May 2015

Background: The three minute bones in the middle ear, the malleus, incus and stapes form articulated chain across the tympanic cavity. Sclerosis, ankylosis or any disease of these ossicles cause immobilization and dissociation of the chain leading to impaired hearing. Increasingly otologic surgeons are performing surgeries for deafness like ossicular replacements and ossiculoplasty. A resultant achievement of good hearing following surgery is one of the greatest challenges to the otologists. Successful ossicular repair depends on precise dimensions of implants. Objectives: To study the morphometric measurements and morphological features of Incus and compare the results with other studies. Material and Methods: 50 formalin fixed human temporal bones were dissected to remove incus by dissection method. The bones were photographed and measured using software and weight of individual ossicles were taken and recorded. Results: Incus showed few morphological variations. Conclusion: The knowledge of variations of the ossicles and its morphometric data will help the otologist during reconstructive surgery and provide necessary information for the prosthesis designer

Forensic age estimation is a scientific process in a forensic medicine which aims to determine in the most precise way possible, the chronological age of a person of an unknown or doubtful age involved in medical or legal proceedings such as unregistered children, asylum seekers, immigrants, marriage, sporting events and criminals. With the current concerns of migration trends, criminal activities and ethical legal dilemma, forensic medical team and anthropologist have tried to come up with several ways to determine the biological profile of living individuals. The skeleton and dentition has been used for age estimation for years, but with the new technological advances such as digital x-rays, computer tomographic imaging and ultrasound machines, age estimation has been made simple, faster and near accurate. This article reviews the use of bones for age estimation, with emphasis to various methodologies of bone assessment, limitations of this modalities and possible recommendation that may accurately bring to precision, the current methods of age estimation in the future. Sources and selection of data: comparison between old and new literature was reviewed and information was obtained from search engines such as the PubMed and Google scholar.

A descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding organ transplantation among staff nurses in a selected hospital at Mangalore. According to Indian government statistics, every year more than 10 lakh people in India are estimated to suffer from organ failure. Medical advancement and technology has demonstrated most miraculous achievement in modern medicine on organ transplantation. Nurses are expected to come forward and motivate the public about Organ transplantation. Nurses are the person who works with the client and family for 24 hours and so able to change the attitude of the public about the organ transplantation. Hence, the researcher felt to study the knowledge of staff nurses regarding organ transplantation. It may helps the patients to lead and achieve a normal life. The nurses were selected through non probability convenient sampling technique. The data was collected by administering the questionnaire to the samples. The result of the study showed that majority (68%) of staff nurses were having knowledge on organ transplantation. Nearly 32 % of nurses were need to update their knowledge on surgical procedure, preservation techniques and management regarding organ transplantation. The study result suggested that in service educational programme need to be planned on regular basis about organ transplantation.

Objectives: To study the clinical and epidemiological profile of dengue cases admitted at a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital on all serologically diagnosed dengue cases admitted from 1st October 2012 to 31st December 2012. The serological diagnosis was done using Rapid Immunochromatographic Card Test (RICT) in the clinical microbiology laboratory of the hospital. Detection of at least one component (NS1, IgM or IgG) was considered to be positive for sero-diagnosis. A pre-designed, pre-tested proforma was used to collect information from the patients. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 17.0 software and descriptive statistics was used. Results: Majority of cases 66.2% (149) were of Dengue fever (DF) according to WHO classification and highest number of dengue cases was in the age group of < 14 years. Male (58.2%) preponderance was noted among the cases. Fever was the presenting symptom in all cases followed by vomiting (47.1%) and headache (45.3%). Hepatomegaly was noted in 27.1% and splenomegaly in 9% of the cases. The mean platelet count was lower than normal values in all the cases. Conclusion: Detection of large number of cases in a short duration signifies high incidence rate. Dengue should be suspected in all cases presenting with symptoms like fever, vomiting and headache. Dengue fever (DF) is more common clinical syndrome than the most serious dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS).Dengue shock syndrome occurs more frequently in younger age group and diagnosing in children is very important. The use of Dengue RICT helps in the prompt and early diagnosis and management of the case and prevent complications of the dengue.

In India, Fasciolopsiasis has been reported mainly from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra (Raj, 2007). Only few sporadic cases have been reported eversince from the remaining states (CD Alert,2005). We are reporting a case of Fasciolopsiasis in which the patient had vomited out an adult worm of Fasciolopsis buski which is quite an unusual presentation.

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinical condition that comprises a wide spectrum of liver dam¬age, ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, ad¬vanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with normal or elevated serum alanine transaminase enzyme (ALT). NAFLD tends to develop in people who are overweight or obese or have diabetes, high cholesterol or high triglycerides. Methods: The study is a case control study conducted on 50 patients who were diagnosed to have fatty liver assessed by ultrasonography and 25 controlled healthy individuals with matched age and sex. All the study persons underwent full clinical assessment and laboratory investigations including ALT and AST-, serum albumin, prothrombin time and INR, complete blood count (CBC), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), (HbAiC) and fasting lipid profile including, serum total cholesterol, triglyc¬eride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and serum ferritin and iron. Results: The study shoed high statistically significant difference between patients group and control group as regards serum ferritin level p value (<0.001) , and there was high statistically significant positive correlation between serum ferritin level and BMI, TG, AST, ALT, Fasting Plasma Glucose, HBA1C , serum uric acid , LDL, serum IRON ,TIBC with p value (<0.001) . Conclusion: Serum ferritin can be used as a useful marker for evaluation of the presence of NAFLD and useful marker for evaluation of associated dyslipidemia , diabetes and presence of metabolic syndrome.

Dengue fever is one of the major public health problems in the tropical countries and the adjacent subtropics. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a serious form of this disease. As this infection is becoming more and more common, the incidence of unusual presentations associated with dengue hemorrhagic fever is increasing. Except for the pleural effusions, pulmonary manifestations are highly unlikely in this disease. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in DHF is very rarely reported in the medical literature. We report a case of 19 year old female with DHF who presented with acute onset of breathlessness which was diagnosed to be due to ARDS according to the Berlin definition. After ruling out almost all possible causes of ARDS in this female, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) was considered as the cause of this complication. The need of the hour is to make the medical practitioners in dengue fever endemic areas aware of this atypical complication of DHF so that proper diagnostic and treatment steps can be taken at the earliest possible convenience and the lives of such patients can be saved.

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder involving antibody and cell mediated destruction of platelets and suppression of platelet production that may predispose to bleeding. Over the past few decades, the rising awareness of treatment and it side effects and newer medications have led to newer recommendations. Treatment is mainly directed at achieving a safe platelet count to prevent a major bleeding event rather than correcting the platelet count to normal levels. Splenectomy is now a second line treatment. Corticosteroids with IVIG or anti –Rh(D), danazol, alone or in combination with azathioprine, and dapsone have been used as first line drugs. Rituximab and Thrombopoietin receptor agonists are also approved for treating adults with chronic ITP. This paper deals with all aspects of treatment modalities and their safety with latest recommendation.

Meyna spinosa Roxb, a medicinal plant enjoys it use in the traditional medicine in all over the India for the treatment of a number of ailments. In Bengali it is called as Monkata. It is a wild common plant distributed in India, Bangladesh and in both northeastern tropical Africa and tropical Asia. The main objective of the present research work was to determine various bioactive compounds and to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of different fruit extracts of Meyna spinosa Roxb against different gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Based on this, a new series of constituents had been planned to extract by Ethanol (E1), Methanol (E2), Ethylacetoacetate (E3) and Chloroform (E4) from the fruits of Meyna spinosa Roxb. The in-vitro antibacterial activity was carried out by Paper disc diffusion method and MIC was determined by Agar streak dilution method. The results displayed that the various extracts of fruits of Meyna spinosa Roxb, had a potential antibacterial activity against different gram positive and gram negative bacteria with an MIC range of 9-22 µg/ml (gram positive organisms) and with an MIC range of 10-26 µg/ml (gram negative organisms). The MIC values of various extracts (E1, E2, E3 and E4) of fruits of Meyna spinosa Roxb for different gram positive bacteria were found to be S. aureus (MIC: 9-18 µg /ml ), B.subtilis (MIC: 10-21 µg /ml), S. typhi (MIC: 11-22 µg /ml) and S. epidermidis ( MIC:12-21 µg /ml). The extracts (E1, E2, E3 and E4) of fruits of Meyna spinosa Roxb were active against all the tested gram negative microorganisms with the range of MIC values for P. aeruginosa (MIC: 10-20 µg/ml), P. flurocense (MIC:12-25 µg/ml) and E. coli ( MIC: 11-26 µg/ml) and V. cholerae (MIC:12-23 µg/ml).

A prospective randomized study has shown that, in 50 women with breast cancer undergoing modified radical mastectomy with level III axillary clearance, perioperative and postoperative administration of tranexamic acid 1 g three times daily resulted in a significant reduction in the mean postoperative drainage volume compared with patient not receiving tranexamic acid (781.4248.64 vs. 1023196.3ml; p<0.001). The frequency of post drain seroma formation was increased by tranexamic acid administration (44% vs. 20%). None of the patient developed hematoma, flap necrosis in both the groups. Three patients developed wound infection in the study group and none in the control group. Two patients developed wound dehiscence in study group while 1 in the control group. Stage of breast carcinoma, total number of nodes dissected and number of lymph nodes positive for metastatic diseases does not effect the seroma formation. Tranexamic acid may be used for longer duration to reduce the frequency of postoperative wound complications following surgery for breast cancer.

Aim: To study the clinicopathological features of Thyroid lesions at SRTRGMCH, rural set up. Method: Total 312 of THYROID lesions were studied. Patients of all age group, of both sexes with complaints of swelling over neck were included. Patients were subjected for clinical palpation, Ultrasonography(USG), Lymph Nodes examination, thyroid profile, Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and accordingly treated with surgical and medical mode of management. All operated specimens were sent for histopathological evaluation. Results: 182 patients (58.33%) were between age group of 20 to 40 yrs with a female preponderance. Of total lesions Non-neoplastic category constituted the majority of lesions (79.80%). These cases include Nodular goiter, colloid goiter, hashimoto’s thyroiditis, lymphocytic thyroiditis and toxic goiter. Neoplastic lesions constituted 20.20% of all cases which include follicular neoplasm, hurthle cell adenoma, papillary carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma. 56 cases underwent histopathological examination of which 43 cases (76.78%) were benign and 13 cases (23.22%) were malignant. Conclusion: Taking into consideration Histopathology report as a gold standard, correlation of FNAC finding with histopathology finding showed 78.50% sensitivity, 95.20% specificity with 84.61% positive predictive value and 93.02% negative predictive value.

Aim: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the visual functions in Migraine patients. Materials And Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Thanjavur Medical College, Thanjavur. The subjects were recruited from Outpatient Clinic of Department of Neuromedicine, Thanjavur based on International Headache Society classification for Migraine. Subjects with episodes of headache for atleast 2 yrs , 2 attacks per month in last quarter year were included in the study and with history suggestive of other types of headache, Tension Type Headache (TTH), cluster headache, sinusitis and Visual field defects were excluded . Forty subjects (16 with Aura and 24 cases – Migraine without aura) and forty age / sex matched controls were selected. Informed written consent was obtained. The results were analysed statistically using student ‘t’ test. Results: There was significant prolongation of P100 and N145 latency (p<0.05) in both Migraine with and without aura compared with controls. P100 Amplitude was increased in study group especially in cases with Aura than the control group but was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Thus, Visual Evoked Potential can be considered as useful, non-invasive, reliable and diagnostic technique for effective management in Migraine.

The objective of this study was to investigate the association of HLA Class-II loci and their frequencies in Sudanese patients with celiac disease. All blood specimens from celiac disease patients (n=70), and control group (n=30) were tested for (tTG IgA, Gliadin IgG and EMA) antibodies by IIF and ELISA. All tests were repeated on all patients (n=70) to check their response to the Gluten free diet (GFD). HLA-class II, DR and DQ alleles were typed from the DNA of all samples . Analysis of the gel was done by using One Lambda Software. Analysis of case-control data was performed using the Chi-square test with P< 0.05 considered significant. HLA-DRB1*0301 (HLA-DR17) was found in 74.3 % of the patients compared to 26.67% of the healthy controls (p= 0.002) with a risk factor of 4.4. The frequency of HLA-DQB1*0201 (HLA-DQ2) was found to be 81.42% and 53.3% in patients and in healthy controls respectively (p=0.006) with a risk factor of 3.8. HLA-DQB1*0301(HLA-DQ7) was found to be significantly frequent in patients (24.3%) compared to (3.3%) among the controls (p= 0.011) with a relative risk of 9.3. This in contrast to Caucasian patients where the frequency of HLA-DQB1*0301(HLA-DQ7) is only 2%. There was no significant difference between patients and controls regarding HLA-DQB1*0302 allele (HLA-DQ8) which was frequently seen in 17.14% patients compared to 30% in the controls (p=0.18) with a relative risk of 0.48. HLA-DQ7 is highly specific to Sudanese CD compared to HLA-DQ8.

Interlocked nailing as a treatment modality for long bone fractures is one of the most widely performed orthopedic trauma surgeries. Closed locked nailing is the gold standard method of treating the long fractures. One of the most difficult steps in this surgery is distal locking of screws. Various techniques have been described for distal locking, but sometimes they become unsuccessful, time consuming and involve excessive radiation exposure. Also they involve various specialized equipments which increase the surgical time and cost. We present a simple, safe, cost effective and highly reproducible technique for distal locking which involves pushing the drill bit into the locking holes with hand.

Some emergency service works with a triage care system to differentiate the urgency level of each patient. The objective is to deploy Smart Track system in a general emergency. This new care system intends to screen and begins initial therapeutics in less than twenty minutes of patient arrival in the hospital. This is an analysis from February to December 2014. In the first quarter of this project, the emergence performed around 3400 calls per month and in the last quarter was carried out making more than 5000 calls/month. Protocols for a preferred route were open 90 cases per month, on average. A third of these patients were admitted to hospital treatment. Throughout this period, the hospital spent on human resources less than a half of the spent in the others regular triage emergency services. Changing the emergency room processes to Lean based model is possible.

Background: Microalbuminuria is a significant clinical outcome of diabetic nephropathy and related hypertension. Moreover, diabetes mellitus is a known dangerous metabolic disorders, resulting into induction of complications such as cardiovascular, glomerular hyperfusion and end stage renal disease (ESRD). Aim and Objectives: Objectives of this study are 1) to determine the prevalence of microalbuminuria in selected age groups of diabetic patients, 2) to determine correlation of microalbumin with hypertension and renal insufficient in male and female patients. Materials and Research Design: A total of 240 subjects (n = 160 diabetic patients, n = 80 controls) were selected for present study and classified according to gender, age, clinical categories (renal insufficiency and hypertension) and control groups. Urinary microalbumin was analyzed in 2nd morning urine of all selected patients and control groups by TINA-QUANT (Roche-Diagnostics) albumin methodology on Cobas 6000 c501 analyzer. Results: Variable concentrations of microalbumin were detected in urine samples of male and female diabetic patients in both hypertensive and renal insufficiency co-morbids. Furthermore age-dependency on the correlation of microalbumin was noted, depicted by higher level of urinary microalbumin in older subjects as compared to younger ones. Conclusion: Micro-albuminuria was noted to be more prevalent in renal insufficient diabetic patients as compared to hypertensive diabetics. Additionally age-dependency was also factor in higher levels microalbuminuria.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is one of the major types of anemia found in Sudan. Numerous studies provide Hypercoagulable state in SCA. Many genetic polymorphisms are considered as a risk factor for Hypercoagulability in sickle cell anemia. The aim of this study was to examine the association of MTHFR (C677T) polymorphism with the risk of vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) among sickle cell (SC) patients in Sudan. The study included 34 SC patients with VOC, their fibrinogen level (measured by Clauss modified method), D-Dimer (measured by i-CHROMATM system), MTHFR C677T genotype frequencies (detected by PCR/RFLP) and haematological charecteristics (Sysmex KX-21N) were determined and compared with 62 SC patients in steady state, without history of previous VOC, as control. Fibrinogen and D-Dimer levels were elevated in all SC patients either in steady state or with VOC, the levels were significantly higher among SC patients with VOC than those in steady state. Our study showed low frequency of mutant MTHFR C677T genotype with 1% TT genotype (homozygote) & 12% CT (heterozygote) with no signifi¬cant association of MTHFR C677T polymorphisms with the risk of VOC in SCA. In conclusion, our data suggest a low impact of MTHFR C677T polymorphism as risk factors in the pathogenesis of VOC among the study group.

Pre-eclampsia is one of the greatest medical enigmas of obstetrics machine all over the world. This peculiar multiorganic syndrome and its major catastrophe – Eclampsia still takes a large toll of maternal and fetal lives in underdeveloped and developing countries. Eclampsia was described several centuries before the time of Christ. The word eclampsia was used by Hippocrates to mean “fever of sudden onset.” Originally, the term Eclampsia is derived from a Greek word meaning “like a flash of lightening.” Egyptian, Chinese, Indian and Greek literatures mention about this word. Both Adharvana veda (1000-800 BC) and Shushrutha, (1st century AD) have mentioned the grave prognosis of eclampsia. Mauriceau (1694) observed that primiparas are more likely to develop convulsions than multiparas. Hamilton (1775) noticed that twin gestation predisposed to eclampsia. Lever and simpson (1848) observed proteinuria in pre-eclamptic pregnant women. Sheeham (1950) concluded that edema is principally due to vasomotor disturbances. The onset of pre-eclampsia occurs after 30th week of gestation in 90% of cases and between 30-36th week in 50-70% of cases. (Dickman, 1952). The combination of proteinuria and hypertension during pregnancy markedly increases the risk of prenatal mortality and morbidity.

Certain variations of the BRCA1 gene lead to an increased risk for breast cancer. Researchers have identified hundreds of mutations in the BRCA1 gene, many of which are associated with an increased risk of Breast cancer. The 3D structure of protein brca1 is retrieved from PDB. Then the new drug is designed by obtaining similar features from the cyclophosphamide and then that structure is chemically modified using Chemsketch. The various biochemical parameters are checked by Log p, Molsoft, Lipinski, ADMET properties etc. Finally the newly designed drug was allowed to dock with the protein and the energy score was calculated. Finally the tabular column was drawn to compare the Energy score. The lowest free Energy Binding has high Energy score. Thereby From the tabulation, the newly designed structure can also be used in the treatment of Breast cancer. Further modification of ligand molecule can increase the property of active site binding.

The Ramakkal Lake is situated at Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu, India, this Lake is extensively been used for the purpose of irrigation, fishing and also for the animal requirements. The fresh water pollution has long been an issue of concern for the life scientists. This work is intended to determine the overall water quality of the Lake. Lakes are the most fertile, diverse, productive and interactive ecosystem in the world. For the present research work four sampling sites were identified and lake water quality was analysed for pollution status on a monthly basis over a period of 13 months. Every water sample was analysed for temperature, pH, salinity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, hardness, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, ammonia, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. The study revealed that the lake water was alkaline. The chloride, Ammonia, Nitrite and conductivity concentrations were high in all the four sites chosen. The sites which showed greater pollution had lower levels of dissolved oxygen. High levels of pollutants in lake water causes an increase in biological oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrites, Ammonia and hence make such water unsuitable for drinking. The remedial measures suggested for the restoration of this lake include increasing the water levels in the lake, increasing the ground water level and improving the lake water quality. Checking of soil erosion, desilting the lake, establishing a water treatment plant and creating public awareness can be some of the constructive efforts to revive this ancient lake.

Dhapa, the largest open waste dumping ground of the city of Kolkata, India, is famous for "Garbage farming" all over the World. More than 40 per cent of the leafy vegetables in the Kolkata markets come from these lands. The main objective of the study is to compare the nutrient contents of selected leafy vegetables cultivated in Dhapa land-filled ground (DLG) with Normal ground (NG). Accordingly six selected samples (Red Amaranth, Green Amaranth, Bottle Gourd Leaves, Ceylon Spinach, and Spinach) were collected from both the places throughout the year and analyzed. From the analysis it is observed that there is no significant variations (p> 0.05) in the values of nutrient contents like moisture, total carbohydrate and soluble protein in both the categories of samples excepting ash and total protein contents, where significant variation is noted (p<0.05).

Land use and land cover changes of Kodaikanal hills by using multi-sensor satellite data and to monitor the changes in various land use / land cover classes using digital remote sensing techniques. The spatial coverage of each class may be visualized on both maps. The area of each class for the year 2006 and 2011 data has been compiled. The land use/ land cover maps prepared using the methodology of (Anderson et al., 1976) (LISS-III data of 2006) and (LISS-III data of 2011). The spatial coverage of each class may be visualized on both maps. The area of each class for the year 2006 and 2011 data has been compiled. The land use/ land cover map of year 2006, depicts that built up area constitutes 14% of total area, while the agriculture classes like Crop land, Fallow and Plantation covers 36% the study area. Water bodies and Barren land covers 1% and 4.5% of area respectively. The forest classes like forest plantation, forest Deciduous, Forest scrub and forest evergreen covers 49% in the study area. In year 2011, the built up area obtained from digital image processing techniques has been 34% of the total area. The agriculture covers an area of 26.5% which shows an area of 9.5% decrease in agriculture land. The water bodies cover 1% and the barren area is converted in to built-up area. The forest classes also showed a decrease of 10% area and the present forest covers 38% of the study area. The decreased classes in the agriculture and forest are converted in to built-up area which clearly shows the population increase. The study was successfully able to detect vegetation change and concluded that the area of the urban has increased whereas the area of crop land and plantation has been decreased within the period 2006-2010. Kodaikanal area is identified as one of the bio¬diversity area in India. Proper land use planning is essential for a sustainable development of Kodaikanal Taluk.

Nutritional status of plants has important role in increasing yield and quality of crop plants. Macronutrients and micronutrients are essential elements for metabolism of plants. Influence of aqueous leachate (at 20% and 0.01% concentration) of dried and dropped petals of Delonix regia (Boj Ex Hook) Raf was studied on mineral contents of seedlings of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. var. Kalyani) in petriplate and soil bioassays under laboratory conditions. Petal leachate increased content of phosphorus except at lower concentration in soil bioassay. Sodium and magnesium were decreased in seedlings in petriplate bioassay while increased in soil bioassay. Petal leachate reduced the level of calcium. In petriplate bioassay potassium content was increased at lower concentration and in soil bioassay it was increased at higher concentration. There was decrease in iron content at both concentrations and in both bioassays. Manganese and zinc were decreased in seedlings in petriplate bioassay and increased in soil bioassay at high and low concentrations of petal leachate. The alterations in mineral contents may lead to further metabolic disorders in the petal leachate treated Chickpea seedlings

In this note we obtain sufficient conditions under which we can guarantee the continuability of solutions of a system which contain the classical Liénard equation.

The use of a glazed façade has the disadvantage of introducing an excess of energy in the building by means of solar radiation during the summer months. The absence of walls that could absorb this thermal load causes the interior space to overheat, needing therefore to cool it with high energy-consuming air-conditioning installations. The water flow glazing, combined with geothermal heat exchangers, provides the thermal inertia required to stabilize the temperature of the building’s envelope, reducing therefore the cost and increasing the energy efficiency. The flowing water absorbs the infrared solar radiation that strikes on glass façades and dissipates it in geothermal wells. This strategy can serve for both, reducing thermal loads and pre-heating hot domestic water. The goal of this paper is to study the integration of the water flow glazing technology with a ground source heat pump, and to evaluate the energy savings produced in real buildings. The results of this article prove that the use of this water flow glazing façade improves the energy performance of the building, reduce energy consumption for Air Conditioning in summer time and increases the thermal and visual comfort of its occupants.

Cloud computing came into importance because of its salient features supporting large amount of users to store and share their files and services. Data security is one of the concerns to be considered while dealing with cloud. Various encryption techniques can be used to enhance data security. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is one of the most recent and efficient encryption schemes which are used by the Cloud and the Third-Party Auditor in order to provide data security and auditability. By the process of public verifiability by a Third-Party auditor, the users can ensure the correctness of data that is being stored in the cloud. In this paper, correctness of data that is being stored in the cloud has been enhanced by the involvement of third-party auditor and AES encryption technique.

Waste management is been a vital environmental issue since last few decades. It has been seen that the generation of waste increases with increasing population, industrialization& urbanization etc. This paper is a review of waste management system, its elements & disposal system of waste. The necessities of waste management system, bad effects of mismanagement, various issues are raised in previous studies are mentioned in the paper. It has seen that the waste management system should adopt by Proper collection, storage, processing, transport & disposal of waste so that the impacts of waste can be minimised & the quality of life can be improved.

Sorghum grains were germinated under controlled condition and their soaking and germination time was finalized for best results. The ungerminated and germinated flours were evaluated for its chemical (proximate) and physicochemical properties. It was found that the germination of sorghum grains reduced the carbohydrate 70.02 to 60.04 (%) starch from 65.2 to 58.1 (%), amylopectin from 53.7 to 42.1 (%), ash content 1.79 to 1.39 (%), fat from 6 to 4 (%), falling number from 365 to 70 (%) and oil absorption capacity from 3.78 to 3.17 (%). The germination of grain increased the moisture content from 9.9 to 10.2 (%), total sugar from 8.92 to 11.98 (%), reducing sugar 2.81 to 3.82 (%), non-reducing sugar from 6.11 to 8.16 (%) protein content from 7.25 to 9.85 (%), amylose content from 11.5 to 15.8 (%), water absorption capacity from 121.6 to 129.6 (%), particle size from 0.029 to 0.031(μm) and water solubility index from 14 to 17 (%), respectively.

Quality in higher education has become a target for all universities in the world. Student learning outcomes are rapidly taking center stage as the principal gauge of higher education’s effectiveness. Research has mainly focused on the quality of inputs and processes in higher education, but does not provide a sufficient attention to the outcomes (the level of graduates). In order to address this issue, we developed some possible indicators to evaluate the quality of education outcomes (in courses, classes, faculty, and university) by analyzing students’ grades as proxies of student learning outcomes (SLO). We were able to adopt several indicators that rely on calculating the means and ratios of students' degrees in courses, classes, faculty, and university. In addition, we provided suitable indicators to assess the quality of learning outcomes for graduates and distinguished students, and estimate the ratio of distinction using special calculations for graduates and distinguished students.

Pure and 0.1mol% crystal violet dye doped L-Alanine Thiourea (LATU and CVLATU) crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. The cell parameters and crystallinity of pure and dye admixtured LATU crystals were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder crystal X-ray diffraction and high resolution X-ray diffraction analyses. The doping of the crystal violet dye in the grown crystal has been confirmed qualitatively by the FTIR spectroscopy. The optical transparency of the crystals was identified from the UV-vis-NIR transmission spectrum. The laser damage threshold value significantly enhanced for CVLATUcrystal in comparison with pure LATU crystal. Thermal analysis has been performed on the grown crystals. The crystals were further subjected to other important characterizations such as dielectric measurement, micro hardness and NLO studies. The improvement in Second Harmonic Generation efficiency of doped crystal has also been reported.

Green computing concept is to improve environmental condition. The main aim of green computing is to reduce poisonous materials. We systematically analyze its energy consumption which is based on types of services and obtain the conditions to facilitate green computing to save overall energy consumption in this system. Today it is the major issue to prepare such equipments by which we achieve efficient energy and to minimize of e-waste and use of non poisonous chemicals / materials in preparation of e-equipments. We can implement green computing in computer’s fields as CPU servers and other peripheral devices (mobile devices). By using green computing we can reduce resources consumption and disposal of electric waste (e-waste). The other poisonous materials which are used in computer/electronics industry are also harmful for environment. In this paper, we will involve widely survey the concepts and architecture of green computing, as well as its heat and energy consumption issues. Green computing can facilitate us to safe, secure place and healthy environment all over in the world. This paper will help us to take some initiatives currently under in the field of computers/electronics industry and new ways to save vast amounts of energy which is wasted in very large scale.

Participatory Sensing is an emerging computing paradigm that enables the distributed collection of data by self-selected participants. It allows the increasing number of mobile phone users to share local knowledge acquired by their sensor-equipped devices, e.g., to monitor temperature, pollution level or consumer pricing information. While research initiatives and prototypes proliferate, their real-world impact is often bounded to comprehensive user participation. If users have no incentive, or feel that their privacy might be endangered, it is likely that they will not participate. In this article, focus on privacy protection in Participatory Sensing and introduce a suitable privacy-enhanced infrastructure. First, we provide a set of definitions of privacy requirements for both data producers (i.e., users providing sensed information) and consumers (i.e., applications accessing the data). Then, we propose an efficient solution designed for mobile phone users, which incurs very low overhead.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a very large collection of sensor nodes which organized into different form like tree, mesh etc. This sensor nodes are work on the power source i.e. battery which is essential for its communication There are to main approaches to sleep scheduling i) random ii) synchronized. Main purpose of any sleep scheduling algorithm is to maintain network connectivity to save the power of the network we used the scheduling technique with WSN to increase the life of the network. In sleep scheduling most of the nodes are put into sleep mode to increase the lifetime of the network. Sleep scheduling is very important to become a network more efficient and flexible. Main aim of sleep scheduling algorithm is to live the network for long period of time. The different technique is used with the sleep scheduling like routing and tree based algorithm which is really improve the performance of the network.

Advertising has a wide range of instruments to slowly bring the consumer to the time of sale. Amid this arsenal we identify music with a function, or even specific functions within the audiovisual advertising. This article proposes the investigation of these functions focusing on the Huron approach (1989) and his confrontation with some approaches to film music.

The main objective of the paper is to find out the impact of environmental conditions on health status of slum dwellers in civil line area of Aligarh city. The main components of environmental conditions included in this study are related to housing conditions, water supply, sanitation, garbage and electricity. The study is based on primary data collected from a survey of 300 households in 5 different slum localities of the civil line area of the city. It is observed that the environmental conditions of the slum population are alarming. There is lack of all basic amenities and social facilities which greatly affected the health conditions of the sampled respondents. There is dearth of drainage, drinking water and toilet facilities. Open drains and adjacent houses are characterized by dirty and unhygienic conditions. The impact of these conditions is reflected in diseases like skin problem, backbone problem, malnutrition, gout, asthma, malaria and ulcer in the study area. Health is basically related to nutrition as well as to hygiene. Income is also one of the main factors that affect the health profile of the slums. Besides income, lack of education and awareness also plays an important role in the health status of slums. The study shows the slum people in civil line area of Aligarh city are engaged in rickshaw pulling, Baildari and rag picking. The monthly income of the slum people is very low. Due to their poverty slum people are forced to do self medication instead of going to any health centre for medical check-up. The present scenario of the slums draws our attention to take effective steps in order to improve the quality of their life.

The purpose of this study to compare the selected cardiac parameters between trained and untrained basketball players. For the purpose of the study forty (N=40) male basketball players were selected as subjects from colleges affiliated to Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar. The selected subjects were categorized on the basis of training status (trained: N1=20, mean age is 21.15 ± 2.28 years; the mean height is 180.04 ± 10.62 cm; the mean weight is 71.00 ± 11.14 kg and mean BMI is 21.75 ± 2.36 and untrained: N2=20, mean age is 21.15 ± 2.28years; the mean height is 177.40 ± 10.61 cm; the mean weight is 67.00 ± 11.14kg and the mean BMI is 21.22 ± 2.44). All the participants were assessed for height, weight and selected cardiac variables. The independent samples t-test was applied to assess the differences between trained and untrained basketball players. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The results of present study revealed There was slight increase in resting heart rate in untrained basketball players as compared to trained basketball players but not statistically significant There was statistically significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (p˂ 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (p˂ 0.05) in trained basketball players as compared to untrained basketball players.

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between occupational anxiety and self-esteem levels of prospective teachers and to explore whether these levels vary in accordance with gender, field and source of teacher training and the relation between occupational anxiety and self-esteem levels. Mean scores, t-test, one way analysis of variance, LSD test and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) for detecting source of the difference were used during the analysis of data that were collected from 413 prospective teachers through prospective teacher anxiety scale and coppersmith self-esteem inventory. At the end of the research, it was concluded that occupational anxiety levels of prospective teachers were low, whereas their self-esteem levels were high and as self-esteem levels of prospective teachers increased, and occupational anxiety levels decreased. As well as that this conclusion is at an accepted level, the teacher applications devoted to teachers’ gaining self-confidence for increasing their self-esteem levels more through their own experiences may be increased. Moreover, making social and economical conditions of teaching profession better may serve this purpose. A similar study may be carried out with larger sample groups with the aim of researching various variables.

It is observed that the customers expect more, have various choices and are less Brand Loyal these days. The organizations will have to continually improve their methodologies, processes, and products in order to stay in the business as well as attract and retain the potential and existing customers. The aim of this study is to present an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach methodology thatprioritises the various sub criteria’s, which increases the customer satisfaction levels of solar water heater users. The study has used the three criteria of Perceived Ease of Use, Benefits and Innovativeness for gauging Customer Satisfaction levels. This study shows how AHP approach can be used effectively used in prioritising the sub criterions that gauges the satisfaction levels of solar water heater users in Southern city of India (Mangalore).

The giant cell fibroma is a localized reactive proliferation of fibrous tissue, much like the irritation fibroma. Clinically it usually manifests as a small, may have be sessile/peduncalate lesion. It is painless, often has lobules/ nodules on its surface. Microscopically the lesional tissue contains cells with large, stellate shaped fibroblasts, near the surface of the fibrous mass, beneath the overlying epithelium. In this article we report a case of 30-year old female who presented with a growth in the palatal gingiva adjacent to the maxillary central incisors. The lesion was excised and sent for biopsy. Microscopically the section showed epithelium and connective tissue stroma with large stellate shaped giant fibroblast. Based on microscopic findings, the lesion was diagnosed as “giant cell fibroma

Wolfram syndrome is the association of juvenile onset diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy, also known as DIDMOAD (Diabetes Insipidus, Diabetes Mellitus, Optic Atrophy, and Deafness). Patients present with diabetes mellitus followed by optic atrophy in the first decade, cranial diabetes insipidus and sensorineural deafness in the second decade, dilated renal outflow tracts early in the third decade, and multiple neurological abnormalities early in the fourth decade. Other abnormalities include primary gonadal atrophy. Death occurs prematurely, often from respiratory failure associated with brainstem atrophy. A Wolfram gene has recently been mapped to chromosome 4p16.1, but there is evidence for locus heterogeneity, and it is still possible that a minority of patients may harbour a mitochondrial genome deletion. The best available diagnostic criteria are juvenile onset diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy, but there is a wide differential diagnosis which includes other causes of neurodegeneration. In families in which the causative mutations have been characterized, molecular carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis can be performed. Management is supportive and includes an annual screening for DM, vision, D, urodynamic testing, nephropathy and daily insulin injections and a controlled diet to treat DM.

Background - Rosai – Dorfman disease, or sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadennopathy was first described as clinical distinct clinicopathlogical entity in 1969, in 43% of cases, extranodal sites are involved. The disease is most common in children and young adult. It has morphological features of greatly exaggerated reactive process. The etiology of the disease is uncertain, possible causes include, abnormal immune response and infections. Case history- A 20 years young man, born of consanguineous marriage, presented to our outpatient neurosurgical clinic with a history of rabidly progressing backache over the course of 6 months, he had nocturnal low grade fever and lower limbs pain for the same duration. Peripheral blood picture showed, Neutrophils 71%, lympocytes 18%, monocytes 9%and essinophils 2%, ESR 50 mm/hr. biochemical profile of renal and liver functions was normal. CT chest revealed no abnormality. MRI lumbo sacral spine was done and revealed, Straight lumber spine, there is an extra dural mass lesion noted occupying the posterior aspect of the dural sac, extending from the level of L1 lower border down to the upper border of L5. The patient underwent partial laminectomy L3 L5 and excision of the tumor. MRI in our case revealed that , diffuse enhancing lobulated masses without bony destruction this findings may be a diagnostic challenges for radiologist, although the diagnosis of Rosai dorfman disease depend on histopathological features and immno stain.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to perform the set of standard autonomic function tests in children with a family history of hypertension and compare the results with children of normotensive parents. Background: Hypertension is considered one of the highest causes of morbidity worldwide and it becomes one of the leading causes of death due to cardiovascular and renal failure. Hypertension can be especially hard to manage when combined with other disorders, such as diabetes or obesity. Most of the children with a family history of hypertension forms the risk factor for being hypertensive in future life. Results: The study included 60 young and healthy children. Out of them, 30 children were selected based on their family history of hypertension while the remaining were the children of normotensive parents. The subjects were selected based on exclusion-inclusion criteria. All the children underwent for a set of autonomic function tests which are non-invasive, simple and comfortable. Results showed that children with a family history of hypertension have abnormal values on autonomicfunction testing, when compared with children of normotensive parents. The results were obtained using ANOVA and student‘t’ –test, to study the significance of autonomic parameters. Conclusion: This study stated that the children with family history of hypertension experienced mild to moderate autonomic fluctuations in early age which may make them more susceptible to hypertension in their future life.

Background: Non specific symptoms in borderline and malignant tumors are a gray zone. An appropriate knowledge of these symptoms with investigations would detect the tumors at an early stage. Aim of the study: To compare the clinical presentation, morphological appearences of various tumors of the ovary and their significance in diagnosis. Materials and methods: It is a prospective study for a period of three years. Clinical data was recorded followed by laparotomy. The tumors were thoroughly grossed and subjected to histopathological examination. Results were tabulated and Chi square test was applied to know the significance. Results: 158 ovarian tumors were analyzed.69.62% tumors were benign, 15.82% were borderline tumors and 14.55% tumors were malignant. Borderline and malignant tumors were common in age group beyond 40 years except for germ cell tumors which were common in younger age. Nonspecific symptoms were seen in 52% of borderline and malignant tumors. Purely cystic tumors were benign,purely solid tumors were malignant. Tumors which were partially cystic and partially solid ,histopathological examination is a must to sub categorise the lesions further. Conclusion: Women beyond the age of 40 years presenting with non specific symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and increased urinary frequency should be subjected to ultrasonography followed by laparotomy and histopathological examination for early diagnosis and institution of therapy.

Introduction: Obesity is a rapidly escalating metabolic disorder. The impact of obesity is highest in the younger age which increases the risk for cardiovascular morbidity/mortality and shortens the life expectancy. Aim: This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of aerobic training on Weight and BMI of obese sedentary females. Materials and Methods: 80 females were selected with BMI>30 Kg/m2, aged 35-45 years. They were divided as two groups, exercise (n=40) and control (n=40). Healthy subjects without H/o pathologic/ orthopaedic limitations were included. Morbidly obese women were excluded. Informed consent was obtained. Experimental protocol was approved by Institutional Ethical Committee. For all the participants, weight was recorded before the study and BMI was calculated. They were all requested to follow their usual diet. Control group did not perform any training. For the exercise group, aerobic training was given using Treadmill for 3 alternate days in a week for 6 weeks. Each session was provided by 10 minutes warming and stretching with 1.7 mph, adjusting the level at 60-70% of maximum HR up to the exhaustion level, followed by 10 minutes cool down &stretching. For the first 4 weeks, 20 minutes and next 2 weeks, 30 minutes exercise was given. Weight was recorded & BMI was calculated after the study. The results were statistically analysed using paired ‘t’ test. p<0.05 was accepted as significant. Results: The exercise group showed statistically significant favourable improvements in weight, BMI (p=.000, p<0.05) whereas controls showed no significance (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results revealed that aerobic training is more beneficial to improve the fitness in obese females by reducing the body weight and BMI and thereby to reduce the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

An experimental study was carried over a period of 42 days using 160 day-old commercial broiler chicks (Ven Cobb) to study the effect of copper and flavomycin as feed additives on growth promotion in broiler chicken. The birds were divided into four groups with four replicates of ten chicks in each replicate. The treatment (T1) was control with standard broiler ration and Cu as CuSO4 at 100 ppm, 200 ppm and flavomycin at 10 ppm were supplemented in the basal diet to form treatment 2 (T2), treatment 3 (T3) and treatment 4 (T4) respectively. The chemical composition of T1, T2, T3 and T4 rations contained 15.43, 106.49, 212.54 and 18.69 ppm of Cu in broiler starter and 12.67, 101.13, 202.72 and 20.20 ppm of Cu in broiler finisher, respectively. The results of the present study revealed that the supplementation of Cu as CuSO4 (100 and 200 ppm) or flavomycin (10 ppm) showed no significant difference among the treatment groups with regard to the feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio up to six weeks of age. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of broiler chicken with Cu up to 200 ppm and flavomycin at 10 ppm did not have any adverse effect on protein efficiency ratio (PER), energy efficiency ratio (EER) and production efficiency factor (PEF) in broiler chicken.

Background: Neonatal sepsis contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality among young infants. Neonatal mortality in developing countries is usually due to an infectious cause. The gold standard of investigation in developing countries is a positive blood culture. It is important to know the aetiology of neonatal bloodstream infections so that empirical treatment can be effective. Methods: We conducted a retrospective clinical study over one year between April 2014 until March 2015, looking at the aetiology of both early and late onset neonatal sepsis. We analysed data from 362 (26.6%) culture proven sepsis patient isolates out of 1360 suspected cases of neonatal sepsis. Blood samples were cultured on MacConkey, blood and chocolate agars and bacteria were identified based on characteristic morphology, gram stain appearance and standard commercially prepared biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was performed for ampicillin, cloxacillin, gentamicin, amikacin, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone. Results: Culture proven sepsis was noted in 26.6% (362/1360) of the study participants. Isolated bacterial pathogens were predominantly Cogulase Negative Staphylococcus aureus(26.79%),followed by Klebsiellaspp(12.98%) and Acinitobactor species(11.87%). Resistance of blood culture isolates was high to ampicillin 77.7% (280/362) and cloxacillin 70.1% (254/362)), moderate to ceftriaxone 14.91% (54/362) and cefuroxime 19.88% (72/362), and low to amikacin 2.2% (8/362). The overall neonatal mortality was 13.97% (190/1360), being higher in neonates with sepsis 90/362 (24%) as compared to those without 100/998 (10%). Conclusions: Cogulase Negative Staphylococcus aureus was predominant isolate followed by Klebsiella and Acinitobactor species. There was high resistance to ampicillin and cloxacillin. Mortality rate due to neonatal sepsis was high in our setting. Routine antimicrobial surveillance should guide the choice of antibiotics for empirical treatment of neonatal sepsis.

An ethnobotanical survey was undertaken to collect information from traditional healers on the use of medicinal plants in Datia district of Bundelkhand during study period. The indigenous knowledge of local traditional healers and the native plants used for medicinal purposes were collected through questionnaire and personal interviews during field trips. The investigation revealed that, the traditional healers used 35 species of plants distributed in 33 genera belonging to 24 families to treat various diseases. In this study the most dominant family was Fabaceae and trees were most frequently used for the treatment of diseases. The documented medicinal plants were mostly used to cure various human diseases. This study showed that many people in the studied parts of Datia district still continue to depend on medicinal plants at least for the treatment of primary healthcare. The traditional healers are dwindling in number and there is a grave danger of traditional knowledge disappearing soon since the younger generation is not interested to carry on this tradition

The appearance of tar balls on the coastline is an indication of oil spill although natural seeps also contributes to this. Problems do ensue between the host communities and the oil producing companies as a result of this. Tar balls picked from Ibeno Beach, Akwa Ibom State in the Niger Delta Basin of Nigeria were analyzed to trace their origin using GC/FID. The parameter used was pristane/phytane ratio, (Pr/Ph), The results obtained from the tar ball analyses revealed that in most of the tar balls analyzed, pristane and phytane were absent as a result of extensive weathering; however, in those tar balls that still contained some amount of pristane and phytane there was a predominance of pristane over phytane giving a pr/ph ratio of more than unity (>1). Comparing this result with those obtained from the unaltered crude oil sourced from some selected oil wells in the Niger Delta which were also analyzed, revealed that the tar balls could be from Niger Delta oil wells. These oil wells Idoho Bravo, W/24, EST. 25, Soku FS, Utorugu 55 and Umuechem Pumpline. However, in four tar ball samples, a predominance of phytane over pristane was observed; an indication that such tar balls are foreign to Niger Delta environment. This study revealed that, Pr/ph ratio cannot be conveniently used to trace tar balls back to their origin because during weathering most of the isoprenoids especially pristane and phytane are altered; some even completely disappear with extensive weathering. However, the pr/ph ratio of some of the tar balls did not match those of the Niger Delta oil wells analyzed. They are suspected to be from neighboring West African countries like Gabon and Congo Brazzaville etc which may have been transported by ocean currents and left stranded on the Nigerian coast line. The significance of these study is that pristane/phytane ratio alone cannot be used to trace petroleum residue back to its source.

We evaluated six selected commercial herbicides commonly used for the control of several weeds in Daloa (Côte d’Ivoire), for their toxicity against density of rhizobacteria in experimental field conditions, and against survival of symbiotic and associative bacteria in vitro. Herbicide applied under dose recommended and reduced to 50 %, decreased the soil bacteria density from 2,83.1010 to 3,7.106 CFUg-1soil, respectively for control soil and spots treated. The loss of rhizobacterial population was estimated to be more than 36 % (5,75.103 CFUg-1soil) after a week and a month of herbicides application. All six herbicides have shown differences concentrations in their toxicities on bacterial strains survival in culture medium. The inhibitory effects with more than 80 % were observed at concentrations within the range of at 13,5-27 µl/ml, 13,5-27 µl/ml, 27-54 µl/ml, 1,7-3,4 µl/ml respectively for Rapid max, Roundup, Bibana and Herbo select. But, Killer and Detru-herb were less toxic (40 %) even at label concentration and were considered suitable for field application.

Chlorophytum borivilianum family Liliaceae is a traditional rare Indian medicinal herb widely used in the treatment of many clinical conditions in India. It is an important drug commonly known as 'Safed Musli'. It has many therapeutic applications in Ayurvedic, Unani, Homeopathicand Allopathic system of medicine. In the Ayurvedic literature, Safed Musli is celebrated as a Divya Aushad with unparalleled medicinal properties. Chlorophytum borivilianum is widely cultivated throughout India. Major antibacterial and antifungal activies reported from the roots of C. borivilianum include mainly antibacterial activies of E.fecalis cold, E. fecalis ethanolic and E.coli methanolic and antifungal activies of A. fumigatus methanolic, A .fumigatus ethanolic and C. albicans cold, C. albicans methanolic, C.albicans ethanolic In this paper, an attempt has been made to explore various dimensions of the drug including antibacterial and antifungal activies studies carried out on this drug.

Eulophia nuda, a terrestrial, endangered orchid was clonally propagated using seed derived in-vitro grown rhizomes. Cytokinins are most commonly used plant growth regulators, to stimulate cell division and morphogenesis in tissue culture. The effect of commonly used cytokinins, N6 Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin and Thidiazurone was studied for induction of shoots from in vitro grown rhizomes. The rhizomes were cultured and proliferated on Murashige and Skoog’s medium fortified with cytokinins with different concentrations. Among the three cytokinins tested BA (6.66µM) showed best results with respect to number of shoots induced and length of shoots. (4.51±1.6 number of shoots per explant and ~ 5cm length) within 20 days. Kn was found to be least effective for shoot induction. TDZ induced shoots were less in number and also stunted as compared with BA. The regenerated shoots easily developed roots in various strengths of MS medium (75% in 1/4 MS with 5 roots/shoot and 2cm length). The regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized and transferred to earthen pots.

Acetaminophen induced hepatic injury may also mediate its developmental toxic effects. The present study was carried out to evaluate the protective role of herbal hepato-protective formulation (Liv.52) against acetaminophen induced developmental toxicity (embryo-fetal toxicity and teratogenic potential) in Wistar rats. Acetaminophen induced toxicity during embryogenesis was evaluated by administering daily doses of 500 or 1000 mg/kg/day through oral gavage starting from gestation Day 0 pregnancy until Day 19 of gestation. Dose-dependent decrease in maternal body weights and food intake, gravid uterine weight and total and male/female fetal weights as well as fetal length during gestation were observed in dams exposed to 500 and 1000 mg/kg/dayof acetaminophen. At 1000 mg/kg/day of acetaminophen, dose-dependent decrease in red blood cells, haematocrit, red blood cell distribution width, total number of fetuses and mean litter size were observed. The administration of Liv.52 formulation did not induce any toxic effects during embryogenesis in Wistar rats. However, co-administration of Liv.52 (1000 mg/kg/day) with acetaminophen induced partial or complete reversal of acetaminophen induced developmental toxic effects. In summary, Liv.52 an herbal hepato-protective formulation shown a significant protection against acetaminophen induced developmental toxicity in Wistar rats.

This work aimed to compare the yields and to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity and phytochemical constituents of hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and methanol extracts of seven individuals of Rosmarinus Officinalis Var. Prostratus obtained by the ultrasounds. The statistical study shows that there is an individual effect on the yield and on the antibacterial activity of these extracts. The Phytochemical screening revealed that the flavonoïdes and tannins are present in important quantities in the ethyl acetate extract, especially in individuals 4 and 7.The results of the in vitro antibacterial activity show that the extracts have significant inhibitory effect against M. smegmatis, Bacillus and E.coli especially in individuals 4 and 7. These results suggest that the flavonoids and tannins can be responsible for the differentiation of the antimicrobial property of Rosmarinus Officinalis Var. Prostratus. The quantitative study (CMI) confirmed the results of the qualitative study and showed that the ethyl acetate extract of individuals 4 and 7 present the highest antibacterial effect.

Isothiocyanates are naturally occurring small molecules that are formed from glucosinolate precursors of cruciferous vegetables. Many isothiocyanates, both natural and synthetic, display anticarcinogenic activity because they reduce activation of carcinogens and increase their detoxification. Recent studies show that they exhibit anti-tumor activity. Moreover, this work focused on the mitochondrial pathway. Cells were incubated with isothiocyanates concentrations, 50µM/L, 70µM/L, 90µM/L and 120µM/L for 72h at 37°C and 5%CO2. Isothiocyanates induced cells death in a dose-dependent manner. Isothiocyanates treated cells had an antiproliferative effect, additionally, a typical characteristics of apoptosis as: DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 over expression and fall of mitochondrial membrane potential by Bcl-2 expression down regulating, p53 activation as signal for cell cycle arrest and cytological alterations. Future study will may deal with further investigations of isothiocyanates possible usages as a new alternative or complementary chemotherapeutic agent for human cancer types specially colonrectal cancer type.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench) is a one of a major cereal crop in world. Sorghum is also known for its nutritional value, but now a day this important cereal crop is suffered from yield loss. This is mainly Due to fungal diseases,especially grain mold disease of sorghum. Various field fungi like Fusarium, Alternaria, Curvularia, Phoma, Aspergillus, Penicillium etcare associated with grain mold disease. In Marathwada region Bhagyalakshmi-296, Jk-22 sorghum varieties are commonly cultivated. On which Fusarium, Curvularia, Alternaria, and Aspergillus fungi occur very on all the varieties. Fusariumis one of most important pathogen associate with this disease. In the present study effect of Fusarium toxin were observed on sorghum grain germination in laboratory conditions. It shows several seed abnormalities which mainly includes of germinability, abortive seeds, discoloration etc which reduce the quality of seeds.

Structural, electrical resistivity, thermal and mechanical properties of Bi- Sn- Pb- Cd- In- TiO2 and Bi- Sn- Pb- Zn- In- Ag alloys have been investigated. Melting temperature of Bi- Sn- Pb- Cd- In- TiO2 alloys increased with increasing TiO2 content and decreasing Bi content. Elastic modulus, Vickers hardness, internal friction, electrical resistivity and thermal parameters varied with increasing TiO2 content and decreasing Bi content. Melting temperature, internal friction, Vickers hardness of Bi- Sn- Pb- Zn- In- Ag alloys decreased with increasing Bi content and decreasing Sn content. Elastic modulus and electrical resistivity of Bi- Sn- Pb- Zn- In- Ag alloys increased with increasing Bi content and decreasing Sn content. The Bi49Pb15Sn22Cd3In10 (TiO2)1 alloy has best properties (low melting point= 91 ºC, high elastic modulus= 36.2 GPa, high Vickers hardness= 19.1 kg\mm2, and lower internal friction= 0.055) for nuclear applications. The Bi25Sn62.5Pb3Zn3In4Ag2.5 alloy has best properties (low coast, low melting point= 174 ºC, high elastic modulus= 30.6 GPa, high Vickers hardness= 19.25 kg\mm2, and adequate internal friction= 0.078) for electrical fuse.

The spectacular advances made in the growth of single crystals with or without suitable addition of impurities have facilitated the fabrication of transistor, IC’s, piezoelectric filters, solid-state lasers and so on. The crystal growth technology directly used for the growth and development in the field of electronics, fibre-optics communication and laser. The pure crystals of copper sulphate, nickel sulphate, nickel sulphate doped with zinc sulphate, zinc sulphate and magnesium sulphate were grown by slow evaporation method at room temperature. The grown crystals were subjected to dielectric and AC conductivity studies and the results are discussed.

This paper focuses on an application that performs Kannada OCR (Optical Character Recognition) in hand held devices. The objective is to make use of the visual capabilities of the built in camera of Android devices to extract text from Kannada sign boards, newspapers etc., and use the same platform to implement the OCR technology with the help of Kohonen algorithm. The image is processed, eliminating small distortions present. The image is then converted to a grey-scale image, which is segmented and the result is displayed along with a vocal output.

The 3D printing industry can be seen as a growing industry with developments being made at every stage. No wonder newer technologies are emerging. But there is requirement of new 3D printers that can be used for multiple platforms with multiple filaments. 3D printing has been evolving as a technique to create 3D models and prototypes, in many industries, namely, automotive, aerospace, healthcare, and consumer products- in order to investigate the possibility of completing a project in lesser time and with few resources. It was 2010-11, when the term 3D printing was just beginning to enter the public mindset. More companies were realising the potential of 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing or rapid prototyping. However, in the last two decades, 3D printing has made a radical shift from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing mainly, because of its advantages over traditional manufacturing practices such as injection molding, CNC machining, and vacuum casting. The major driving factors which makes the Indian firms that support the exponential growth of 3D printing include - the development of new and improved technologies, financial support from governments, large application areas, rapid product development at a low cost, and ease in development of custom products. Since India shows a positive signal towards 3D printing which provide tremendous growth opportunities especially in manufacturing technologies. India is aggressively taking initiatives such as huge investment and government funding in R&D, to promote 3D printing as a manufacturing technique across all the sectors. 3D Printing was initially a solution looking for a problem. With any world changing technology, it only matters once it actually does change the world.

Employees being the internal customers of the banks expect and perceive the bank services within the structure of their responsibilities towards their banks. Therefore, the factors like customer persuasion, customer satisfaction, customer relationship management and employees’ work culture influence them from a point of view that is dissimilar to the outside customers. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of customer persuasion, customer satisfaction, customer relationship management and employees’ work culture on employees’ expectations and perceptions. A sample of 70 employees was randomly selected across commercial banks in National Capital Region. It was found that, customer persuasion, customer satisfaction, customer relationship management and employees’ work culture did not have a significant impact on employees’ expectations in banks. However, employees’ work culture had a significant impact on employees’ perceptions. Customer persuasion, customer satisfaction and customer relationship management did not have a significant impact on employees’ perceptions as internal customers in banks.

Background: Perception is a process of recognizing and interpreting environmental event. It is very important in many professions. Scientists are suggested regular participation in endurance exercise may improve perception. But the data of single bout endurance exercise effect on perception is very limited. Aim: The aim of this study was to find out effect of single bout endurance exercise on perception. Methods: Seven healthy male willing students (aged between 21-23 years) from APC College, Newbarrackpore, West Bengal were selected as the subject for this study. Depth perception was measured with Howard –Dolman Apparatus and Visual perception was measured with Muller-Lyer Apparatus. The average of 5 trials of each test was used for analysis. Ten minutes slow continuous running was conducted as a single bout endurance exercise intervention for this study. The data was recorded prior to pre and after post exercise. Results: Depth perception score of pre and post exercise recording was 3.88±0.32 mm and 3.24±0.18 mm respectively, and the percentage of reduction was 16.34%. In visual perception subjective reading assessment, pre and post exercise recording was 14.10±0.90 cm and 14.08±0.33) cm, and the percentage of change was ignorable (0.20%). In degree of illusion (dI) assessment of visual perception, pre and post exercise recording was 1.89±0.91 cm and 1.92±0.33cm and the percentage of increase was negligible 1.21%. Interpretation: Reduction in depth perception score (improvement) may be due to the single bout endurance exercise effect on information processing, neurotransmitter function, and allocation of attention and memory. Whereas, no visual perception changes may be due to the less impact on retinal and cortical factors. Conclusions: Acute endurance exercise plays an important role in improving depth perception and has potential applications especially in those occupations and performance requiring good depth perceptual sensitivity, judgment of distance and direction.

The district is situated in a flood plain region of moribund delta of West Bengal. River bank erosion is a common environmental disaster in Murshidabad district like any other deltaic region of the World. The district is well drained by a number of river systems such as Padma, Bhagirathi, Jalangi and Bhairab. Murshidabad district is centrally located in West Bengal lying between 23˚43'30''N to 24˚50'20''N and 87˚49'17''E to 88˚46'E. The geology of the district is mainly Quaternary alluvium. The Bhagirathi River is almost divided the district into two equal physiographic divisions. The western part of Bhagirathi River is known as “Rarh” and the eastern part of Bhagirathi River is known as “Bagri”. The rivers in the district have been continuously changing its meandering-geometry actively since second half of the twenty century. But the dimension of river bank erosion has been increased after construction of Farakka Barrage. The recurrent bank failure and displacement of a large number of people make huge environmental neo-refugees in every year. As a result, the encroachment of fertile arable lands; destruction of standing crops, human settlements, roads and communication are the matter of deep anxiety for the riparian people as well as district administration. The aim of the present work is to study river bank erosion and its impact on socio-economic conditions of environmental neo-refugees. Data and information are both collected from primary and secondary sources. The major sources of primary data include observation and questionnaire survey in the selected environmental neo-refugees areas such as Toltoli (Muradpur Mouza), Tekpara (Hasanpur Mouza), Ganje Singeswari, Nirmal Char, New Bamnabad and other places. The secondary sources of information are satellite imagery, published reports and articles. The result shows that the displaced people are forced to accept their loss due to bank erosion. Most of the environmental neo-refugees live below poverty line and temporary houses, also lack of health, electricity and sanitation facilities. Most of the male people mainly non workers in these areas are forced to migrate to other states and countries for seeking the jobs. Females are mostly house wife and also engaged in agriculture and Bidi cottage industry with minimum wages. Most of the bank protection work is based on engineering, not consider the social dimension. Therefore socio-economic upliftments as well as holistic planning are urgently needed to tackle these problems.

Metallo- β-lactamase (MBL) is an enzyme that makes bacteria resistant to a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics. These include the antibiotics of the Carbapenem family, which are a mainstay for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. The emergence of MBL in Gram negative bacilli (GNB) is becoming a therapeutic challenge worldwide. Detection of MBL is also a challenge for routine microbiology laboratories, since there are no standardized methods for MBL detection. The aims of this study were to know the prevalence of MBL production in various Gram negative bacilli, to evaluate different phenotypic methods to detect MBL production and to find out antibiotic sensitivity profile of MBL producing gram negative bacilli. (Nirav et al., 2011) A total of 100 clinical isolates of GNB were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. Ertapenem resistant clinical isolates were taken as positive for MBL screening. Three different phenotypic methods were used to confirm the MBL production: Ertapenem (ETP)-EDTA combined disc test, EDTA disc potentiation using Ceftazidime and Modified Hodge Test. Out of 100 clinical isolates of GNB, 48 isolates were resistant to Ertapenem. These 48 isolates were considered screening positive and further tested for MBL production by three different methods. 30 isolates were MBL positive by ETP-EDTA combined disc test and 23 isolates were MBL positive by EDTA disc potentiation using Ceftazidime and 19 isolates were positive by Modified Hodge test. In this study, 58.62% species of GNNF, 51.35% of E.coli, 41.67% of Klebsiella pneumonia and 20% of Proteus mirabilis were MBL positive. The detection of MBL-producing isolates is crucial in GNB isolates and ETP-EDTA combined disc test is the most effective method.

Menopause is considered to be as an inevitable event in every woman’s life. During the menopausal transition, women may experience bothered some symptoms which may affect the quality of life. Menopause is determined by the reduction of the ovarian function and decreased production of estradiol, leading to depletion of the ovarian follicles. Depriving the body of estrogen determine the appearance of specific symptoms such as the vasomotor, psychological and urogenital and more generalized physical changes such as weight gain, skin and hair thickness and general tiredness, and the late problems associated with menopause are osteoporosis and coronary artery disease. Thus, the early 21st century, prescription and use of hormonal therapy is still controversial (Garefalakis, 2008). Therefore, alternative therapies can be used to treat the same symptoms of menopause. Approximately 80% of American women experience hot flashes, while only about 20% of women in many parts of Asia experience them. The researcher believes that the difference between the two groups is the amount of phytoestrogens consuming in the diet. These substances, which are found in plants, act a lot like estrogen when they get into the human body. Although these phytoestrogens are much, much weaker than regular estrogens, they may help to ease the symptoms of the menopausal period for many women. The benefits of phytoestrogens are, bone protective, cardio protective, antioxidants, and cancer prevention. Research evidence shows that, approximately 80% of American women experience hot flashes, while only about 20% of women in many parts of Asia experience them. The researcher believes that the difference between the two groups is the amount of phytoestrogens consuming in the diet. These substances, which are found in plants, act a lot like estrogen when they get into the human body. Phytoestrogens may help to ease the symptoms of the menopausal period for women.

Background: Plaque control, which involves its active removal, is a responsibility undertaken personally by individuals for better oral hygiene. Tooth brushing and oral rinsing are mechanical cleaning procedures which are considered to be the most reliable methods of effective plaque removal and thus prevention of periodontal diseases. Objective: To assess the tooth brushing frequency and rinsing habit and its effects on oral hygiene index scores (OHIS) among the school children in Meerut. Methods: Study population consisted of 503 randomly selected school children 05-18years in Meerut. Participants were examined by a dentist to assess their oral hygiene index Score (OHIS).Questionnaire on oral hygiene measures, their brushing and rinsing habits was completed by a social worker. Results: The results of this study show that the majority of the school children brushed their teeth once a day. Female children had better brushing habits than males. Only oral rinsing with normal water at night before sleep is significantly better than doing nothing but it’s not equivalent to brushing before sleep. Conclusions: For improvement oral hygiene among school children regular tooth brushing and rinsing habit is important factors. Motivation to apply instructions given on oral health care and regular reinforcement are essential.

Background: Early diagnosis and treatment of progressive periodontitis is important because of the irreversible nature of periodontal disease. . In the field of periodontology, traditional clinical criteria are often insufficient for determining sites of active disease, for monitoring the response to therapy, or for measuring the degree of susceptibility to future disease progression. Patients with periodontitis may have elevated circulating levels of specific inflammatory markers that can be correlated to the severity and present state of the disease. This review highlights the various potentials of oral biomarkers as non-invasive method of periodontal disease diagnosis. Methods: The Google scholar and Medline search was conducted and the relevant literature concerning the applications of oral biomarkers for periodontal diagnosis was reviewed. Results: Based on the literature, salivary markers that have been studied as potential diagnostic tests for periodontal disease include proteins of host origin (i.e., enzymes, immunoglobulins), phenotypic markers, host cells, hormones (cortisol), bacteria and bacterial products, ions and volatile compounds. Conclusions : A number of markers show promise as sensitive measures of disease and the effectiveness of therapy. Longer-term longitudinal studies, however, are required to establish the relationship between specific markers and progression of periodontal disease. Furthermore, analysis of oral biomarkers may offer a cost-effective approach to assessment of periodontal disease in large populations.

The main purpose of this study was to assess the psychosocial experiences of Podoconiosis patients. To this end, the study examined the psychosocial experiences of 120 Podoconiosis patients, of which 12 purposively selected patients participated in the in-depth interview. Patients were selected from patient register document by using systematic sampling. The instruments employed in the study were interviewer-administered questionnaire and semi structured interview. The questionnaire includes social experience measure scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, and SRQ20. Methods for data analysis employed in the study were descriptive statistics, bivariatecorrelation, and one way ANOVA. The results of quantitative and qualitative analyses of the data disclosed that Podoconiosis patients experience negative social experience like displacement, interpersonal relationship, marriage, and decision making adversities. The patients have low self-esteem and high mental distress. Males experience more negative social experience and high mental distress than females, and the older age group patients’ experience less negative social experience and mental distress than younger Podoconiosis patients. The self-esteem of the patients decreases when their educational status increases, whereas mental distress decreases with increasing educational level. When the severity level of the diseseincreses, their negative social experience and mental distress increases. Sex and severity level have positive correlation with social experience and mental distress, whereas age of the patients is negatively correlated with the social experience and mental distress. Physical disability, economic challenge, absence of counseling service, bad smell of the leg, societal negative reactions were the major glitches hinder Podoconiosis patients from integrating withthe wider community. On the basis of the findings, the study finally provided discussions. Providing counseling services toPodoconiosis patients, integrating the disease into the health care system of the country, and stakeholders’ concerted effort to change the negative psychosocial experiences of the patients were the major recommendations of the study.

Background: Poor hygiene practices and inadequate sanitary conditions play major role in the increased burden of communicable diseases in developing countries. Objectives: To assess the knowledge and practice regarding personal hygiene among school children. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Belagavi district, among 200 children of urban and 200 children of rural area aged between 8 to 16 years. Pre-tested and self administered questionnaire was used to collect information. Percentage and chi-square test were calculated to see the association. Ethical clearance, informed consent and assent were obtained from the concerned authority and person. Result: The study revealed that more of urban school children (91.5%) compared to rural school (51.5%) were having good knowledge about personal hygiene and (48.5%) of rural school children were having poor knowledge about the same with P<0.001. A statistically significant difference was detected among the practices of urban and rural school children with P<0.001. Conclusion: Urban school children were having more knowledge regarding personal compared to rural school children. Periodic personal hygiene education is needed to improve hygienic practices

Maha Kumbh Mela - occurs every 144 years, only in Allahabad. Kumbh Mela is celebrated at different locations depending on the position of the planet of Bṛhaspati (Jupiter) and the sun. When Jupiter and the sun are in the zodiac sign Leo (Simha Rashi) it is held in Trimbakeshwar, Nashik. When the sun is in Aries (Mesha Rashi) it is celebrated at Haridwar When Jupiter is in Taurus (Vrishabha Rashi) and the sun is in Capricorn (Makar Rashi) Kumbha Mela is celebrated at Prayag. and Jupiter and the sun are in Scorpio (Vrishchik Rashi) the Mela is celebrated at Ujjain. Each site's celebration dates are calculated in advance according to a special combination of zodiacal positions of Sun, Moon, and Jupiter.

Biodentine material has been recently introduced in dentistry in order to provide dentin substitute for coronal and radicular pulp. Although number of materials like Amalgam, GIC, Composite and MTA are available in market for repair of dentin loss in tooth structure, none of these possesses ideal properties. Despite of number of advantages of MTA, its limitations cannot be overlooked. These drawbacks have been overcome by a new calcium silicate based material named Biodentine which has good handling properties, short setting time and improved mechanical properties. In nut shell it is able to act as a promising dentin substitute in coronal and radicular portion of tooth.

A 50 year old diabetic male patient with underlying Chronic Alcoholic liver disease and Hepato-renal syndrome type 2, presented with chief complaints of fever and pain over right side of the abdomen along with vomiting and generalised weakness. On two occasions, in the routine examination of un-centrifuged and centrifuged urine, we found septate hyphal mass. After culture on Saboraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA), morphologically we diagnosed it as Trichoderma species. Due to lack of definitive diagnostic tools, we could not establish its pathogenic role but since the patient was immunocompromised and catheterised, we could not rule out the organism as a mere contaminant. This scenario prompted us to report the case.

Neural fibrolipoma is a tumor like lipomatous process that involves principally the volar aspects of hands, wrists and forearms of young persons. It usually manifests as a soft yellow growing mass consisting of proliferating fibrofatty tissue surrounding and infiltrating major nerves and their branches. Median nerve is the most frequently involved nerve. Other less frequently involved nerves are ulnar, radial, branchial plexus, superficial peroneal nerve, inferior calcaneal nerve and medial planter nerve. An 18 year old male presented with swelling over right lateral gluteal region. Histopathological examination of the excised specimen showed features of neural fibrolipoma. To our knowledge no reported case of neural fibrolipoma at this site has been reported so far. We report a case ofneural fibrolipoma in lateral cutaneous branch of iliohypogastric nerve.

Background: Influenza has a major impact on public health, annually affecting 15-20% of the global population. First outbreak of influenza as a pandemic declared by WHO in June 2009. Aim: This study was aimed to determines the incidence of influenza A (H1N1) virus by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) method in different age groups of patients. Methods: A total of 2868 respiratory samples (throat swabs/nasopharyngeal swabs) were collected from patients suspected influenza like illness who attended OPD or admitted in Dr S. N. Medical College & Associated group of Hospitals in January 2015 to March 2015 (3 months period). The samples were collected and processed as per World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Viral RNA was extracted and one-step rRT-PCR was performed to detect Influenza A (H1N1) virus. Results: A total of 668 (23.29%) were positive for influenza A (H1N1) virus, Group specific influenza A was positive in 524 (18.27%) samples. It was observed that influenza A (H1N1) virus was prevalent in western Rajasthan (Jodhpur) during the study period. Conclusion: Such surveillance data are important in the early detection of any antigenic variants that may be helpful in global influenza vaccine preparation and for any pandemic preparedness activity.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the levels of serum apolipoprotein B-100 in type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 96 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients (thirty three with cardiovascular complications and another sixty three without cardiovascular complications) attending Diabetic Clinic and Medicine Ward RIMS, Imphal. Serum Apo-B was estimated by ELISA and enzymatic methods were used for estimation of serum lipid parameters (Triglycerides, Total Cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were measured). Fasting and postprandial blood sugar were measured by glucose oxidase method. RESULTS: Serum apolipoprotein-B levels for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients with and without complications were found to be 2 (0.1 – 6.5) g/l and 1.1 (0.2 – 7.4)g/l respectively. Both of these were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than normal value (0.85 g/l – 1.0 g/l) and patients with cardiovascular complications had higher serum apo-B levels than those without complications (p < 0.05). Serum apo-B was positively correlated with total cholesterol (r = 0.339, P < 0.05), Triglycerides (r = 0.373, P < 0.05), VLDL (r = 0.367, P < 0.05) and LDL-cholesterol level (r = 0.356, P < 0.05) and was negatively correlated with HDL-cholesterol level (r = - 0.393, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Raised serum apolipoprotein B-100 level may have some relationship with vascular complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus especially coronary heart disease. Serum apolipoprotein B-100 may be a preferred marker of coronary heart disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients.

Aim: Anthropologic history provides evidence that urinary calculi existed since time immemorial. Accurate knowledge of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the urinary calculi is vital for understanding calculogenesis and development of prophylactic measures. Method: Chemical “Spot test” is the common and practical test for chemical analysis of urinary stone done by Winer and Mattice Urinary stones are multicomponent system and identification of the constituents in urinary Calculi may enable the investigator to accurately characterize the ionic conditions prevailing at the time of nucleation and growth. Result: Winer and Mattice “Spot testing” have proven to be simplified and reliable & cheap method of analysis of urinary calculi with only 2% error in detection of components of calculi. On Moh’s Scale of hardness (2-5) 93.33% stones were present. 46.67% calculi were pure and 53.33% were mixed in nature. In pure variety oxalates were 30% and phosphates 13.33%. In mixed calculi the most common combination was oxalate+phosphate+urates constituting 20%. Conclusion: Chemical “Spot test” is accurate in detecting the components of urinary calculi. Spot test is simple, reliable and cheap method of chemical analysis of urinary calculi. For the practitioners without access to large analytic laboratories, the most useful, relatively simple and cheap method is chemical Spot test to formulate a therapeutic plan that will be useful in preventing future stone diseases and recurrences. Knowledge of the percentage composition of urinary calculi contributes to the ability to predict the most probable cause of that calculus.

Thrombus is a recognized cause for limb ischaemia with success rates for revascularization decreasing with increasing time.This article describes a case of a successful femoropopliteal embolectomy for a patient with a 6 month history of claudication in right leg. The authors want to emphasize that physical nature of thrombus should be routinely checked during revascularization as a soft , friable thrombus can be successfully removed using a fogarty balloon catheter obliviating the need for a bypass procedure.

The postnatal developmental toxicity of Crocus sativus (saffron) was evaluated in a mammalian species taking Wistar rat as the model. Saffron administered as an oral gavage from implantation (day 5 post coitus) through lactation up to lactation day (LD) 20 at the doses of 50, 250 and 1000 mg/kg/day did not elicit any effects on maternal/lactation body weight gains, food intake and fertility. The mean number of pups born and weight of male and female pups and pup’s survivability were unaffected. The results obtained conclude that saffron did not induce any maternal toxicity or any toxicity on the developing fetus/pups including its survivability and hence saffron is considered to have no postnatal developmental toxicity potential.

The Extrafloral nectaries are nectar-secreting structures that are especially common in the family Fabaceae. Light and electron microscopic structure reveals that the morphologically well-differentiated petiolar extrafloral nectaries of Acacia auriculiformis, A. catechu, A. mangium have an complex anatomical structures consisting of an epidermis, central secretory region and vascular region. The categories of EFNs following a structural-topographical classification, and characterize the vascularized and complex nectaries and secretory trichomes. Four species possess more than one morphotypes of gland structure. Observations and experimental field studies also support the anti-herbivore role of EFN-gathering ants in these plants.

The present study entitled "Cost of cultivation of summer bajra in Banaskantha district of Gujarat state" was undertaken to calculate the cost of production of summer bajra. The study is based on data collected from 126 farmers selected from 6 randomly selected villages and 20 market functionaries in two market areas namely Deesa and Tharad of Banaskantha district of Gujarat state.

Heavy metals occur in aquatic systems from natural sources and anthropogenic activities. The pollution of aquatic environment by heavy metals affects aquatic organisms and poses considerable environmental risks and concerns. The gills are one of the vital organs which come into direct contact with water and are indicative of any environmental stress. Preliminary toxicity tests were carried out to find the median lethal tolerance limit of experimental fishes to copper for 96 hours. The LC50 was found to be 12 mg/L. One-tenth (1.2 mg/L) was taken as the sublethal concentration for the study. The fishes were maintained for a period of 14 days in sublethal concentration. Experiment was conducted using sublethal and toxicologically safe concentration. The present study would decipher the effect of heavy metal copper on the modulations in the activity of gill ATPases in fingerlings of freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus.

The water quality of Myntdu River at Jaintia Hills District Jowai has been studied as a comparative analysis of toxic metal seasonally during spring, monsoon, autumn and winter. The results showed the maximum metal content was obtains from the tributaries as compared from the originate source of Myntdu River in which value exceeded the permissible limit according to WHO (2006). The quality of river has deteriorated year by year due to the continuous discharge of domestic waste and coalmine seepage from various drains to the tributaries of Myntdu River. Therefore the water supply for domestic purposes from the Myntdu River should be treated and immediate action should be taken in order to stop the pollution load into the river water.

The effects of post natal saffron exposure on physical development milestones such as pinna unfolding, incisor eruption, ear/eye opening including the land mark signs of attainment of sexual maturity with reference to preputial separation in males and vaginal opening were studied in Wistar rat offspring’s whose dams received saffron administered as an oral gavage from implantation (day 5 post coitus) through lactation up to lactation day (LD) 20 at the doses of 50 (low dose), 250 (mid dose) and 1000 (high dose) mg/kg/day. A total of 23 litters (6 each in control, low and high doses and 5 in mid dose) born after 21 days of gestation were used. The results showed that the ages of pinna unfolding, incisor eruption, ear/eye opening including the land mark signs of attainment of sexual maturity were not affected by saffron exposure.

Introduction: Natural selection is one of the important evolutionary factors, which brings about a change in the gene pool of a population. This change is brought about by differential fertility and differential mortality. Differential fertility and mortality are due to difference in genetic fitness of individuals which can be determined in terms of viable offspring produced by the individual. These variables operates singly or jointly to determine the fitness of a particular population in a given environment. Objectives: The main object of the present work is to study the extent of variation provided for the natural selection to operate through differential mortality and also to find out the factors responsible for the variation in sub groups of Salis caste population according to Crow’s formula and the modified method suggested by Johnston and Kensinger and also to compare the present findings with some related findings from other populations of the state. Materials and Methods: In the present study, A house to house survey was conducted for demographic information on 520 families of the Sali sub populations (PS-I: 265; PS-II: 255).Data on fertility and mortality were collected through the in-depth interview with each married woman using structured schedules. The index of total selection intensity (I) and its mortality and fertility (Im and If) were calculated by using the original formula of Crow's and the modified method suggested by Johnston and Kensinger. Results: The study was observed that the total index of natural selection using Crow’s method is higher in PS-II (Pattusalis) (0.5625) than PS-I (Padmasalis) (0.3626). The index of selection due to fertility component is more than mortality component in both the subgroups. Johnston and Kensinger’s index showed the same trend of more contribution of fertility component to the total index of natural selection than mortality component. The higher contribution of fertility component to the total index among the two subgroups of Salis supports the contention that due to better living conditions and proper medical care.

Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Belonging to family Nyctaginaceae is an important medicinal plant. An efficient protocol was developed for in vitro propagation of B. diffusa. Leaf explants was used for callus induction and regeneration of B. diffusa on MS basal medium, with different concentrations and combinations of cytokinins (BAP, Kinetin) and auxins (NAA, IAA). Best response to shoot proliferation was achieved with MS medium supplemented with 3.0mg/l BAP and 1.0mg/l NAA. Efficient rooting was achieved at low concentrations, 0.5mg/l of IAA. About 80% of the regenerated plants survived in the field conditions.

This study investigated the role of civic education of youth on democratic governance in Tanzania. The conceptual framework consisted of civic education as the independent variable and democratic governance as the dependent variable of the study. To capture the objective of the study, both qualitatively and quantitatively approaches were used, with the study adopting a case study research design. The findings indicated that majority of the respondents strongly agreed to have participated in the civic education program while a small percentage strongly disagreed to have participated on the program. The study recommends progressive policies and allocation of resources to address youth marginalization in the distribution of opportunities for participating in decision making so as to build their capacity through civic education.

HIV is the most important known risk factor that promotes progression to active TB in people with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The lifetime risk of tuberculosis in immune competent persons is 5% to 10%, but in HIV positive individuals, there is a 5% to 15% annual risk of developing active TB disease. In India, there were 2.5 million people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) at the end of 2007 while the incidence of TB was approximately 1.8 million cases per year. Hence, the present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of HIV amongst a cohort of TB patients registered in selected Tuberculosis Units (TUs) of Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) in East Midnapore, West Bengal, India. The present study shows that the prevalence of HIV among TB patients registered under RNTCP is 3.9% at three T.Us. of East Midnapore district of West Bengal, India. HIV was more prevalent among men than women (2.8% vs 1.1%).

Heavy metal pesticides are common pollutants of freshwater ecosystems where they induce adverse effects on the aquatic biota. Estuarine mud crab, Scylla serrata is an important crustacean species of Agniyar estuary in Thanjavur region having good nutritional values. Crabs living in close association with the sediment may accumulate copper sulphate. In the present investication, the toxic effects of the copper sulphate LC50 4.85 ppm (CuSO4) on some biochemical characteristics (total protein in muscle, gill and hepatopancreas) of the estuarine mud crab, Scylla serrata were estimated. There is decreased in all tissues on comparison with control. The results indicated the toxic nature of the heavy metal copper sulphate.

Occurrence, prevalence and distribution of representative key species of aquatic heteroptera were investigated in selective fresh water bodies at Kancheepuram and Chennai districts of Tamilnadu. Traditional unrestricted sampling method was adopted. Water bodies with silt loam substratum showed higher correlation with abundance of aquatic bugs than with sandy loam, loamy sand, clay loam and clay. Taramani pond with clayey substratum was not colonized by M. scutellaris. Soil organic matter influences the colonization of bottom region of shore water resulting in dominance of M. scutellaris in permanent habitats. Permanent pond at Chetpet, Chennai having silt loam (silt 55 %, sand 25% and clay 20%) soil substratum and 10.2 % organic carbon showed abundance of aquatic bugs. The first two consecutive positions in community structure indices are shared by permanent pond ecosystems followed by temporary pond community. Species diversity index represents equitability in species abundance among species. Chengalpet permanent pond exhibits very poor species diversity index in spite of having high species abundance next to Chetpet pond. Habitat stability and abundance of niches influence colonization dynamics. In newly formed habitats, through climate change, the bugs colonize so rapidly that the fauna is in equilibrium with the prevailing environmental conditions. Colonization and community structure of aquatic insects vary among stable ponds, temporary ponds and lakes.

Language determines the way we view the world around us, how we categorize and stratify ourselves in the society is a result of the kind of mindset that our culture has inculcated in us. Language is the medium of our culture; the stereotypes and prejudices that bedevil our culture are transmitted and repeatedly reinforced through language. Patriarchy characterizes most African and western societies and its focal point is a belief that condones male supremacy and dominance over women therefore perpetuating gender inequalities that exclude women from key decision making processes. It is not clear however; whether men are actually superior to women. The main objective in this study is to establish how notions of power and powerlessness are manifest in the use of interruptions from a call-in show corpus among the Luhya of western Kenya. A mixed method approach is used to collect and analyze both quantitative and qualitative discourse data. The Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is used focusing on communicative features that play a role in the production of dominance by one group over another. It views language as a form of social practice that focuses on the ways social and political domination are reproduced by text and talk. The current study reveals that in as much as there are differences in the speech in the use of interruptions, other factors including age, status, and economic prowess other than gender can determine the way one speaks in general conversation. The findings reveal that men are dominance oriented, more assertive and competitive in their speech while women were found supportive and cooperative but this is dependent on the context. It is recommended that future studies in language and gender must take into account the variety of contexts and other external factors. More studies need to be done in different contexts to examine gender behaviour on the discourse level.

Complexes of Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II)and Zn(II) with mixed ligand of 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) and tributylphosphine (PBu3) were prepared in aqueous ethanol with (1:2:2) (M:L:PBu3). The prepared complexes were characterized using flame atomic absorption, FT.IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic methods as well as magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. In addition biological activity of the two ligands and their complexes against three selected type of bacteria were also examined. The general compositions of the complexes are found to be [M(4-AAP)2(PBu3)2] Cl2 Where M= Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II)and Zn(II). Some of the complexes exhibit good bacterial activities. From the obtained data the octahedral structures have suggested for all prepared complexes.

Many developers have intended their models in binary and quaternary logic using 0.18µm CMOS technology. In Binary logic, circuit has limitations of increase interconnections giving rise to complexities and their by impact on size. Some authors concentrated on put back in place of binary logic with MVL or quaternary logic to prevail over the limitation of size. Second is that for half and full adder (for addition/ arithmetic operations) the quaternary logic method required the conversion of quaternary logic level into binary level for implementation. Our aim is to intend and develop MVL or quaternary logic for full adder without converting these levels to binary logic. It will reduce the one additional step and improve the performance offer less chip size, saving more power. MVL or quaternary logic can be implemented in three different modes. From that mode, voltage mode type model is beneficial to design and give high performance with less dynamic power dissipation. The design is targeted for the 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Design tool for simulation will be ADS (ADVANCED DESIGN SYSTEM) software. We will estimate area, power and delay of the design HAq / FAq without any need of conversion, and compare to existing binary circuits (HAb / FAb).

The need for reduction in infrastructure cost and to implement shared services has given rise to enthrone cloud computing in various field. Along with the boons of cloud computing the number of threats on the security of information store in shared mode is high. The most discussed issues in cloud computing is security: still the benefits on cloud computing usage is dominant. Here in our paper we have performed a complete and detailed study on various threats impended while using cloud computing resources and the advantages of using cloud computing

Quantum entanglement offers unique insights into the fundamental principles of physical world, because entangled states exhibit correlations that have no classical analog. However, despite a great deal of highly sophisticated work by a large number of very bright people, the phenomenon still looks as a manifestation that humans’ intuition, shaped by classical physics for many years, cannot describe all of its intricacies. In this paper, the possibility of considering null frames and null points is shown. All events consisting in a light wave traversing various points in space, in the null frame would be both simultaneous and single-positioned. The null frame concept clearly explains why and how the entanglement and other seemingly weird phenomena of the quantum theory happen. The null point is, in fact, a singularity of four-dimensional space-time. There is no time flowing, no distance, and no direction in a null frame.

Dendritic Pattern grown in electrode position under suitable working conditions gives rise to fractal pattern with complexity of shape, structure and texture. Such dendritic patterns exhibit interesting characteristics and in most of the cases fractals obey scale invariance over a wide range of length scale. The study of the dendritic patterns grown in a cell with circular geometry, with a view to explore the growth rate of different electrode position patterns. It is found that the dendritic patterns with few branches, when closely examined exhibit microstructures that are of interest from the point of material science and newer materials with non conventional characteristics. The rate of growth is studied from the point of linear growth, volume gained and mass added as a function of time.

We assume that the distribution of "biological objects" (species, family, phyla,) inside a "set" (community, assemblage, etc.) is at random. Although similar assumptions have been put forward by others (see text), our treatment is basically different. Based on a simple algorithm describing the random partition of a set, we obtain the resulting statistical laws characterizing the partition (that is to say: probability density, repartition function and moments). The theoretical results are supported by mathematical simulations of thousands random drawings. Assuming that the reduced variable characterizing a biological object is analogous to a probability, we adjust curves of rank / relative abundance type (like non-log plots Witthaker type, Fisher plots,) with probabilities calculated through our statistical functions. The results are compelling both for eukaryotes (not shown) and for prokaryotes. The sole fitting parameter is the partition order, M (number of parts of the set). As a rule, this number is an integer. Nevertheless, we are discussing the possibility that this variable can be considered as a simple index and may have non-integer values. This index, which we call the PASTA index (from the French Partition STAtistiques) is defined as a biodiversity estimate and characterizes what we call the bioclusters number of the assemblage. We take as true that this index can be applied to characterize structural, genetic biodiversities and thus applies to various levels of description of an assemblage.

Management of solid waste is vital difficulty in developing as well as under developing countries like India. The manufacturing industries are major source of solid waste. In the Solapur region the production of bidies from the Tendu leaf is main source of income for the low and middle income group. The bidee production produces large quantity of its by products which directly dump into nearby the production yard and indirectly environment as whole without any pre-treatment. This paper tries to concentrate on the parametric study on the surroundings of dumping yards. During the experimental study in laboratory as well as on the study area, the primary observations place conclusion that the solids waste from beedi industry needs effective management to reduce and control the original quality of local environment.

Alternatives in cooling of cutting zone during metal cutting have been paid more attention in order to minimize the flank wear, surface roughness and cutting zone temperature. The usage of coolant lowers the cutting zone temperature which minimizes the wear of cutting tool and hence, the surface finish of the product is good. Several technologies for cooling of cutting zone have been developed in recent years for controlling the temperature in the cutting zone like cryogenic cooling, solid coolants/lubricants, High Pressure Coolants (HPC), internal tool cooling and use of compressed air. Many researchers and scientists developed lot of experimental studies to analyze the effect of various methods of cooling of cutting zone in order to minimize the wear of cutting tool and surface roughness are reviewed in this paper.

This paper proposes an efficient solar tracker system using a dual MPPT controller. It consists of three step DC to DC converter, which has been controlled by a microcontroller based unit. MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) is used in photovoltaic system to maximize the PV array output power, irrespective of temperature, irradiation conditions and electrical characteristics of the load. The first MPPT controller is a dual axis solar tracker, which ensures optimization of the conversion of solar energy into electricity by properly orienting the PV panel in accordance with the real position of the sun to track azimuth and elevation angles. The second MPPT controller controls the duty cycle of the converter using modified Incremental Conductance algorithm to enable the PV array operate at maximum operating power at all conditions. The proposed control scheme eliminates oscillations and tracks the global maximum power point (GMPP) accurately. The simulation has been accomplished in MATLAB software.

The aim of this research prepared and studying some structure properties of (ZnO)0.4 (ZrO2)0.6 nanocomposite Prepared by Powder metallurgy Technique. The structural and surface morphology of the nanocomposite were examined by means of X-Ray Diffraction and scanning electron microscopic (SEM). The particle size calculations were done using XRD Scherer’s formula (15nm),and sample contain a mixture of the monoclinic, tetragonal hexagonal structure.

The economical and political sanctions that have been issued by western countries and outstanding international organizations had always lots of affections on the economical and political affairs of target countries and caused non-growth or defected growth for these countries. This essay in its sections has tried to give a comprehensive definition about sanction and its nature, to law analyze this fact that how the sanctions can be effective, to study sanction affections on economical and political affairs of target countries and the role of international institutions and at conclusion section in addition to give conclusion from noticed points in essay has also tried to give more topics for the next research about sanctions.

This study determined the relationship between attitude towards English and academic performance among third year college students in ESSU -Salcedo Campus during the school year 2013 - 2014.This study is a descriptive- correlation research wherein a survey questionnaire was used to gather the needed data. It is descriptive since it described the attitudes of the students toward English language. The respondents of the study were third year college students enrolled at Eastern Samar State University - Salcedo campus during the school year 2013 - 2014. These students were from the different colleges of the campus enrolled in the different programs and have already taken all English subjects in their first and second years. The data collected were summarized, categorized, tabulated and analyzed using frequency counts, percentage and mean. The Cramer’s V correlation coefficient was computed to determine the correlation between the independent and dependent variables set at 0.05 level of significance. On the bases of the information and outcomes presented and discussed, the study revealed the following findings: Majority of the third year COED students were 18 to 19 years old (60%), female (67.5%), single (96%), with a monthly family income of Php4,999 and below (56.5%) and have attended in public schools (89.5%). Most of the respondents’ fathers attained elementary level (29.5%) while respondents’ mothers attained high school level (25.5%). As regards to teachers’ performance, outstanding ratings were given to: commitment to teaching (m = 4.68); knowledge of subjects (m = 4.67); teaching independent learning (m = 4.76) and community responsibility (m = 4.73). Third year college students obtained satisfactory academic performance ranging from 1.9 - 2.2. (51%) and exhibited a highly favorable attitude with a mean value of 2.47. Consequently, attitudes toward English were found to have no significant bearing to academic performance of third year college students (r = 0.320; p = 0.993).

This study seeks empirical evidence on the causal relations between Economic Value Added (EVA) and stock returns in the Indian context. Based on pooled time series, cross-sectional data on 70 well-performing companies in National Stock Exchange (NSE) over the economic slow-down period 2008-13, the study tests the hypothesis that EVA affects stock returns under linear regression framework, using alternative models. The results suggest that EVA, along with cost of capital, provides statistically significant information content and adds explanatory power in predicting stock returns in India. However, there exists some time lag before adjusting the impact of these measures on stock returns. The findings of this research corroborate the EVA reporting relevance within the context of an emerging capital market like India.

Exports have played an increasingly important role in India’s economic growth in the last two decades. Demand for green agricultural products is a stimulant growth for input markets. This paper forecasting the Agricultural exports in India. The secondary data were collected from the websites of DGCIS. The collected data were analyzed using the trend analysis method and predict the future trends of agriculture exports, where some of the product shows positive growth and some were in negative signs. This analysis helps to alert the policy makers and the people involved in this occupation to predict the future trends.

The Achanakmar Amarkantak Biosphere reserve is one of the premium Biosphere reserves of India. The human induced agricultural and cultivation practices in forest lands of Achanakmar not only affect the genetic diversity conservation but also affect the storage of carbon stocks.The present paper deals with measuring the SOC stocks along different sites and altitudinal gradients in Mixed Sal Forests of Bilaspur District of Achanakmar. The stocks of SOC were found to be decreasing with decreasing altitude and Significant variations across different altitudinal sites and depths were observed (significance at 0.05% level of probability). The present study calls for the development of sustainable forest management practices against human influences especially along the lower altitudinal gradients where lower carbon stocks and vulnerability of carbon loss have been found.