.87 ± 12.18. Harris score significantly higher in BooAli orthopedic center, P = 0.04. Harris score was significantly lower in 2011 than the other years P <0. 0001. A significant inverse association was observed between age and Harris score r = -0.168, P = 0.015. Conclusion: It seems that hip replacement in patients with arthritis and degeneration is not only the effective treatment but also desirable option for increased satisfaction and enhanced quality of life and daily functioning of patients.

Maxillofacial defects whether acquired or hereditary have always had a significant effect on the functional as well as social aspect of life. Various parts of palate and maxillary ridge resection have had different effect on the speech. After prosthetically restoring such defects there is a need for analysing the outcome of the prosthesis through speech function; it should consist of some form of objective clinical measurements, like resonance balance, determining palatopharyngeal orifice (PPO) opening and speech intelligibility with the help of instruments like Nasometer & PERCI-SARS. These tests have provided a deep insight into what is required while restoring the maxillary defects and what kind of modifications will help restoring back the anatomy as close to as normal. This article was aimed at reviewing the articles which have used these tests to evaluate the speech outcome after restoring the maxillary defects with obturator prosthesis.

Introduction: To evaluate and compare the labial and lingual cortical bone thickness in mandibular anterior segments during en masse retraction using skeletal anchorage aided by micro implants. Methods: The study was done in-vivo on 10 subjects, with angle’s class i bi-maxillary protrusion and/or angle’s class ii div 1 protrusion patients between the age group of 18-30 years in the permanent dentition. Pre-treatment and post treatment CBCT’s were taken for all the patients. Titanium small head micro implants, were used as anchor units for en-masse retraction. Changes in cortical bone thickness were measured at cervical (s1), middle (s2) and apical (s3) regions. Results: One-way Anova test and Paired t test were performed on the given data which stated that statistically significant increase in cortical bone thickness was seen in at s1,s2&s3 on the lingual aspect with a p value of <0.001,whereas on the buccal aspect there was significant decrease only in left lateral incisors at s2 and s3 after retraction. Conclusion: This current study concluded that orthodontic retraction force causes significant change in the thickness of cortical plates ie: reduction in thickness along the direction of force and differential remodelling at s1, s2 &s 3. Decrease in lingual cortical plate thickness was seen after correction of inclination and retraction of mandibular anterior segment.

Repeated movements, static postures were known to cause postural problems cervical and lumbar disc lesions. This case study subject employed a fitter, where handling of heavy objects with more repetitive manual tasks were involved as part of his occupation. The objective of this case study report was to focus on to clinically evaluate, analyse and treat neck muscle imbalance and posture but also to strength the co existing abdominal muscle weakness. With an improved motor power of neck, abdominal muscles, reduction of VAS by 60 % and 42% in the subjective scoring of neck disability index. Hence an evaluation and treatment of spine should be focused instead of localized symptomatic treatment is the core of this study for an enhancing maximal patient benefit.

Liposarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal tumor frequently located in retroperitoneum, and rarely presenting an isolated lesion in kidney. Case Report: Female, 60-year old patient presenting with left upper abdominal lump with no family history of any renal pathology. On examinations 15*12 cm lump; bimanually palpable was detected on investigation left renal cell carcinoma diagnosed she was treated with radical nephrectomy and remains asymptomatic, without evidences of recurrence in two year follow up.

Frozen shoulder, also known as Periarthritis or Adhesive capsulitis causes a significant loss in range of motion typically occurs in cycle of 3 stages. It predominantly occurs in females in their fifties. In textual references of Ayurveda Frozen Shoulder is closely related to Avabahuka. In this condition, Vata is localized in the shoulder region, getting aggravated, dries up the bindings (ligaments) of the shoulders, constricts the siras present there and causes Avabahuka. Modern medicial science plays very less role in the management of Frozen Shoulder. In Ayurveda various para-surgical procedures were mentioned for diseases of Vata and Kapha, in which Agni karma is one of them, that has been recommended in various musculoskeletal disorders. Hence a case study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Agnikarma in frozen shoulder.

Necrotising fasciitis is a rare soft tissue infection of soft tissues characterized by rapidly progressive, necrotizing process that has high rate of fatality. It can occur in an occult fashion wherein the necrosis progresses within the fascia and subcutaneous tissues leaving the upper muscular and dermal layer intact. Unless a high degree of suspicion is expressed by the surgeon this condition can go unnoticed and lead to death. In maxillofacial region, infections of odontogenic origin and peri-tonsillar regions are the main causative factors, responsible for this condition .The possibility of acquiring this disease is accentuated in patients with on low immunity status like diabetes. In this review we analyse a detailed review of this morbid disease and present two case reports with their effective management.

Hope for the first time introduced myiasis in 1840, as a disease of the animals which sometimes affects the human organs. The word myiasis was derived from a Greek word “myia” which means fly. Zumpt (1965) defined myiasis as “the infestation of live humans and vertebrate animals with dipterous larvae, which at least for a certain period feed on the host’s dead or living tissue”. Oral myiasis is a rare condition which was first described by Laurence (1909). It is defined as “the invasion of the soft tissue or towards foul smelling pus discharge from the tissues, where it is induced to lay eggs”. Myiasis is caused by Diptera order flies and the genus commonly involved are Sarcophaga and Chlorysoma (Zumpt-1965, James-1947). Myiasis frequently occurs in rural areas infecting livestock and pets such as cats and dogs. In humans myiasis prevails in unhealthy individuals found in third world countries. The predisposing factors are persistent mouth opening along with poor oral hygiene, suppurative lesions and facial trauma. Oral myiasis is rare in comparison to cutaneous myiasis, as the oral tissues are not permanently exposed to external environment. Here we present a case of oral myiasis affecting the anterior aspect of the hard palate.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted disease in both men and women worldwide. HPV is associated with a variety of clinical conditions that range from innocuous lesions to cancer. Genital HPV types are divided into high and low-risk types, according to the oncogenic potential. Strong evidence for a causal etiology with HPV has been stated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer for cancers of the cervix uteri, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx (including base of the tongue and tonsils). The present review is a detailed discussion about the human papilloma virus and its causative infections and diseases in human beings.

Physical activity and good nutrition plays a pivotal role in maintaining good health. Swimming is a low impact activity and a good workout which confers physical and mental health benefits. It was hypothesized that the nutrient intake and nutritional status of the adolescent swimmers (experimental group) will be different from the non swimmers (control group). The BMI will be different from non swimmers (control group). The study was undertaken with an aim to assess the nutritional status of regular swimmers and non-swimmers in the age group of 13-18 years. Assessment of somatic status and nutrient intake were the objectives. A sample consisting of swimmers (N=80) including 40 male swimmers and 40 female swimmers was selected along with the control group containing 30 male swimmers and 30 female non-swimmers (N=60). Irrespective of their status as swimmers or non-swimmers, the mean nutrient intake in both the groups was significantly less than their RDA (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, calcium, iron, vitamin D, vitamin C). The BMI of the swimmers was less compared to the non-swimmers but within the normal range in case of both the boys and girls. However, the Mid Arm Circumference which depicts the muscle mass was higher among the swimmers. The study revealed that there was no significant difference in the nutrient intake of both the groups irrespective of the competitive sport. Even though nutrient intake is not meeting the RDA, the Mid Arm Circumference is good indicator depicting the importance of physical activity. Even though the nutritional knowledge was good in both the groups, their nutrient intake shows they not practising the same. Most of the swimmers were found to be non-vegetarians following a meal pattern of 4 meals per day, while most of the non-swimmers were found to be vegetarians and ova-vegetarians following a 3 meal pattern per day. A habit of skipping meals was found in adolescent boys(swimmers and non-swimmers). The water consumption was found to be more than 5 litres per day among the swimmers as against the non-swimmers who were consuming less than 3 litres per day.

Background: The expansion of the olive cultivation resulted in the north of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) to import many cultivars from several countries and planted, which requires the study of the impact of environmental conditions on these cultivars and their success. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out during 2004 and 2005 growing seasons on five olive cultivars (Olea europea L.). The aim of this study was to evaluative the important olive cultivars introduced recently for cultivation in the North Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These cultivars are Manzanilla, K18, Sourani, Nabali and Picual growing in the project of the Al-Jouf Agricultural Development Company in Bosita, Ten trees (as a replicates) were selected of similar size and age (about 10 years) from each cultivar. The tested trees received the same agro-technical practices adopted in this district. The following characteristics were studied: flowering and fruiting the results of the study show that the species differed among themselves in a lot of floral traits and fruiting. Results: cv. Picual was an outstanding first qualities crop (fruits, oil) for the tree with the qualities of a good fruiting making it the best cultivars for the extraction of oil as well as excellence cv. Manzanilla qualities of fruits and this makes it even better for dual-purpose items and was a cv. Sourani best by the oil in the fruit so it is recommended to these three cultivars of superiority over the rest of the cultivars, it can also take advantage of the cultivars of k18 and indifferent of Nabali for pickling.

The mosquito Aedesaegypti is the vector of the disease dengue fever Dengue (DBD) which until recently was a public health problem in Indonesia. One of the efforts made in the eradication of the vector control was via DBD naymuk larvae of Aedesaegypti by using larvasida. Larvasida biodiversity derived from plants has the potential to control mosquito larvae, besides its use is secure against man. One of the biological larvasida that can be used is from the leaves of Yam bean (Pachyrrhizuserosus). From previous research that the leaf extract Yam bean (Pachyrrhizuserosus) could be mosquitos Anopheles aconitus larval lethal with a concentration 2.8771% at LC50. This research aims to know the sejauhmana leaf extract Yam bean (Pachyrrhizuserosus) can be deadly mosquito larvae Aedesaegypti in various levels of concentration. As a variable in this study was the death of the larvae of the mosquito Aedesaegypti with free variables is a variation of the concentration of extract of leaves of Yam bean (Pachyrrhizuserosus). Sample research is the larvae of the mosquito Aedesaegypti in the instar III/IV relatip stable of outside influence as much as 30 larvae for each treatment. The treatments in this study by using aqueous leaf extract jicama with the respective concentrations of 2.0%, 4.0%, 6%, 8% and 10%, with 4 repetitions and a control without treatment. Analysis of the statistics used in this research is analisaregresi through the program SPSS 17 probit for windows. From observations of the larva, the number of known dead after emblazoned Yam bean leaf extract at concentrations of 2%, the highest 4 tails (16%) and the lowest was 2 tails (8%); the highest at 4% is the 7 tail (28%) and the lowest 4 tails (16%); the highest concentrations of 6% is the 12 tails (48%), the lowest 7 tail (28%); the highest concentrations of 8% is 21 tail (84%), the lowest 17 tail (68%); the highest at concentrations of 10% are 25 tails (100%) 21, the lowest tail (84%), at konrol there is no death. Analysis of examination results of probitmenunjukkan effective concentration on LC50, LC90 and LC95 with confidence interval (SK) acceptable i.e. 95%, respectively was 6.314%, and 10.104 11.179% with upper and lower limits. From this analysis biased note, the higher the concentration of extract of leaves of Yam bean, then the higher death rate larva Aedesaegyptisampai finally reached the maximum limit of the larva mortality rate.

As the total population is expanding, interest for nourishment is additionally expanding. But food losses occur due to crop diseases caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. So it is important to utilize the advanced technologies, for example, bio and nanotechnologies in agricultural sciences. Metallic nanoparticles are being utilized in every phase of science along with engineering. Among the all noble metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticle are an arch product from the field of nanotechnology which has gained boundless interests because of their unique properties such as chemical stability, good conductivity, catalytic and most important antibacterial, anti-viral, antifungal in addition to anti-inflammatory activities. The introduction of nano silver offers an alternative where all detection and identification of plant pathogens. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles can be conceivably utilized to overcome the biological risk generated by nanoparticles derived from chemical methods, especially in the plant. This paper provides an overview of green synthesis and application of silver nanoparticles for the disease diagnosis and detection methods in plants.

Objective: To evaluate practices for food safety, sanitary conditions and food handling by street food vendors Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 100 street food vendors in Andheri (East and West) suburb of Mumbai city. A pre-structured questionnaire was used for interview and observation of food vendors to access the food safety and sanitary conditions. Results: Of the 100 vendors, 2% vendors washed hands before every customer, 12% reported that ready to serve food was kept in closed contained/ protected shelf, 3% reported that place to keep ready to serve food is very clean, 5% stalls had no animals or pets evident around the stall, 5% had proper cleanliness of vending stall, 4% had hand washing facilities available, 63% stalls had clean environment, 4% vendors washed their hands in clean water each time before handing food, 10% vendors used an apron when handling food, 48% vendors clothes were clean, none of the vendor used gloves, 37% vendors had clean short nails, 3% vendors covered hair when handling, preparing and serving food, 48% vendors did not the same utensil to prepare raw and cooked food products and 38% washed cutting board with soap and rinsed in hot water to kill bacteria. Of the 100 vendors, 2% cleaned food preparation surface whenever they washed up, 3% at the end of the day, 1% once a week, 35% when it looked dirty whereas 59% washed it before they prepared food. A significant association was found between frequency of changing oil and age group with higher percentage of vendors above 31 years of age changing oil everyday as compared to those below 30 years of age (χ2=12.133, p=0.016). Significantly higher percentage of vendors aged 31 years and above washed chopping board with soap and rinsed in hot water to kill bacteria as compared to vendors less than 30 years of age (p=0.002). There was no significant difference for other food safety and sanitary practices when vendors were classified according to age group (p>0.05) Conclusion: Food safety, sanitary condition and food handling practices are not adequate among street food vendors in Mumbai city. Educational programs need to be developed to educate street food vendors regarding appropriate street food handling practices.

This study evaluate antibacterial property of green synthesized silver nanoparticles Coccinia indica extract as reducing agent against multiple drug resistant bacteria (MDR) such as E. coli, S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized through Coccinia indica extract and characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, SEM, TEM techniques. The antibacterial activity assays were done against all bacterial pathogens by well diffusion method. The diameter of silver nanoparticles was predominantly found within the range 100-300 nm. The absorption peak at 420 nm broadens with increase in time indicating polydispersity nature of the nanoparticles. The present study showed that P. aeruginosa and E.coli was found to be resistant against Ampicillin, Cephotaxime, Ceftazidime, Clotrimazole and Gentamycin. S. aureus was resistant toward Methicillin, Vancomycin, Imipenem and Tobramycin. In this study, the Green SNPs showed excellent zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22 mm) whereas least zone of inhibition was found against S. aureus (8 mm). It has been found that nanoparticles treated with herbal solutions at different concentrations resulted into inhibition of S. aureus at 12.5 µg/disc and slightly increased concentration of SNPs i.e. 1.56 µg/ml is the minimum concentration found inhibitory to the growth of MDR strains of Pseudomonas whereas SNPs didn’t show any zone of inhibition against E. coli. The present findings suggest that green synthesis of nanoparticles are simple, quite effective method that can be used as an alternative antibacterial agent against diseases caused by multiple drug resistant pathogens.

An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants was carried out in Loyola college campus, located at capital of Tamil Nadu state (Chennai), India. This survey was conducted based on participatory observations and field visit to all places of our college campus. A total of 105 medicinal plants species with 93 genus, were identified. The main purpose of this survey is to collect data about medicinal plants available in our college campus in-order to preserve its valuable bioresources. Plant species belonging to diverse families such as Acanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Solanaceae etc., were found. All these plants having enormous medicinal properties including antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiviral, antifungal, antidote, anthelminthic, antianalgesic and they can cure cough, cold, ulcers, diarrhea, skin disorders, snake-bite etc. However, from the observed plant list, some of them are in vulnerable condition like Abutilon indicum and Leucas aspera. A survey reported that in Chennai 18 peoples were killed and around 12,000 trees were uprooted by a cyclone 'Vardah' in the month of December on 2016, even in Loyola college campus 130 trees uprooted and their stem, branches were broken. The day after this cyclone entire Chennai and Loyola college campus was looking like a forest. From the previous decade natural disasters like flood, cyclone and excess sunlight are often highly disturbing the normal life style and living environment of Chennai peoples. Another side global warming and pollutions are increasing. Due to these reasons some precious plants which are sensitive to these hazards are getting a place in the list of 'an endangered plants'. After few decades some valuable plants may be disappeared in our college campus because of those risks, so we hope that this survey will be helpful to the upcoming batches of Loyolites, through this they can get some ideas and information about medicinal plants of Loyola college campus.

Ayurveda is a science of life. To maintain Swastha Rakshana, Ayurveda has emphasized the need of Dincharya, Rutucharya etc. In the same manner to get a healthy and prosperous child, Ayurveda advocates the concept of Garbhini Paricharya. Mother’s diet and activities performed during the period of pregnancy reflect on the fetus. The chief characterstics features in 4th month is the mother expressing the nature of child through her taste preferences behavior. This condition is called as “Dauhrid Awastha” (Desires of mother). The Dauhruda Bhawas of fetus expressed through the mothers desire. When these desires are not completed, the fetus is affected and become deformity in child. So we must complete her all desires. In modern science this deformity can be compared with “Teratology”. Teratology is the study of abnormal development or congenital malformation. There are many causes of teratology, nutrition is one of them. Nutritional deficiency in fetus leads to neural tube defect. And there is abnormality in child after birth. The present study wants to analyze the Dauhruda Awastha in Garbhini, deformity in fetus due to Dauhrud Avahelana(Ignorance of longings) in Garbhini and concept of teratology in Ayurveda.

In the present study, the earthworm species Allolobophora chlorotica reported for the first time from India in the higher altitudes of Nilgiris part of Western ghats, Peninsular India. The original report of the species is from UK. The species is endogeic in nature and are found in the habitats like wet land as well as wood land. The result was documented and concluded by observing its morphological characters.

S. nux-vomica Linn. (Loganiaceae family) is one of the most important medicinal tree species in India. Present study was carried out to know the effect of pretreatment on seed germination and seedling growth parameters of size graded seeds viz. large, medium and small. The present result revealed that the H2SO4 (10 minutes) treated seedling was enhance the percentage of germination. However, with increase in the treatment time the seed germination percentage decreased in germination percentage other treatments.

The purpose of this paper is the early evaluation of pre-treatment processes of Bombyx mori silk fibroin used to produce “Kisswa Al-Kabba” in order to determine the degree of efficiency and the differences among the most commonly-used degumming processes. Silk fibroin from the Bombyx mori silkworm was degummed through reproducibility processes in a customized method including natural soap degumming (tap water and deionized water) along with laboratory scale and factory scale machines. The results revealed that the maximum average value of sericin content was found to be 28.1669% (for tap water) and 28.5715% (for deionized water), indicating removal of all or most of the sericin. After neutral soap degumming, the initial modulus decreased from 108.7 gf/den to 55.1 gf/den, while the breaking tenacity decreased from 4.0270 gf/den to 2.7185 gf/den, indicating partial harmful damages of silk fibers molecules after neutral soap degumming method. These values decreased after degumming treatment, suggesting that the silk fibers become soft and stretchable. There was not much influence on elongation after degumming for different scale conditions. The tensile properties of the silk fibers after degumming laboratory scale machine (tap water) treatment was the worst. The degumming process or boiling process of silk fibers on a laboratory scale with tap water results in a serious decrease in the tensile properties. The surface morphology of the silk fiber shows that there was no important difference among the degumming approaches used in this study. The molecular conformation estimated by FT-IR stayed unchanged regardless of the degumming processes.

We have applied a potential approximation known as modified Becke-Johnson (mBJ) based on density functional theory (DFT) method to calculate structural and electronic properties of BaPaO3 and BaUO3 compounds is presented. The Types of chemical bonding is examined with the help of variations in electron density difference distribution that is induced due to changes of second cation. Results reveal (Γ-Γ) direct band gap semiconducting nature.

The main purpose of work is to develop low cost and portable PC interfaced data acquisition and monitoring system especially for C-V measurement of the ferrite thin films. Data acquisition system (DAS) consist of microcontroller AT89S52, Two ADC (0804) and DAC as sweep generation for C-V measurement, data acquisition system must acquire two parameters simultaneously i.e. cos wave reference signal and sin wave reference signal which incorporates phase and amplitude information. Data acquisition system acquire serially and send to PC with LabVIEW. LabVIEW GUI is developed to process the data and display the value of phase and amplitude of waveform and other relative electrical parameters of device under test (DUT), this also utilize for simultaneous measurement of any two physical parameters in general, which is essential most of the time in the research lab, the device is able to acquire two different physical parameters at the same instant and data logging with PC using USB port and processing of the signals using LabVIEW.

This study investigated the perception of teachers on the influence of insecurity on socio-emotional development of secondary school students in Owerri Metropolis of Imo State. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Using simple random sampling techniques, two hundred teachers were selected as subject for the study. Three research questions guided the study. Instrument used for the study was a researcher structured questionnaire. Two test experts validated the instrument while a test re-test method which yielded a reliability coefficient result of 0.72 confirmed that the instrument was reliable. Data was analyzed using mean. Results revealed among others, that dangerous electrical installation around the school environment constitute insecurity especially in dilapidated buildings. Also teachers perceived that insecure school children do not develop trusting relationship for teachers and other adults. The study equally found that teachers perceived insecurity to be stunting students creative expression by in inhibiting their play expression. Recommendations were made to include that there should be appropriate security personnel in schools in addition to fencing every school especially those on the high way.

Background: Patient satisfaction is an important patient-centered health outcome. To date, no systematic review of the literature or patient satisfaction with physiotherapy services has been conducted. Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate patient satisfaction with the physiotherapy services from various private clinics, public hospitals, rehabilitation centers and general population and also to identify the factors that affects patent satisfaction with physiotherapy services. Limitation: One of the limitation of the study is that it is difficult to generalize the study findings to the regions at a large. Conclusion: Patients are highly satisfied with the physiotherapy services across various cities of North India physical therapists can enhanced the quality of patient centered care by understanding and optimizing these determinates of patient satisfaction.

The world has witnessed an accelerated pace of financial globalization, where wireless networks have made their presence felt. India is no exception, where digital technology has to a lesser extent disrupted financial services in India. Digital banking could refer to end to end processing of banking transaction operations which have been initiated by the client. It could take various forms such as ATMs, NEFT, Telebanking etc. As is a well acknowledged fact banking and financial services form the backbone of an economy and are required to meet the challenges posed by changing technology, to satisfy the consumer preferences towards digital technology, to meet demands for micro payments, of being environment friendly and meting equal treatment to all. There has been a spurt in online banking and the government has been taking measures to promote the same. In a surprise move the Government of India decided to demonetize the two highest denomination notes namely Rupees 500/- and Rupees 1000/-. One of the main objectives of the move was creation of a cashless economy. Subsequently a number of stringent measures were taken by the government to promote digital banking. However, there are a number of hurdles in keeping with the developing nature of the economy such as existence of a large unorganized sector, erratic internet connectivity and poor penetration of smart phones. Besides many small banks do not have digital banking and problem of security risk and most importantly lack of awareness of banking facilities are omni present in India. What is needed is for the government to take initiative in providing regulatory measures with active participation from public and private sector.

Jababeka is an industrial and residential area which has very fast development in Indonesia. Four big villages, namely MekarMukti, Serta Jaya, Pasir Gombong and Simpangan have a big number of residents. There are more than 70.000 people who live in here as workers, staff, officers and entrepreneurs. The continuous increase of the number of companies, residences and new comers brings about a potential of constraints, competition and rivalry among local people and new comers. The socio-demographic data analysis using the phenomenological and hermeneutic approach reflects that Jababeka has a business potential of entertainment center. It follows that the entertainment center is promising potential. In anticipation of future problem, this entertainment center is also beneficial to bridge the gap between local people and new comers. However it should be located at the place that can be easily accessed by those four villages. The on-going increase of companies, residences and new comers in Jababeka will prop up the business potential of entertainment center.

This paper assessed the local tourism potentialities of Sorsogon province in the Philippines. Data gathering employed an online Delphi-based process to evaluate the criteria in measuring potentialities of local tourism; one hundred and fifty (150) respondents were selected via stratified random sampling; and data analysis used descriptive statistics and non-parametric Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. Results suggest that to ensure sustainability to existing tourism potentialities, Sorsogon has to focus on the importance of quality tertiary education, the provision of stable local employment, the promotion of healthy and balanced community life, as well as prioritizing the basic social services of its communities. Sorsogon tourism destinations are characterized by the four (4) tourism typologies based on travel motivation: ecotourism, econautical, cultural, and educational tourism and findings indicate that most of Sorsogon’s tourist destinations remained untouched by commercialism however, there is a need to balance the travel motivators and tourist personalities with the psychological needs of the local communities in order to sustainably manage these tourism destinations. This study recommends that aside from human resources, there’s a need for stronger local government support and capital investment be maximized on information and communications technology in order to boost the local tourism economy and showcase Sorsogon’s tourism potentialities beyond boarders.

Introduction: Informal businesses have so many sections in any town of developing counties. Among these informal vending sections, this study sought to investigate the relationship of the ‘Jebena Buna’ venders’ strategies with their daily profit making performance for their long life. The study used quantitative approach. Methodology: Data were collected through structured questioner, in-depth personal interviews and direct observations. Structured questionnaires are distributed to 97 street cattle coffee venders at Golla (National Bank of Ethiopia) to Wolaita Association Development Unit (WADU) Round About at 2nd main road of the Town. The study discovered that the relationship of the street vending strategies influences on the performance of daily profit making capacity of the cattle coffee street venders. Aim: The study provided an insight into an emerging research area that is characterized by a proliferation of a variety of types of street vendors in Sodo. Result: The study showed that while vending associations had been unsuccessful in their efforts to achieve sector governance for long life, the new interest regime could offer novel strategies of action to achieve this goal. The study should get “selling in low price(X5)” is the most influential ‘Buna’ vending strategy at Sodo. All literature part strategies are strongly related and have significant (<0.001) effect on daily profit making performances of the venders. The Interview results show that, most people on the street see vending as a way to acquire money quickly and reduce un employment and youths attracted in it for short period instead of long life.