May 2017

It is strongly believed that secondary schools can generate energy from sewage to supplement biomass energy thereby protecting the environment. However, potential beneficiaries are oblivious of the environmental health benefits of utilising sewage for energy generation. This study assessed the potential environmental benefits of anaerobic digestion of sewage for energy production in secondary schools of Kakamega County, Kenya. Sewage influents and effluents samples were analyses in the laboratories for Total Kjeldal Nitrogen (TKN), P2O5, heavy metals, E.coli and faecal coliforms. It was established that there was an increase in the TKN, P2O5, and pH concentrations in the effluent after anaerobic digestion. However, its dry matter content, E.coli and faecal coliforms concentrations reduced as the heavy metals remained unchanged. Thus, anaerobic digestion of sewage for energy generation reduces the E.coli and faecal coli forms concentrations in the effluent to harmless levels in the environment. There was a decrease in the dry matter content and the amount of methane released into the biosphere. The decrease in the dry matter means less storage space for the sewage as the controlled methane emissions implies low greenhouse gas generation. The digestate can be utilised as a bio nutrient. Thus, sewage utilisation for energy production in secondary schools can help to meliorate environmental challenges.

The attempt to educate the nomadic Fulani in Nigeria was initially made a national policy that became popular at a period. With time it became mere political propaganda, the research was conducted to find out the implications of governmental attitudes to the programme using Goru/Kalgo area of Kebbi State. It is discovered that lot of problems like finance, lack infrastructure, etc are a serous threat with the attendants problem of cattle rustling, kidnapping etc. The research recommended amongst other a collaborative efforts by all stake holders to provide not only functional education but one that will incorporate their nomadic features.

Reading is to the mind, what exercise is to the body. Reading occupies a key role in the life of a person. It opens the doors of treasures of knowledge. The present study, aims to assess the reading habits of the inhabitants of religious houses and their spiritual growth. The study was conducted in the Mysore Diocese. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The present study is based on some observations on the religious houses in the Mysore Diocese. Inhabitants have focused only on religious collection and reading. Libraries should be utilized to have access to information. It is necessary that religious libraries keep themselves abreast with modern development technologies and lack digital information such as websites, mobile apps, YouTube channels, live broadcasts etc.

The present paper deals with the study of mangrove associate plant species found in the Ratnagiri District of the Maharashtra State. Present investigation reveals that a total of 21 mangrove associate species are found in the district in a huge population.

The aim of this study was to assess EFL teachers’ implementation of cooperative language learning method with reference to promoting speaking skill. To this end, three English language teachers of grade ten and fifty-one students of the same grade level were involved in the study. A mixed-method research approach was used to collect the data. Specifically; questionnaires, classroom observations and textbook analysis were employed. The quantitative data were analyzed through frequency and percentages distribution and the qualitative data were analyzed in words. The results of the quantitative data were triangulated with the qualitative data analyzed based on their similarities. The findings of the study revealed that teachers had the conceptual awareness of the advantage of cooperative language learning method in enhancing students’ spoken language proficiency through interaction with each other. However, the responses dealing with the implementation depicted that teachers’ level of awareness could not match to the actual implementation. I.e. there is little made use of the principles/techniques of CL, many of the elements of cooperative learning are not yet practiced. The commonly stated factors for low level of practicing cooperative learning principles were rushing after the contents to cover the portion, teachers’ incompetence in CLL principles, students’ lack of willingness to cooperate with each other due to lack of language proficiency, teachers’ communicative language incompetence and other related factors were mentioned. Thus, English teachers have to facilitate the effective use of English for communicative purpose rather than focusing on language knowledge through cooperative groups. Accordingly, it is suggested that teachers have to work hard to improve their interactive teaching skills and to create greater opportunity for students through pair/group work in line with CLL principles. Therefore, in order to cope up with this teaching methodology, various in-service training programs and continuous professional development should be established for EFL teachers. In doing so, the mismatch between awareness and implementation of cooperative language learning method will be resolved.

This paper throws light on digital dualism prevailing in Kerala. The analysis is quite significant and relevant in bridging the digital divide between the formal and the informal sector of Kerala economy. The paper has three sections. The first section dwells on digital dualism. The section also examines the concepts of the informal sector and the formal sector. The second section analyses digital dualism in Kerala. The third and final section presents the conclusions of the study.

In India there are so many rivers. Every river has some speciality and historical background. That is why the river can be an attractive place for regeneration and social communication. The Rejuvenation of Khan Riverfront development project has taken to mature the situation along the river bank and to increase the intrinsic beauties of the river as well as the surrounding areas, its existence could encourage the quality of life of a city. The role of river in Indore for communal have been developed throughout times, from transportation provision into public space. This established the importance of river to urban development in Indore. The Khan River Redevelopment Plan is designed to regenerate and to bring the active riverside area. Some portions along the river have been changed to serve as a communal public space. However, the active public space in riverfront could not take place. The unplanned situation of the Khan River-Indore has been reducing the beauty of the river as well as the city. Learning from the several case studies of active riverfront development, this paper efforts to study how to improve and implement the river redevelopment and create energetic and attractive riverfront zone at the bank of the Khan River (Kishanpura Bridge) so that the people of the Indore city can go there and can appreciate the beautiful development of the river.

The purpose of this study is to explore the roots causes of crime and the roles of community and community organizations in reducing crime or criminal behaviors. Purposively, 36 informants were selected to take part in the study. The result revealed that illiteracy, traditional and backward beliefs, illegal drug intake, dependency on substances, backward living conditions, and unfamiliarity to the law majorly contribute the big share for crime or criminal behaviors. Impulsively, using of local and modern drinks also has leading roles to get in criminal behaviors. Nevertheless, indigenous knowledge’s and experiences with in the community has a countless roles in dwarfing and reducing the act of crime as its grass root level in addition to increasing community awareness and mobilization by using community wings. Thus, taking community and community organizations as main partners in crime reduction process has strong power to discourage the rate of crime involvement.

This study was aimed at ascertaining the impact instructional scaffolding will make on the achievement of students in financial accounting in Abakaliki Urban of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A pretest, posttest, control group, non randomized quasi experimental design was used in this study. The population of the study comprised all SS II students in all the secondary schools in Abakaliki Urban offering financial accounting. Out of the fourteen secondary schools in Abakaliki offering financial accounting, four secondary schools were selected. Two schools were assigned to the treatment group while the other two were assigned to the control group. A total number of one hundred and sixty-three students offering financial accounting were used for the study. Instructional packages were developed, one for the treatment group and the other was for the control group. Instructional scaffolding was used for teaching the treatment group while the control group was subjected to the conventional method of teaching financial accounting. The financial accounting achievement test was used for collection of data. The data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation while the analysis of co-variance was used to test the hypothesis. The result showed that instructional scaffolding method was superior to the conventional method in improving the achievement of students in financial accounting. The summary of the result showed that instructional scaffolding when used as a teaching approach will improve on the achievement of students in financial accounting and the researcher recommended that financial accounting lessons should be taught using scaffolding method for effective teaching and learning.

Banyuning Sub-district is a suburb of Singaraja City that potentially experiencing the problem of waste. This fact is supported by the existence of settlements, especially the residential as the largest land use in Banyuning Sub-district. As the largest residential, the number of people living in the area is also great. Large population will be the largest waste contributor in Singaraja City. Through analytic survey method with quantitative analysis techniques, it will show the relationship between the social characteristics of the settlers with waste generated. The relationship shows that the number of family members, income and education levels significantly influence waste generation, and the income level is the biggest influence with regression coefficient 0.634. An interesting finding and has novelty in this article are all independent variables value is positive, except for the education level that is negative. The findings were evidenced by the regression coefficient of education level that is (-) 0.279.

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) have the vast potential to connect devices and different area of the world that are instantly under-served by current systems. A fundamental test for Delay Tolerant Network is to decide the routes through the network ever having an end-to-end, or knowing which “routes” will be connected at every instant of time. The issue has an additional requirement of constrained size off buffers at each node. This situation limits the applicability of traditional routing techniques which categorized lack of path as failure of nodes and try to seek for existing end-to-end path. In this paper we attempt to deal with the topology by utilizing k-means algorithm and amplify the message delivery rate without trading off on the request of message dispose of and attempt to route the message starting with one node then onto the next. The amount of message discarded has a direct relation to the bandwidth used and the battery consumed. The more the message discarded more is the bandwidth used and battery consumed by every node in transmitting the message. At the same time, with the increase in the number of messages discarded, the cost for processing every message increases and this adversely affects the nodes. We have also focused on passing the messages to those nodes which is highest trusted node, as the nodes moving away have a greater probability of disseminating the messages throughout the network and hence increases chances of delivering the message to the destination.

The reaction of low-temperature oxidative chlorohydrination of allyl chloride, 2,3-dichloropropene-1 and 1,3-dichlorobutene-2 with application of the hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide has been studied. The possibility of preparation of glycerine dichlorohydrin, 1,3-dichloroacetone and 1,2-dichlorobutanone with yields 70-75% from theoretical one has been shown. Selectivity – 85-92%.

Organic Rankine vapour compression (ORVC) refrigeration systems using waste heat are well known in the literature. In last year’s, transcritical organic Rankine vapour compression (TORVC) systems are proposed to increase the system coefficient of performance (COP). This paper presents the parametric simulation results and the performance analysis of TORVC refrigeration system utilizing waste heat using R134a as working fluid under different operating conditions such as evaporation/condensation temperature and degree of superheating/sub-cooling. Heat-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency is also taken into account. System COP is defined using not only the heating energy required for the refrigerant but also electrical energy input to the pump. As waste heat one can consider also exhaust heat of the vehicles. Variation of system COP for different evaporation/condensation temperatures and the degree of superheating/sub-cooling are demonstrated. In the calculation refrigerant temperature and pressure at the heat source are taken as 180oC and 8 MPa.

Now adays, MANETS are widely used due to its mobility and self-configuring network features, in which any centralized or switching center is not required. In MANETS all the nodes are mobile which are dependent on battery. In MANETS each node have to make connection to receiver node in order to send /forward the data packets in network. As in network there are many mobile nodes and nodes are moving, to send these data packets we required routing protocols .There are many routing Protocols which are classified into 3 types. Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid routing protocols. In this paper we make comparison between proactive and reactive routing protocol based on some performance metrics such as propagation delay, node throughput, and average end to end delay, packet jitter. For comparing proactive and reactive routing protocol we use these two routing protocol a proactive routing protocol DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector routing) and reactive improvement of DSDV routing AODV (Ad-hoc on demand vector routing).

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a potentiodynamic electrochemical measurement in which working electrode’s potential is ramped in the opposite direction to return to its initial potential. Potentiostat is an electronic hardware that controls the three electrode cell by maintaining the voltage between working electrode and reference electrode constant by adjusting the current at a counter electrode. Though now a day, many manufacturers are developing potentiostats having high accuracy and resolution, but the high cost is the obstruction. We have developed a low cost, portable CV system by designing a low cost and low component count potentiostat. TL054 op-amp and Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller board is used to build a system. The developed system has been tested and showed the successful working.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using the Geometer’s Sketchpad software on the academic achievement of students in mathematics among grade nine students of Bedele Secondary and preparatory school. The study utilized a quasi-experimental design using intact group of students from two classes in the indicated school. Two instruments were used to gather information:- the students’ mathematics achievement and attitudes/ perception of students toward learning Mathematics. A survey questionnaire was used to measure students’ perception on the usage of Geometer’s Sketchpad in the learning of Geometry and some other topics of mathematics. In the study, the experimental groups used Geometer’s Sketchpad-based topics and worksheets and for each student there is an access computer/plasma equipped with the Sketchpad software. The comparison group used only the textbooks and they were learnt by usual learning method. Both groups took the same pre-test and post-test. This study indicates that the result of experimental group had a significant mean difference compared to the comparison group on post-test. The use of Geometer’s Sketchpad in mathematics classroom has positive effect on the students’ mathematics achievement and attitude towards the learning of geometry and some mathematics topics.

According to the WHO, a baby which weighs less than 1500 gm at birth is termed very low birth weight baby. Birth weight and gestational age is an important parameter that predicts the outcome of the baby. Very low birth weight babies (VLBW) are at increased risk of a number of complications both immediate and late. Worldwide it has been observed that these babies contribute to a significant extent to neonatal mortality and morbidity. The common causes of mortality in these babies include sepsis, RDS and extreme prematurity. The risk of developing complications is inversely related to the gestational age and birth weight. The following paper is done to review our data related to the VLBW babies to identify the morbidity pattern and factors that influence mortality. This may help us to plan strategies to reduce mortality and prevent minimize morbidity in these babies.

Software testing has ever remained a brazen out particularly when testing is done with objective in enhancing the reliability. Adaptive Testing (AT) is an online testing strategy, which can be adopted to decrease the variance of software reliability estimator. In order to reduce the computational overhead of decision-making, the implemented AT strategy in practice deviates from its theoretical design that guarantees AT’s local optimality. Adaptive testing is increasing the testing in a predictable way by reducing the number of faults. There is a need to enhance the reliability by conveying probabilistic priorities to testing mechanism, which is done through software under testing with testing profile. AT strategy named Adaptive Testing with Gradient Descent method (AT-GD) is proposed. AT-GD, a locally optimal testing strategy, converges to the globally optimal solution as the assessment process proceeds. Simulation and experiments are set up to validate AT-GD’s effectiveness and efficiency.

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of loss of vision in the world. Currently, there is no effective method for simple, accurate and low cost glaucoma detection or screening. Automatic optic nerve head assessment from 2D retinal fundus images is promising for low cost glaucoma screening. This paper presents efficient method for cup to disc ratio (CDR) assessment using 2D retinal fundus images. The disc segmentation is carried out using active shape model (ASM), elliptical hough transform (EHT) and superpixel segmentation techniques. Among these three methods, one best output depending upon self assessment confidence score is considered for further processing. Cup to disc (CDR) ratio is calculated for the assessment of glaucoma. Based on performance of each method superpixel method performs best and more reliable.

Agile development methodologies become popular approaches in current scenario of organizations. In agile methodologies, developers have an open communication with customers to get requirements, in form of user stories, as soon as possible. Identifying right user stories at right time is most important thing in agile development methodologies. To identify right user stories, the prioritization for user stories takes place. Customers play significant role in prioritization of user stories. The customer-oriented requirement prioritization provides more business value to customers. In this paper, a mechanism is derived to prioritize user stories in agile environment. Further, the feasibility of this mechanism has been validated using a case study.

In this paper, we introduce and study a subclass of meromorphic univalent functions. We obtain coefficients inequalities, extreme points, distortion and growth bounds, radii of meromorphically starlikeness and meromorphically convexity for this class. Further it is shown that this class is closed under convex linear combination.

The competition of both dimethylglyoxime (DMG) andL tryptophan (L tryp.) as ligands against three transition metals ions, Zn+2, Cd+2 and Co+3 were studied. FTIR, 1HNMR, atomic absorption chlorine contents were used to support the final view of complexes formation. Both Zn+2 and Cd+2 were complexed with L tryp. While Co+3 binds only with DMG. Hard soft acid base (HSAB) idea is suggested to explain the difference in binding mode of metal ions.

Development of a machine vision program to classify among damaged, undamaged, discolored, unmatured, fungi/ diseased soybean kernels can play a vital role in the visual inspection process which is generally performed for grading commercially clean Soybean seed samples. The US standard/ Canadian standard or other recognized standards provide necessary parameters to assess Soybean seeds sample and define its quality while trading Soybean in commercial market. Even today, in many industries, the seed grading process is performed manually and the accuracy of a grade for the given sample is highly de-pendent on human visual inspection. Which most tentatively causes the introduction of errors. To minimize such errors, to shorten the time delay, and increase the accuracy while grading Soybean seeds, an automated system is essentially required. However, till today, very less research work has been carried out on the development of such automated systems for Soybean quality assessment. In that aspect, this paper highlights the key parameters considered as a criteria for assessing quality of Soybean and summarizes the utility of various machine vision techniques in the visual inspection and classification of other type of grains. The selection of parameters and optimization of their values may contribute in improvement of accuracy and shortening of time delay for a designed neural network model.

Salmonella typhi utilize inter and intra species communication via the process of cell-cell communication, which use to regulate population density with small, diffusible signaling molecules as communication intermediary called Autoinducers-2 (AI-2). Lsrk is the kinase phosphorylate AI-2, be capable to simulate the lsr operon. On the other hand, a solved structure of LsrK from Salmonella typhi is not available on Protein Data Bank. For that reason, we modelled and validated LsrK through online servers. Secondary structural insights were discussed. These findings provide new knowledge to molecular understanding of Autoinducer-2 kinase within Salmonella typhi.

This study was conducted at Engineering Laboratory Building of ESSU-Salcedo Campus, Salcedo, Eastern Samar. Specifically, this study was concerned with the following objectives: (1) To determine the weight of the Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) using river and sea sands, (2) To determine the compressive strength of CHB using river and sea sands, and (3) To determine the significant difference between the compressive strength of CHB using river and sea sands with a varying amount of fine aggregates of 100%, 50%, and 33.33%. The amount of fine aggregate varies in each level of treatment considering the workability of the mixture. Seven (7) levels of treatments were replicated five (5) time. Weighing and Compressive Testing was carried out using thirty-five (35) pieces whole concrete hollow block samples. Result of the study revealed that the initial weight was 10,790 grams and a maximum of 11,645 grams. The initial crushing strength gained 2.4 MPa (384.11 psi) and a maximum of 4.7 MPa (681.71 psi). Thirty four (34) CHBs surpassed the standard individual compressive strength of 350 psi and all treatments surpassed the standard average compressive strength of 300 psi. The compressive values obtained from the specimens were above the standard. It was found out that treatment two (T2) gained the highest compressive strength of 4.20 MPa (609.20 psi) contained with white sea sand inert material.

The aim of this work was to verify the Bacillus subtilis efficiency in soybean growth promotion, cultivated in soil with and without natural phosphate fertilization under greenhouse conditions. Seven Bacillus subtilis isolates and B. subtilis cocktail were used. The seeds were inoculated by Bacillus subtilis strains at a concentration of 2 x 108 CFU mL-1 using direct application technique of planting on graves. Biomass parameters, relative efficiency (RE), phosphorus content and phosphate utilization efficiency (P-UEF) were evaluated. The treatment with natural phosphate fertilization and B. subtilis UFTBs 06 and B. subtilis cocktail inoculation promoted a significant increase in biomass of 111% and 93% on relative efficiency (RE) in relation to the control, respectively. On the other hand, B. subtilis UFTBs 07 and B. subtilis cocktail were able to promote the biomass increase without natural phosphate fertilization of 85% and 95% on relative efficiency (RE) in relation to control, respectively. Therefore, B. subtilis cocktail without fertilization and B. subtilis UFTBs 07 with phosphate fertilization increased their phosphate utilization efficiency (P-UEF) in 256% and 150% in relation to the control, respectively. The most of isolates provided a higher phosphorus content available in soil and aerial part of soybean plants.

In Algeria, the fight against desertification begins with a restoration of steppic rangelands seriously degraded. In this framework more than two million hectares of pastoral land throughout the steppe have been exempted from agropastoral activities and fencing from grazing using enclosure and pastoral plantation with Atriplex canescens. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the two techniques on the restoration of degraded steppic rangelands. The methodological approach is the comparative analysis (One-way-ANOVA) of vital attributes of the ecosystem. The total plant cover (with a contribution of perennials and annuals species) and soil surface cover (bare ground, litter, stones, bare silty crust and wind veil) and pastoral value has been estimated inside and outside each technique (enclosure and pastoral plantation). The results obtained highlighted significant differences between the inside and outside of the restored rangelands, with an increase within the restored and protected rangelands of the recovery rate of vegetation and litter and pastoral value, and a decrease in bare ground, stones and wind veil, This improvement ensures both more stability to the various disturbances and proper functioning of the steppic ecosystem. However, the results emphasized a negative effect of the long term protection of these restored rangelands, this was observed by the occurrence of the bare silty crust on the soil surface, which has a negative effect on the installation of the vegetation and the emergence of seedlings (young plants) and the infiltration of water, where the importance of considering this parameter as an indicator for the opening of the fencing.

The objective of the present study was to synthesis of nanoparticles in plant extract which gained considerable importance when compared to bulk counterparts. Among many nanoparticles, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are very much important due to their utilization in drug-delivery system. In present study Celosia argentea L seeds were selected to synthesise zinc oxide nanoparticles and to evaluate its anticancer and antiplatelet activity. From the results it can be concluded that Celosia argentea L seeds extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity and it might be due to various phytoconstituents in it.

The city of Sousse, Capital of the region of Sahel, presents the kind of a seaside city in Tunisia, from its location on the Tunisian coastal line and beside its significant history. Indeed, the city of Sousse has seen the advent of several civilizations, which have contributed to its development and its enrichment. The city of Sousse has the advantage of having a temperate Mediterranean climate, an important cultural richness, a balanced economic development and a road and rail infrastructure facilitating access. The city forms an open door to the European markets and many countries in Africa and the Middle East. All these factors are able to contribute to the promotion of tourism.

The use of Entomopathogenic fungi (Zygomycetes,Ascomcetes and Basidiomycetes) against mosquito larvae is one of the best environment friendly ways to eradicate Arthropods that cause a menace in the society. While most of us turn to chemical insecticides to destroy mosquitoes, these chemical agents have been known to cause allergic reactions in some and are simply harmful to others. Thus the use of Entomopathogenic fungi as a biological control agent should be brought in to use at a more commercial scale because of its target specific activity and as it is relatively safer than the commercially available synthetic biocontrol agents. This review elaborates on the mosquito larvicide activity of three phyla of fungi namely Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Mosquitoes not only cause irritable bites but are a major cause of spread of lethal diseases like Dengue, Chikungunya, Malaria, Filariasis, etc. In a developing country like India where at certain places there is low sanitation problem mosquito borne diseases are major threats. Almost 40 anopheline species have been reported for the cause of human malarial vector worldwide. (Mouatcho, 2010) The use of entomopathogenic fungi as mosquito larvicide would help prevent the spread at an early stage and would be a cost effective preventive measure too.

The present study was carried out to isolate Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda) from cultured Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) and that identified by both Biochemical tests (API 20 E) and PCR. A total of 2 E. tarda isolates were isolated from 50 cultured O. niloticus fish collected randomly from the ponds of private fish farms at Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. The clinical picture of the collected fish exhibited loss of escape reflex; skin darkness; bilateral exophthalmia with corneal opacity and ulcers varied in their degrees, inflammation, congestion, hemorrhage and enlargement of most internal organs were apparent in postmortem examination. The isolated E. tarda was screened for presence of 3 virulence genes (esrB, gyrB and gadB genes) using multiplex PCR and the results showed the amplification of the concerned gene at molecular size esrB (311 bp), gadB (583) in one strain and gyrB (415) in the other strain. Histopathological examination for haemobiotic organs liver, spleen and kidney as well as gills revealed necrosis of most internal organs, inflammatory reaction, associated with hemosiderosis. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity pattern of E. tarda isolates was conducted by disc diffusion method for five antibiotic discs where, the isolate was found to be sensitive against florfenicol, Ciprofloxacine and sulphadimethexine and resistant to oxytetracycline and ampicillin. Isolated E. tarda was used for experimental infection of healthy fish; typical symptoms in naturally infected fish appear in experimentally infected fish. Treatment trials for experimental infected fish reveal effectiveness of florfenicol, Ciprofloxacine and sulphadimethexine.

Wetlands with its bio-resources are vital to human life and the service provided by wetlands to human kind is tremendous and non-substitutable. The wetland must be considered as the main source of livelihood of sustainable societies and also wetland plant play a significant role in the socio-economy of the people of Manipur. People have been depending upon wetland for food, fodder, medicine etc. and ecological services that people need for survival since ages. The ethnic communities residing around the Loktak Lake collect large varieties of edible and other useful plants and animal bio-resources. A significant number of families depend on this land for their survival and economy. Generally they go out of their home in the morning for fishing and collecting edible plants and in the evening they sale their collected items in the nearby markets located at the logistic and vicinity of the lake. The maximum supply of edible wetland plants and animal bio resources which are of economic value are coming from the Loktak lake (area=289 sq. km.). Some wetland vegetables which are favourite cuisine of Manipur like Polygonum barbatum (yelang) Ipomea aquatica (Komlamni) Oenanthe javanica (Komprek) Neptunia oleracea (Ekaithabi) Eurgale fero (Thangjing) Hedychium coronarium (Loklei), Alpinia nigra (Pullei), Trapa natans (Heikak) Nelumbo nucifera (Thambal) Nymphaea alba (Tharo) are not only eaten as vegetable but also used in medicinal purpose. In Manipur most of the wetlands are under impacts (Taft & Haig 205). Many of the wetlands are transformed into other land forms such as paddy fields, human settlement, land modification for developmental projects and indirectly by rainfall shift and global climate change. It is very important to study on identification, documentation assessing the use pattern, validating the nutritional quality and studying the trade of the most common edible wetland plants of Manipur which local communities are extremely knowledgeable. Conservation of wetlands is becoming a global burning issue and much discussed topic. To ensure sustainable, self-reliant socio economic development of wetland area, strengthening community linkages, educating them with the environment through various awareness programs and acknowledging the aesthetic beauty of the place through ecotourism etc. would surely help in conserving these valuable treasure in long time perspectives. Sustainable harvesting of wetland biodiversity should be adopted in order to get long time benefits. Systematic and rotational harvesting mechanism may be adopted to sustain the resources. Now a days the wetland plants are reported to have a comprehensive capacity for accumulation of numerous heavy metals. Fluctuations in water level compounding the deposition of nutrient metals and silt by interfering with wetland hydrodynamic and flushing of pollutants.

Now a day, hospital aquatic environment is becoming under pressure due to antibiotics and heavy metal interference which highly affect the microbial diversity. These antibiotics and heavy metal have significantly increased the multi drug resistant microbes present in the aquatic environment which act as reservoirs including, hospital sewage, rivers and ocean water. Antibiotic resistance is commonly encoded on the same mobile genetic elements that carry heavy metal resistance genes. Those genes are certainly selected in presence of heavy metals along with them, antibiotic resistant gene are co-selected. The biological evolution is the marvellous example of bacterial resistance. The eutrophication facilitates of hospital environment is main cause of the growth and survival of microbial pathogens. In India there is no instruction for the use of antibiotics. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to increase the inspection of hospital aquatic environment polluted with various heavy metals and antibiotics and enlargement of hindrance strategies including reduction of excessive use of antibiotics in hospitals, wastewater treatment and suitable disposal of hospital wastes for protection of both environment as well as public health risk.

In this study, several bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples of Jamshoro district and screened for α-amylase production, Bacillus clausii MCC 233-50 was found best amylase producing strain. Fermentation conditions were optimized for amylase production in shake flask using different carbon sources, nitrogen sources, initial pH, and temperature and time period. Amylase production of 593 U/mL was observed after 36 h in mineral medium containing glucose and this increased to 760 U/mL when starch was used as energy source at initial pH 7.0 and 37ºC.Urea was found to be best nitrogen source. Further improvement in final enzyme titer was observed when initial pH and temperature were optimized. Maximal amylase concentration of 1137 U/mL was obtained under optimized cultural conditions. Strain is alkalophilic and thermophilic which makes it suitable for amylase production.

Poor data quality in database can result from various causes, such as errors in site descriptions, imprecise coordinates or even mistakes. Hence, exploratory data analysis and cleaning are among several range of approaches and methods of data auditing and cleaning, which have been suggested for maintaining or improving data quality. Since its establishment, 1976 the Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute (EBI) previously known as Plant Genetic Resource Centre of Ethiopia/PGRCE (1976), Institute of Biodiversity Conservation/IBC (1994), has been collecting crop germplasm and associated traditional knowledge with special emphasis on major crop species. In 1999 EBI has established a database and documented several biodiversity related information. As of December 2013, the national collection has reached 73,438 accessions from 423 plant species belonging to 196 genera in 54 families. Coffea arabica L. is among these crop species, which Ethiopia has been regarded as the center of origin and center of genetic diversity. The wild coffee populations of Ethiopia are gene pool for several important traits which has national and international importance. Data quality assessment and spatial analysis were done on 5779 Coffee accessions deposited at the EBI, which were collected all over the coffee growing parts of the country and conserved at two field gene banks. The result has showed that, among the 5779 accessions, 2251 (38 %) were entered into the database. Among these 2251 accessions, 977 (43.40%) were georeferenced. The result of visualization map of the 977 C. arabica accessions and quality control based on the comparison of the country administrative unit data in the passport, with that of the country administrative unit information extracted from thematic layers using DIVA-GIS software has showed that, a number of accessions fall out of the geographical region of Ethiopia. Moreover, there are also 11 % erroneous points, which are 107 out of the 977 accessions. Three groups of causes of errors which could be committed either during field data collecting or while data encoding or at both stages were found. All the 107 erroneous points were corrected using different methods and recommendations were given for future use.

Diabetes mellitus is a complicated metabolic disorder that has gravely troubled the human health and quality of life. There are currently 371 million people living with diabetes and another 280 million are at high risk of developing the disease. The objective is to examine the impact of whole wheat diet on glycemic control of type 2 diabetics. A total number of 30 diabetics were selected by using purposive sampling method from Coimbatore medical college hospital. The experimental group (15) was directed to follow whole wheat diet and control group (15) was advised to follow their regular diabetic diet, for a period of three months. The fasting blood sample was drawn for estimation of blood glucose before and after the experimental study. The results shows that the decrease in the blood glucose levels of the experimental group at fasting, postprandial and HbA1c state were significant at five per cent level (p<0.05).

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases which if not controlled can cause serious complications. Aim: Kidney Profile Evaluation In The Hypoglycemic Type II Diabetic Subjects. Methodology: Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum urea, creatinine, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and microalbuminuria levels were evaluated. Total sample size was 60, which was divided into 30 study group with type II DM having hypoglycemia (blood glucose level <70 mg/dl) who attended the Medicine OPD of AVBRH Hospital and 30 age, sex matched healthy controls included in the study. Results: Results of serum urea and creatinine levels were higher in cases as compared to the controls (p<0.0001). Urinary Microalbumin level were 70.71±5.57 which was higher in the cases as compared to controls (p<0.0001). Serum Sodium level in the cases were 128.26 ± 2.46 which was significantly lower in the cases as compared to controls (p<0.0001). Level of serum Potassium level in the cases were 6.09 ± 0.23 which was significantly higher in the cases as compared to controls (p<0.0001). HbA1c has significant negative correlation with Creatinine (p<0.01). Conclusion: Early detection of Kidney Profile abnormalities can minimize the risk for development of Nephrotic complications in the hypoglycemic type II diabetic subjects.

Statement of problem: Recasting procedure could affect the cytotoxicity of dental alloys because remaining alloy from initial castings is reused commonly with addition of new alloy. Purpose: To evaluate the effect of recasting of cobalt chromium alloys on gingival fibroblast cytotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Disk-shaped specimens (1 × 2 mm, n=40) of cobalt chromium alloys were prepared with 100% new alloy and 50%, 30%, and 15% once recast alloy. 10 specimens from each group were conditioned in 0.5ml of saline (0.9% NaCl) containing 3% bovine serum albumin(BSA). Cytotoxic effects were assessed on human gingival fibroblast with (MTT) colorimetric assay a 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and neutral red uptake (NRU) assay test. Collected data was statistically analysed with one way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD multiple comparison test for each group and the effect of repeated casting of base metal alloys on gingival fibroblast cytotoxicity was evaluated. Results: Effects of alloy type on MTT activity and NRU assay depend on the amount of recasted alloy addition (P<.001) indicating amount of recast alloy affected the cellular activity of HGF by 1-way ANOVA. Post hoc multiple comparison tests were performed to determine how casting procedures affect MTT activity NRU assay of HGF cells. Tukey’s HSD test revealed that the mean MTT activity and NRU assay was significantly different for each casting procedure group (P<.001). Post hoc comparisons of the 4 casting procedures also indicated that each increase in surplus alloy amount in the alloy. Conclusions: Recasting of cobalt chromium alloys increased cytotoxicity and decreased cell viability of human gingival fibroblasts.

The Institute of Medicine defines clinical practice guidelines as "Statements that include recommendations, intended to optimize patient care, that are informed by a systematic review of evidence and an assessment of the benefits and harms of alternative care options Guidelines for their use in licensed indications (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease) include recommendations and guidance for patient selection and subsequent monitoring with discussion of potential adverse effects. An under- standing of these is important when managing patients receiving biologic therapy for systemic disease and use in oral medicine. Studies on knowledge and awareness among dental health professionals about Biologics and general guidelines is rarely reported hence the present study is carried out.

Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of demonstrating the level of knowledge and practice amongst general dental practitioners in Chennai city, India in 2016-17, in terms of usage of dental burs. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, the general dental doctors in Chennai provided information on their approach in dealing with the dental burs, via a pretested self administered questionnaire. The first part includes the knowledge and the last part involves dentist’s practice in terms of usage of burs. Data from the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 16 software. Results: A total 102 practitioners answered the questions, a response rate of 100%. Among the sample, 47% preferred to use the diamond burs and 33% preferred to use tungsten burs. About 48% would use a bur only once and 39% would use twice and none would never discard a bur. Doctors knew that the burs efficiency decrease with usage. Conclusion: This study revealed a low level of knowledge and practice regarding the uses of burs in tooth preparation among dental practitioners.

One of the most common infectious diseases of humans is urinary tract infections (UTIs), caused by Escherichia coli, which responsible for more than 80% of cases worldwide. Eucalyptus species are well known as medicinal plants due to their biological and pharmacological properties. The aim of the present study was to determine the antibacterial activity of eucalyptus oil against clinical isolates of E. coli. The MIC of eucalyptus oil was appeared to be 0.125% for E. coli. Eucalyptus oil is found to have antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of E. coli. However, the studies on toxic and irritant properties of essential oils are imperative, especially when considering any new products for human administration.

Aim: to study the knowledge and attitude of dental students towards HIV/AIDS patients. Background: In the present generation, due to the development of various successful Anti-retroviral therapies, the life span of the infected individuals has increased. Hence these patients will require increasingly competent and compassionate health care services, including oral health care. Materials and Methods: This survey was conducted on 100 dental students in the 3rd, 4th and 5th year students of a private dental college. The students completed a predesigned self-administered questionnaire comprising 20 questions assessing the knowledge, attitude and willingness to treat HIV/AIDS patients. Result: The survey was completed by 100% of the students. The analysed results proved that more than half of the population in the study exhibited good knowledge and a few proclaimed to have excellent knowledge. The mean knowledge score is 73.67%, among all the considered years of study. Despite their good level of knowledge, only 58% of the study population displayed a positive attitude (non professional attitude) toward HIV/AIDS, whereas the remaining 42% of the population were negative or neutral towards the treatment of HIV.

Objective: To evaluate treatment outcome of tuberculous (TB) lymphadenitis at Bhausaheb Sardesai Talegaon Rural Hospital (BSTRH), Attached with M.I.M.E.R. Medical college, Talegaon Dabhade, Maharashtra. Results: Of total 757 tuberculosis cases and 202 extrapulmonary amongst them, 70 (9.24%) patients had TB lymphadenitis.The mean age was 28.8±12years. Commonly affected site observed cervical group 40 (57.1%) with single node involvement seen in 54 (77.1%) cases. Sputum AFB positive in 1 patient (1.4%), HIV association seen in 3 (4.3%) cases. Fever and anorexia were most frequently reported sympoms. Fine needle aspiration showed positive results in majority of cases 61 ( n=70, 87.1%). One (1.4%) patient diagnosed multiple drug resistance. Paradoxical reaction was observed in 5 (7.2%) patients. All patients were treated with Directly Observed Therapy. Fifty nine (84.3%) patients were treated successfully, 4 (5.7%) patients required extension of treatment. five (7.2%) patients exhibited paradoxical reaction, one (1.4%) patient showed relapse. One( 1.4%) patient diagnosed multiple drug resistance and required 2nd line of antitubercular treatment. Conclusion: Lymphnode is commonly affected organ by tuberculosis (9.24%). Lymphnode tuberculosis is most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (34.6%). Incidence was slightly higher in female than male gender. FNA is most reliable diagnostic test. TB lymphadenitis cases showing paradoxical reaction and or relapse should be subjected for drug susceptibility testing to rule out drug resistant tuberculosis.

The present Exodontia is a procedure that all dentists are taught to perform in dental school and used by most general clinicians in their practice. With the growth of implant dentistry because of its high success rate and predictability, more questionable teeth that in the past may have been salvaged through extreme endodontic or periodontic procedures are now extracted for implant placement. A good skill set in basic and complex exodontia is therefore essential for well-trained general dentists who wish to be clinically involved in this facet of their practice. The purpose of this article is to review the biomechanics of a newly developed extraction forceps and to provide the literature supporting its advantages over the other commercially available forceps, elevators or periotome.

Background: The inadequacy, lack of suitable equipment in our specialty infrastructure and lack of monthly deaths in people living with human immunodeficiency virus increase the number of deaths and undetermined diagnosis in the internal medicine department of Sendwe referral hospital. The purpose of this study was to determine the biographical characteristics, proportional mortality from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus and the map of the morbidity and mortality of diseases related to this infection. Methods: This is a retrospective cross sectional study running the period from January 1, 2012 to Jun 15, 2016 concerned hospitalized adults HIV-infected in internal medicine at Jason Sendwe referral hospital. Interpretation of the results was performed by frequencies, central tendency and dispersion parameters. Proportional mortality was calculated to divide the number of death from HIV-infected on global mortality-years. The global mortality was calculated to divide the number of death on study population-years Results: The median age was 41 years and male was predominant (57%). Proportional mortality was 65%.The frequencies causes were: Tuberculosis (29%), cryptococcal meningitis (26%) and pneumopathy (12%). The diabetes comorbidity was found in 3%. The associated conditions of death were dominated by respiratory distress (21%), and anemia (14%). Patients (92%) were accessing care clinical stage 3and 4 of the WHO2006. The undetermined diagnosis was 30%. Conclusion: Proportional mortality is interpellator and suggests strengthening technical platform and regular audit of deaths to improve medical practices and reverse trends in mortality. The main challenge would be to establish the share of comorbidities in the occurrence of death in persons living with HIV from under equipped country.

Background: Saliva is the first biological fluid that is exposed to arecanut/tobacco and is responsible for its changes especially the salivary flow rate (SFR) and salivary pH. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to observe the effects of areca nut and various other products of areca nut on salivary flow rate and pH of saliva. Materials and Methods: A total of 74 Subjects were divided into arecanut/tobacco chewers i.e. study group (group A) and non areca nut/tobacco chewers i.e. control group (group B). Saliva of each subject was collected under resting condition and salivary flow rate was expressed in ml/min for 10 min. Salivary pH was determined using digital pH meter. Results: The difference between the mean SFR for chewers and non-chewers is statistically insignificant.(p=0.5) The difference between the mean salivary pH for chewers and non-chewers is statistically significant.(p=0.05) Conclusion: Salivary flow rate is altered in a lesser extent in Areca Nut chewers and salivary pH is altered to a greater extent in Areca Nut chewers. Thus determining oral mucosa to be vulnerable to the toxic effects of Areca Nut chewing.

Background and Study aim: Schistosoma mansoni is one of the three major species which cause schistosomiasis in humans. Female worms of S. mansoni deposit 190 to 300 eggs daily. Each egg of S. mansoni bears a prominent lateral spine. The key objective of this study was to identify and confirm which species of genus Schistosoma is causing schistosomiasis in student children of Walame Don Bosco elementary school including in those of kindergarten within the same school compound. Patients and Methods: Fresh stool samples of 500 student children were examined under a compound light microscope for the suspected parasitic species of genus Schistosoma. Fresh stool samples of 10 students were examined daily from Monday through Friday. Result: Out of 500 student children examined 102 were found positive for S. mansoni. Conclusion: The possibility that all the hazards mentioned above and the undesirable immunologic reactions against the antigens released from the eggs, of S. mansoni, trapped in tissues of different types & locations of the patient’s body are the potential risks, i.e., morbidity/complications imposed to happen later in life, on the becoming adult stage population of today’s student children infected with S. mansoni in Walame region. Therefore, publically coordinated strong preventive measures must be devised to eradicate S. mansoni infection from the study area.

Aim: We aimed to review and present our data on gunshot injury cases that presented to the Kars State Hospital and Kafkas University Hospital emergency department in this study. Material and Method: Gunshot injury cases that presented to the emergency service between January 2012 and December 2016 and were admitted to various clinics for surgical treatment were included in the study. The demographic characteristics, type of firearm, location of gunshot injuries, duration until presentation to the hospital, injured organs, the treatments used, post-treatment complications and mortality rates were evaluated together with the rate of gun licensing per year. The patients who presented to the emergency service were treated according to the physical examination, laboratory tests and imaging results at presentation. Results: The 71 gunshot injury cases that presented to the emergency service consisted of 9 females (12.7%) and 62 males (87.3%). The mean age was 39 years for the males and 24 years for the females. There were 53 cases from the villages (75%), 13 from the district centers (18%), and 5 (7%) from the province center. We also observed an increase in applications to obtain a gun license to both hospitals in Kars center from 2012 to 2016. The duration of presentation to the hospital after the injury was most commonly 2-4 hours (23 patients, 32%). The most commonly injured organs were the extremities, followed by the abdominal region and cranial region. Open fracture injury patients underwent appropriate debridement, external fixator, and plaque screw, intramedullary nail osteosynthesis; soft tissue injury patients received debridement; and abdominal injury patients underwent laparotomy and appropriate treatment according to the injured organ. Patients who presented with cranial hemorrhage and 4 patients with massive abdominal hemorrhage died. The complications were injury site infection in 5 (5.63%) patients, shortness of extremity in 3 (4.22%) patients and eventration in 2 (2.81%) patients. Conclusion: Gunshot injuries have become more common in rural areas and regions with a lower socioeconomic level in our country together with an increase in the rate of acquiring gun licenses. Gunshot injuries require a long hospitalization duration and can result in high mortality and morbidity rates if prompt intervention is not possible.

Background: Change is inevitable. Considering the technological advancements taking place in dentistry, sticking to age old concept of conventional complete denture is regressive, which deprives patients of better prosthetic options. The transition from natural teeth to prosthesis is most comfortable to patient if replaced by full fixed implant prosthesis. However, such a prosthesis is not feasible in all cases due to anatomical, financial or other restrictions. In such cases, giving a 2 implant supported mandibular overdenture gives multifold advantages over the conventional complete dentures and strikes a golden balance with respect to patient compliance and cost factor. Aim: To compare compliance and cost factor in patients using two implant supported mandibular overdentures and conventional mandibular complete dentures Study design and Method: The following criteria were used to select the studies on the patient compliance in patients using mandibular 2 implant supported overdentures and conventional mandibular complete dentures. The inclusion criteria were articles in English or those having detailed summary in English, studies that provide randomized controlled trials and articles on cost comparison between the two modalities. Studies that were published between 1st January 1995 to 31st December 2015 were included. Results: Various electronic databases were searched using different search strategies from the above mentioned key words and the combinations. The number of articles identified through the database searching were 330 in all. After thorough reading of titles the number of titles found relevant were 200. Further these records were assessed for any duplicates and100 duplicate articles were removed while including 30 articles. Full text thorough reading of these articles was done and were assessed for eligibility. Only ten articles were qualified and other articles were excluded. Conclusions: The evidence currently available suggests that the restoration of the edentulous mandible, with a conventional denture is no longer the most appropriate first choice Prosthodontic treatment. There is now overwhelming evidence that a mandibular 2 implant supported overdenture should become the first choice of treatment for the edentulous mandible. Clinical implication: In the world of evidence based dentistry we are armed with lot of scientific backing for the above statement. Suggesting and convincing a patient for this modality should be top priority for Prosthodontist. Due to overwhelming evidence on mandibular 2 implant supported overdenture in the literature over conventional mandibular complete denture in respect to patient compliance and cost factors it should be made the first choice of treatment for completely edentulous patients.

Objectives: To study the prevalence of threaten abortion in 1st trimester among pregnant women and to find out any association which has been found between the socio demographic characteristic and obstetrical outcomes. Methodology: A Prospective cross sectional study has been conducted in Fatima Al-Zahra hospital in Baghdad among 409 pregnant women attending to emergency and outpatient clinics during the period from first April 2015 to twenty third February 2016. Data collection was by using a previously designed questionnaire history. A blood sample has been obtained to estimate the complete blood cell count, Rh identification, and quantitative bhCG. Results: Most cases still in the age group 21-30 years was 202 (49.4%). Preterm delivery 113(27.6%), 50.6% of hematoma with the size less than 4cm2. only 0.5% of case had history of therapeutic abortion. 11.5% of cases had smoker. All pregnant women was suffering from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, epilepsy, anemia, psychological, hormonal imbalance, 27.1%, 19.1%, 1.7%, 82.9%,3.2%, 30.1% respectively. Significant associations have been found between the age groups, occupation, family history and obstetrical outcomes (P<0.0001). Conclusions: Threatened abortion occurs often and is a serious emotional burden for women. Bleeding in the first half of the pregnancy with or without presence of hematoma may be associated with poor pregnancy outcome. Bed rest, uterine sedatives and hormonal treatment given can bring better prognostic outcome. Investigations that determine the diagnostic and prognostic parameters are of value. Recommendation: Further large prospective studies are needed to find the best predictors for the better outcome.

A rare malignant cells population exists in the tumor cells, with exclusive self-renewal ability and capable of differentiate into various cell lineages, determined as cancer stem cells (CSCs). They can produce cancer cells in tumors and perform a crucial function in the initiation and maintenance of a tumor. Beyond the scope of this review manuscript, related articles about the detection history, structure and functions of CD133 as a surface marker for CSCs, its role in thyroid neoplasia especially anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), were found by search in PubMed, Scopus, Springer, and Science direct. It was concluded that the positive CD133 cells as undifferentiated cells have a crucial role in the flunk of radio-iodine cure. The CD133interacts with various signaling pathways such as: PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, NF-κB and causes expression of stemness markers, cancer cell differentiation suppressor, apoptosis inhibitor, and generate a cancer cell with self-renewal ability, tumorigenic potential, and multi drug resistant. Hence, targeting the positive CD133 cellsis a good choice to eradicate the advanced tumors as well as ATC. The target therapyapproach couldruin them by several strategies likeusing certain antibodies, lentivirus vector application, RNA interference applying, activating the γδ T cells, and aptamers.

Introduction: Skin Adnexal tumors are rare tumors. They are categorized into sweat gland tumors (eccrine and apocrine), hair follicle tumors and sebaceous gland tumors based on line of differentiation. Benign tumors are more prevalent than the malignant tumors. Aim: To study the spectrum of skin adnexal tumors with respect to age, sex, site and histopathological pattern. Methodology: Retrospective study of 60 histopathologically confirmed cases of skin adnexal tumors in a tertiary hospital over a period of three years (Jan 2014- Dec 2016). All the specimen of tumors received during this period were analysed and lesions were categorized according to WHO classification system for Skin Adnexal Tumors. Result: In the present study 95% of the tumors were benign with majority of cases in 21-30 years age group. M:F ratio was 1.07:1. Head and neck was the commonly affected site and Follicular tumors comprised the majority of tumors (51.7%) and Pilomatrixoma was the commonest tumor encountered. Conclusion: Histopathological examination proves to be the gold standard in the diagnosis of cutaneous adnexal tumors due to their wide spectrum and frequency of differentiation along two different lines within the same lesion.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of breast feeding and bottle feeding on primary molar relation in 3-6 year old children attending different schools of south Bangalore city. The association between infant feeding duration and primary molar relation were evaluated in 400 children at the stage of complete primary dentition. The information regarding their feeding practices was recorded based on the questionnaires filled out by parents/guardians. The clinical examination was done to record the primary molar relation. The positive association between the age of cessation of breast feeding and presence of distal step was observed. The shorter the child was breast fed, higher chances of child to be bottle fed which showed a greater prevalence of distal step. Breast feeding duration is one of the important factors that have great influence in the development of distal step, which in turn will influence the permanent molar relation.

The prevalence of hate crimes against homosexuals is an issue deserving of societal and legislative analysis. Hate crime refers to criminal conduct that is motivated by bias or prejudice and impacts the well being of the victim. Health educators, social workers, teachers, and helping professionals can attest that those who identify themselves as homosexual or bisexual are often subjected to victimization. Research regarding the prevalence of hate crimes against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered (LGBT) individuals is at best, limited. Studies have demonstrated that a correlation exists between the prevalence of victimization of individuals that report as LGBT and other variables within their environment. The purpose of the study is to identify the number of articles, explore, and analyze the professional literature relating to the prevalence of hate crimes against homosexuals to improve practices and change policy to afford healthy living practices for schools. Causal factors of victimization, such as gender deviance (non-conformity) are reported in the findings. Additionally, disparity regarding the mental function of LGBT individuals that are victims of hate crimes and the subsequent effect of those crimes were reported in the findings. Further exploration and research is essential to make implications that are applicable to the majority of the victimized LGBT population.

Background: Patients are constantly seeking to increase the quality of health care. One of the important factor of improving the quality of clinical services is the relationship between doctors-nurses in hospitals. The barriers of relationship between doctor and nurse will be reduce the quality of nursing services. This study was performed to evaluate the effect education of removing barriers in relationship doctors-nurses in increasing the quality of services provided in hospitals and clinics of the city of Marivan city. Methods: This study was an experimental study that communication barriers (negative attitudes of doctors with nurses) between nurse-physician were evaluated before and after training. The statistical population included all the doctors, nurses and patients in Fajr and Buali hospitals of Marivan city. Thirty doctors were chosen for each experimental and control group. The estimated sample size of patients were 322 persons, with randomly selection. Sample size of nurses were 200 persons which selected by enumeration methods. Data of this study were collected by questionnaire Morinaga and Choi questionnaires. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation and T-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean negative behaviors after the intervention in the experimental group had significance difference with negative behavior mean before the intervention in the experimental group and the control group (P <0.01). Negative behaviors mean after intervention in the experimental group was lower than in the other groups. Services quality had significance difference after the intervention with before intervention (p<0.05) on the base of patients’ viewpoint. Mean of services quality after intervention was higher than before intervention. Conclusion: The results showed that training was effective on the elimination of barriers of nurse-physician relationship, which increases the quality of services provided to patients. Therefore providing the necessary training in order to reduce barriers to physician-nurse and providing mechanisms necessary will be provided the quality of health services.

Obesity and periodontal disease are multifactorial and develop from an interaction between chronic conditions originating in early life. various epidemiological studies state that obesity is a proven risk factor for adult periodontitis. So the need of the hour is to investigate this relationship in school going children where there is a death in evidence.

Desmoid tumors are non metastatic, rare tumors with a tendency of local invasion and recurrence. These lesions are associated with female gender in their fertile age typically appearing during or after pregnancy. The case of a desmoid tumor of anterior abdominal wall in a 22 year old lady is reported, that presented during pregnancy, describing its CT and MRI appearance. The lesion was treated surgically, reconstructing the defect with polypropylene mesh and was referred to oncology department for further management. The goal of treatment for these lesions is complete surgical excision, and in case where negative margins are not achieved, radiotherapy is the next modality.

Background: Postoperative dysphagia is a common occurrence for the patients undergoing anterior cervical spine surgery. Although multiple risk factors for developing dysphagia have been reported in the literature, but the controversy still exists among different studies. This study mainly focuses on the recent literature review and summarizes the general overview on the incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical signs and symptoms, assessment, treatment, and prevention of postoperative dysphagia. Methods: A computerized review of literature concerning with the dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery was searched on Pubmed. The literature search was confined to the published articles from 2005 to 2016. Results: Patients presenting with postoperative dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery have a range of clinical symptoms from the difficulty initiating a swallow, chewing problem to nasal regurgitation, choking, coughing etc. Patient medical history, detailed physical examination, lateral X-ray radiographs, laryngoscopy and video fluoroscopic swallow evaluation (VSE) are the primary assessment tools for examining dysphagia. Universally validated objective method for measuring dysphagia is still lacking. The most commonly applied assessment tool is the Bazaz Dysphagia Scoring system. Dysphagia is purely the subjective sensation of discomfort, patient self-reported symptoms are more reliable and effective in recognizing swallowing disorders. The etiology of postoperative dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery remain multifactorial which include surrounding mucosal structures, muscular and, neuronal components. Most of the dysphagic problems are usually transient, which begins within one week of postoperative period but in some cases may last longer after surgery. The reported incidence of dysphagia has been observed upto 80% within one week following ACSS among different studies. The big variation in incidence rate can be related to different surgical techniques, duration of surgery, size and material of the implant used, variations in different measurement tools and definition of dysphagia, follow-up time intervals, and comparatively small sample studies. The most common contributing factors causing postoperative dysphagia are multilevel procedures, female gender, longer operative time, and advanced age (>60 years), use of rhBMP-2. Rehabilitation including dietary modification and training in swallowing techniques and maneuvers are the treatment strategies for the dysphagia by maintaining the patients’ adequate nutritional intake and maximizing airway protection. Certain preoperative maneuver likes tracheal traction exercise, intraoperative (use of steroids) and postoperative techniques could help in decreasing the incidence of postoperative dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery. Conclusions: Well designed, multicenter prospective studies of large sample size are necessary to conclude the incidence, exact etiology, risk factors, pathomechanisms and long-term follow-up for the development of postoperative dysphagia after ACSS, and also to discover preventative measures. Also the specific measurement; that is universally valid and reliable, is needed, which would include global, functional, physical, and psychosocial parameters to provide comparisons among different variables. The results of these large prospective studies can be employed to upgrade in surgical techniques and perioperative management, which may decrease the incidence of dysphagia after ACSS.

Aim and Objective: The aim of this study was to access the dimensional changes of heat cure acrylic resin when immersed in alcohol and chlorhexidine. Materials and Method: This study included 12 specimens. Twelve heat cure acrylic resin cubes similar sizes were fabricated. The present study was undertaken to determine the dimensional change in heat cure acrylic resin cubes on immersing them in alcohol and chlorhexidine for 12 hours. Six cubes were immersed in 250 ml of each of the solutions. Before immersing, linear dimension of the cubes were measured using a digital vernier calliper. After removing the cubes from the respective solutions, cubes were again measured. The values were tabulated and compared. Result: The heat cure acrylic cubes showed linear dimensional changes. The average change observed in those cubes immersed in alcohol was 0.004% expansion and those immersed in chlorhexidine was 0.021% Shrinkage.

Chalcones belongs to natural and synthetic origin has various biological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-parasite, and anti-tumor activities. The aim of this study is to perform insilico design, docking by Hex 8.0 and synthesis, characterization and to investigation of anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Novel Chalcones are prepared from 2-acetyl-1-naphthol and substituted aromatic aldehydes. All the synthesized compounds were characterized and evaluated for anti inflammatory and anti microbial studies.

Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor (IMT), previously called inflammatory pseudotumor and plasma cell granuloma, belongs to a class of rare spindle cell lesions showing a rather unpredictable biological behavior with occasional tendency toward invasion to the surrounding tissue and Local recurrence. The lesion, as primarily described by Bahadori and Liebow in 1973, is a reactive/inflammatory process in the pulmonary system mostly occurring in children and young adults. Since then, many cases have been reported in older patients in addition to extra-pulmonary sites. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) emerges as a pseudotumor with malignant manifestation (1). This inflammatory tumor is usually seen in children and adolescents. It can affect all the body organs (2). The most common localization of this tumor is in the lungs, Mesentery comes in the second place (3). The pathogenesis of this inflammatory tumor cannot be accurately recognized (4). The manifestation of disease is variable with respect to the Involved organ, and the compressive effects of tumor are generally important (5). The definitive diagnosis of this tumor is possible through surgery and pathology, and the removal of symptoms usually requires there section of the mass (6).

Oro-antral communications may develop as a complication of dental extractions, but may also result from accidental or iatrogenic trauma, neoplasm or infection. The use of buccal fat pad as a graft for intraoral defects is an uncommonly reported procedure but, it has been frequently used for closure of oro-antral and oro-nasal communications. This paper demonstrates the use buccal pad of fat and buccal advancement flap for the closure of oro antral fistula.

Background: Diabetes mellitus, a silent epidemic with micro and macroangiopthic complications and also has less recognized rheumatic syndromes which are debilitating. Objective of the study: To study the prevalence of rheumatological manifestations uniquely associated with type 2 diabetes and to analyse the risk factors associated with these manifestations in them. Methods: It is a cross sectional descriptive study done with a sample size of 200 persons having established type 2 diabetes mellitus at our institution. They are subjected to detailed history, clinical examination with special emphasis on the rheumatological problem. Investigations like CBC, diabetic profile, X ray spine and joints are also done. Clinical/criteria based assessment of rheumatological manifestations towards LJM, AC, CTS, DC, TF, DISH and charcot Joint are done. The data is analysed using SPSS version 20.0. Descriptive statistics such as mean, range and standard deviation are used to present continuous variables, and frequency (percentage) is used to present categorical variables. Analysis done with binary logistic regression method. Results: The prevalence of rheumatological problem in type 2 diabetes is very common (36%). LJM(19%), AC(11%) were the commonest manifestation. Significant p value <0.01 were seen for the following factors: BMI, duration of diabetes, HbA1c level, dyslipidemia, retinopathy and nephropathy. Conclusion: The rheumatological problem in type 2 diabetes had strong correlation with BMI, duration of diabetes, dyslipidemia, HbA1c, retinopathy and neuropathy. Hence lifestyle modification, effective glycemic control, addressing dyslipidemia, detecting and treating the rheumatological manifestation early may improve the quality of life.

Introduction: Diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder presenting with hyperglycemia. Worldwide, the prevalence is increasing drastically. Materials and Methods: It is a cross-sectional case-control study. The sample size: 150 cases with age and sex matched .controls meeting inclusion criteria of this study from outpatients and inpatients of RIMS, Ranchi. Results: The overall presence of abnormal serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TGs), very LDL (VLDL), TG/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio, and LDL/HDL ratio with statistical significance is tabulated in tables. Conclusion: TC, LDL, TG, and VLDL were significantly raised in prediabetics as compared to normal healthy subjects whereas HDL was significantly lower in prediabetics as compared to normal healthy subjects.

Pyogenic granuloma is non neoplastic proliferation of gingival connective tissue, commonly occur in females in their second decade of life due to hormonal imbalance. Extra gingival sites are buccal mucosa, palate and tongue. It can also occur in males in response to minor trauma, chronic irritants which provides the pathway to non specific microorganism but histopathologicaly it does not show any microorganism, so its etiology is still not clear. Clinicaly it is a non tender swelling which sometimes look like a hemangioma or a vascular malformation which bleed profusely on provocation. In this case series we are reporting two case reports of pyogenic granuloma in two females of different age groups with different sites and discussing the clinical, histological features along with its various treatment modalities.

Background: Antibiotics are main stay of treatment in Intensive care unit in a hospital. Rationale and proper usage of antibiotics can prevent drug resistance. Drug utilization study is a component of medical audit that does monitoring and evaluation of the drug prescribing patterns and suggests necessary modifications in prescribing practices to achieve rational therapeutic practice as well as cost of effective health care. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the current drug utilization pattern of antibiotic agents in the Medical Intensive Care Unit of Shri Satya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Nellikuppam, Kancheepuram Dt, Tamilnadu. To study the resistance pattern of culture isolates. Materials and Methods: Inpatient records of patients who were admitted and treated in the Medical ICU (MICU) during the study period were included. Demographic data of the patient noted. Prescription was reviewed and audit was done. Results: The use of parenteral third generation cephalosporins accounted to about 40%. Cefotaxime/Ceftriaxone was the most commonly used AMA, followed by piperacillin and tazobactum by 20% patients and ampicillin/gentamicin by 13-14% patients. Klebsiella and pseudomonas were the culture isolates obtained Conclusion: Most common indication for the antimicrobial therapy was infection. In our study there was a considerable use of combination of piperacillin plus tazobactum antibiotics. Beta lactam antibiotics formed the main stay of group of drugs.

Background: Establishment of occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) is one of the important tasks for successful prosthodontic therapy for function, esthetics and comfort to the edentulous patients. Though various methods are advocated, each has its own limitations and no single method has been formulated. In the present anthropometric study the correlation between vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) and distance between tip of thumb to tip of index finger has been evaluated in edentulous patients. The results of this study can be useful in determining OVD in edentulous patients. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare and correlate between the vertical dimension of occlusion by Conventional method and Anthropometric method. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 edentulous volunteers comprising of 20 males and 20 females were selected. The distance from tip of thumb to tip of index finger of the right hand and vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) was measured with a digital vernier calliper. This Anthropometric method is then compared and correlated with Conventional method of vertical dimension of occlusion. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was determined to evaluate the correlation in the studied parameters. The level of significance was kept as ≤0.05 at 95% confidence interval. Results: Statistically significant correlation was seen with all the parameters studied. Pearson correlation of VDO and distance between tip of thumb to tip of index finger was 0.993, where p value= 0.157 for males and Pearson correlation of VDO and distance between tip of thumb to tip of index finger was 0.999, where p value= 0.530 for females which was highly significant. Combined male and females Pearson correlation of VDO and distance between tip of thumb to tip of index finger 0.996, where p value = 0.001 level. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that VDO between conventional method and anthropometric method both in edentulous male and female patients were highly correlated.

Background: Evidence on the safety of herbal products use is still inadequate to substantiate their safety among pregnant women. Herbal usage is differing according to geographical availability, experience and believes. Saudi Arabian community is one of those old communities that encouraged herbal medicines and trusting the safety of plants available in the area even during pregnancy. The main objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of Saudi women toward herbal usage in pregnancy and to identify the commonest herbs used during pregnancy. Methodology: A questionnaire based cross sectional study conducted in January -march 2017). A total of 577 Saudi women responded to questions regarding demographic data, educational level, gynecological history, believes on herbal Safety during pregnancy and their source of information with listing of abortifacient herbs they knew. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 24. Results: 67.6 % were in the range between (20-40) years. 76.6% were of high educational level and34.3% had completed three to five successful pregnancies, 97% are not agree with using herbs in pregnancy. The majority mentioned Ginger, Annise, Cumin, fenugreek as their commonly used herbs in pregnancy.62% based their information on family and friend’s recommendations. Conclusion: The study emphasized that although high education level effect is reflected on the believes regarding safety ,still usage of herbs during pregnancy is depending on family and friend’s experiences and no obvious information provided by expertise in clinics or media to regulate usage and avoid unsafe during pregnancy or even home induced abortion.

Spinal muscular atrophy is the second most common autosomal recessive disorder after cystic fibrosis (D'Amico et al., 2011). Because of its high frequency, it should be considered first in a case of floppy infant. Here we are reporting a case of 18month female baby who was admitted with complaints of not able to walk for last 5 months.

Fully edentulous patients face several problems such as residual ridge resorption, excess salivary flow, muscle tone reduction and other factors that affect the retention quality of conventional dentures. Such patients require greater retention for chewing and psychological reasons. Implant supported prosthesis increase satisfaction and quality of life in these patients. This article presents a case report where prosthetic rehabilitation of the patient was done with implant supported over denture in maxillary and mandibular arches using different attachment systems.

Background: Age estimation is an important aid for personal identification in both, living and dead. Radiography has a vital role in forensic odontology and is widely used as a non- invasive method for age estimation, which is carried out through tooth developmental stages in children and from secondary dentin deposition in adults. Objectives: To assess the chronological age from the morphological parameters of all the permanent canines using digital panoramic radiographs and to evaluate the applicability of Kvaal’s method in local Gujarati population. Material and method: A cross-sectional study was undertaken on 300 digital panoramic radiographs wherein the images of all the four permanent canines were analyzed by the investigators jointly, using Adobe Acrobat professional 8.0 and Adobe Photoshop 7.0.1 software. The measurements of each canine was estimated by using Kvaal’s method, and were subjected to statistical analysis, using pearson’s correlation and linear regression model. Results and Observations: The age of participants ranged from 18 to 64 years, with mean of 28.54 ± 8.39 years. The difference in morphological variables between males and females was not significant. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient in maxillary canine sshowed that except variable ‘A’, all the other variables had correlation with age. Similarly, in mandibular canines the variables ‘T’, ‘B’ and ‘W-L’ correlated significantly with age. The stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to correlate the variables with chronological age and a linear regression formula was obtained for Maxillary and Mandibular canine. The regression equation with the variable in Maxillary canine explained 3.5% of total variance (R2 = 0.035) with the standard error of estimate of 8.63 years and median of residuals of 2.36 years. The regression equation with the variable in Mandibular canine explained 1.9 % of total variance (R2 = 0.019) with the standard error of estimate of 8.7 years and median of residuals of 1.8 years. The p value <0.05 is for both, constant and W-L, which signifies, significant relationship between the parameter and age. Conclusion: The morphological parameters used in estimating age from Maxillary and Mandibular canines, are not good predictors of age in our study. Thus, Kvaal’s method is not a reliable method for predicting age from permanent canines.

Tooth avulsion is defined as the complete displacement of the tooth out of its alveolar socket. Management of tooth avulsion in the permanent dentition often presents a challenge. Replantation of avulsed teeth is the most accepted treatment approach considering esthetic and functionality. The aim of this case report is to present the multidisciplinary treatment approach with avulsed maxillary anterior teeth.

Back ground: Interaction of environmental and genetic elements plays important role in the pathogenesis of CML and other types of cancer. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is adetoxifying enzyme. Absence or low levels of this enzyme may genetically predispose individuals to CML. The aim of the present study was to determine GSTT1 Polymorphism among Sudanese patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) attending Radiation and Isotope Center-Khartoum. Materials and methods: Cross sectional case control study was conducted between January 2016 and August 2016 , on 50 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia among both genders at different ages admitted to Radiation and Isotope Center-Khartoum and 50 apparently healthy control subjects. The GSTT1 genotype was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method Result: The percentage of GSTT1 null genotype in CML patients was significantly higher than control (OR = 4.00, 95% CI: 1.62 –9.82; p =0.001).while GSTT1 polymorphism shows no statistically significance with the CML phases and hematological parameters except with the TWBCs. Conclusion: GSTT1 may be a protective factor for CML, while the null genotype shows association with the developing of chronic myeloid leukemia.

Background: Malignant mixed Mullerian tumors of the cervix (Carcinosarcomas or MMMTs) are rare and aggressive malignancies consisting of an epithelial (carcinoma) and a mesenchymal (sarcoma) tumor component. Objective: To report a rare case of cervical malignant mixed Mulleriantumour. Case: Here, we present a case of old postmenopausal woman with complaints of bleeding per vaginum, underwent endocervical curettage and endometrial biopsy suspicious of malignancy. So, radical hysterectomy with infracolic omentectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed and was later, diagnosed as malignant mixed Mulleriantumour arising from the cervix. Conclusion: Because of the rarity of MMMT, there are no consensus guidelines regarding treatment. While hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy remains the mainstay of treatment, high rates of recurrence, and metastasis suggests a need for lymphadenectomy and post operative adjuvant treatment

Background: Epistaxis is a common innocuous event in childhood.(1) Methods: It is a prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Paediatric patients (under the age of 12) presenting to the outpatient department with complains of epistaxis were observed, treated and the follow-up data was analysed. Results: Out of the total number (230) children males out-numbered the females. The total number of children were grouped into 2 based on the investigation and etiology. With associated cause (n=172), with no associated cause (n=58). The first group was treated in the ways befitting the disease. The other group was treated with topical saline drops, topical xylometazoline drops, oral antihistaminics and the patients were followed up. 97.6% of the patients belonging to the non-causal group did not need any other intervention and did well on follow up.

Saliva is a most valuable oral fluid that is often taken for granted. It is critical to the preservation and maintenance of oral health, yet it receives little attention until quantity or quality is diminished. The quantity of the saliva affects its ability to carry out the functions in the oral cavity including retention of the denture. Usually mouthwashes are an antiseptic solutions intended to reduce the microbial load in the oral cavity, although mouthwashes might be given for other reasons such as for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory or anti-fungal action. Most of the denture wearers are elderly patients who are on polypharmacy which can affect quality and quantity of saliva. Aim of the study: To evaluate and compare the salivary volume in patients taking Polypharmacy before and after using Herbal and commercially available mouthwash. Methodology: For the study a total of 10 patients taking Polypharmacy were selected based on inclusion criteria and were divided into two groups. In one group Saliva was collected by using a test tube with measurements and the final volume was noted before and after using herbal mouthwash. In another group Saliva was collected by using a test tube with measurements and the final volume was noted before and after using commercially available mouthwash. Results: Mouthwashes may disturb the healthy balance of the biofilm moisturizing the oral mucosa. Statistically significant reduction in salivary volume was found in using commercially available mouthwash (p>.025) than herbal mouthwash (p>.038). Thus this paper discusses about a study to evaluate and compare the salivary volume in patients taking polypharmacy before and after using herbal and commercially available mouthwash.

Introduction: It has also been noted that one-third of all neonatal deaths occur on the first day of life, almost half within 3days & nearly three-quarters within the first week of life. In developing countries, about 34 of every 1000 live births result in neonatal death. The primary cause of neonatal deaths are sepsis(52%) which includes pneumonia, meningitis, neonatal tetanus, diarrhoea), birth asphyxia (20%)and others(13%). Lack of specificity of the clinical manifestation of various neonatal condition has been noted, resulting in difficulty in making a definitive diagnosis, delay in seeking health care and resultant high mortality. It is necessary for the caregivers & health-care providers to recognize the danger signs in a sick neonate and thereafter seek the appropriate level of health care, which in turn would reduce mortality. Methodology: Quantitative research approach with pre and post control group design was chosen for the study. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used for selecting the sample size of 40.structured knowledge questionnaire was used for assessing the knowledge and checklist was used practice. Pretest was done with the tool and on the same day VATM was administered. After 7 days and one month of pre test, post-test was done with the same tool. Results: The post- test mean knowledge score (31.80) was higher than the pre test mean score (18.30). The post- test mean practice score (12.20) was higher than the pre test mean score (6.75). Association was found with age of the mother, educational status and order of the child.

Candidiasis, a common opportunistic fungal infection of the oral cavity is caused by Candida species. There are many risk factors involved including the use of prosthetic dentures with poor denture hygiene. We hereby present a case of an elderly female wearing maxillary and mandibular complete dentures for 20 years with poor denture hygiene. She complained of burning sensation in the mouth for 1 week. After complete examination, a provisional diagnosis of Pseudo membranous candidiasis w.r.t mandibular ridge and Atrophic candidiasis w.r.t maxillary ridge and the hard palate was made. The lesions healed completely in 5 days after the application of candid mouth paint and maintenance of oral and denture hygiene.

Sacral neuromodulation is a new minimal invasive therapy. It is FDA approved for refractory overactive bladder, frequency urgency syndrome and non-obstructive retention. Here we review this therapy indications, outcome, surgical procedure and complications.

Introduction: Pain control is an important part of dentistry, particularly in the management of children. Behavior guidance, and dose and technique of administration of the local anesthetic are important considerations in the successful treatment of a pediatric patient. The purpose of the present text is to compare the current methods available in the administration of local anesthesia used for pediatric dental patients and to discuss the relevant data on topics involved. Aim: to evaluate and compared the pain perception, behavioral response, physiological parameters, and the role of topical anesthetic administration during local anesthetic administration with cartridge syringe and computer controlled local anesthetic delivery system (CCLAD). Results: Injections with CCLAD produced significantly lesser pain response, disruptive behavior (P < 0.001), and pulse rate (P < 0.05) when compared to cartridge syringe injections. Conclusion: Usage of techniques which enhance behavioral response in children like injections with CCLAD can be considered as a possible step toward achieving a pain-free pediatric dental practice.

Background and Objectives: Periodontal disease is one of the most prevalent diseases affecting the oral cavity and is one of the principal causes of tooth loss now. It also has a strong relationship with various systemic diseases such as diabetes, cardiac diseases, adverse pregnancy outcomes, HIV, chronic lung diseases.Sufficient knowledge of oral health care behaviour and understanding of scientific reason for its improvement is an important precondition to improve oral-health. Educational level is one of the factors that could determine the oral health status of the individuals. Hence this study was conducted to obtain baseline data about the knowledge levels of periodontal disease among various educational groups to determine areas of oral health education that needs to be improved for the vulnerable population. Materials and Methods: The present study was done on out patients that reported to Saveetha dental college and hospitals, Chennai, India. 470 patients (Males = 260 Females = 210) were included in this study. A 15-item questionnaire was designed for the study, which contained questions about knowledge of the patients about periodontal disease and oral-systemic diseases link along with their demographic details. Patients from both genders, with any educational (illiterates, primary, medium, high school, college and post graduates) level were included in the study. Results: According to 40.2% patients gum disease is hypersensitivity of teeth and for 20.63% patients it is bleeding from gums. The highest reported predisposing factor that causes gum disease was dental plaque and calculus (35.1%) and pan chewing (34.74%). Of the total population, 67.23% patients were aware about the relationship ship between diabetes and oral health status. 24.46% believed that oral problems can affect heartand about 69% of the patients were unaware of the relationship of HIV, pregnancy and chronic lung disease with oral health status. Conclusion: There seemed to be much room for improvement of oral hygiene and self-care among the patients. This can be done not only by increasing the accessibility to the oral health services in the country but to a greater extent by improving the knowledge and awarness about dental problems, their link with other systems of the body and by attempting to change their attitude towards oral health.

Metastasis is a complex biological course that begins with detachment of tumour cells from the primary tumour, spreading into distant tissues invading through the lymphovascular structures followed by their survival in the circulation. The prime reason for morbidity and mortality in any type of cancer is due to metastasis that occurs as a result of adaptation of genetically unstable cancer cells. Metastasis is very uncommon to the jaw bones and oral cavity. The reason for this review is to through light on awareness of the clinical presentation of metastatic tumours which are variable which may lead to erroneous diagnosis or may create diagnostic dilemma.

AIM : The aim for this study is to determine the effectiveness of Berry’s Biometric Index (BBI) to measure the size of anterior teeth in South Indian population. BACKGROUND: BBI is one of the method to measure the size of anterior tooth. It is measured by measuring the bi-zygomatic width of patient which is divided by 16. It can also be measured by measuring the length of the face divided with 20. REASON: The best method to measure the size of anterior teeth is remain unknown. Hence, the best method to determine the size of anterior teeth need to be explore for future use.

Background: Relining is the resurfacing the fitting surface of a denture with a new material. Rebasing technique is the same as for reline except in the laboratory the palate is removed and a new one waxed in before processing. Cold cured acrylic or tissue conditioner are used. The flanges are trimmed (to reduce danger of over extension) and the undercuts removed. The new relining is then mixed and applied to the fitting surface. The denture is inserted and the patient asked to bite gently on the denture to ensure that the occlusion is not altered by the procedure. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the purpose of rebasing in complete denture Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the uses of rebasing and the ways by which the denture is able to withstand within the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among the dental practitioners in Chennai. The study was conducted in the month of December, 2016. This study involved a sample of 100 practitioners. They were asked to fill an online survey consisting of 11 questions regarding knowledge, attitude and practice among dental practitioners regarding rebasing in complete dentures. The results were further evaluated. Result: From the survey conducted, it can be observed that 88% of the practisers are aware of the rebasing in complete dentures. Heat cure acrylic is commonly preferred by the dental practitioners for rebasing the dentures. Conclusion: The the above study concludes that dentists evaluate their expectations and satisfaction differently regarding the same denture therapy.

The aim of this review is to find out in detail about adverse effect of psychoactive drugs. A drug is any substance other than food, that when inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed, absorbed via a patch on the skin or dissolved under the tongue causes a physiological change in the body. However, it can cause adverse effect to the human body. Example for psychoactive drugs are cocaine, heroin, marijuana and etc. Psychoactive drugs can be classified into three types which are depressants, stimulants and also hallucinogens. These drugs can be administered through oral route as well as IV route.Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant drug. The uses of cocaine in the medical field is not practically used anymore. Nicotine is an example of stimulant psychoactive drug that increase the dopamine levels in the brain. Marijuana is an hallucinogenic psychoactive drug that induces in its users a surge of spontaneous unrelated ideas. These drug had been abused by some individual due to the adverse effect that is produced by the drugs.

The survey is conducted to assess the knowledge, awareness and practice of alginate storage among the dental practitioners. The aim of the current study was to use representative survey data to examine in the knowledge, awareness and practice of alginate storage among dental practitioners which have different major. The study is a cross-sectional survey. A self-structured, pre-tested questionnaire was used for this survey. Total samples of 50 subjects were included in this study. The result of this study showed that the knowledge, awareness and practice of alginate storage among dental practitioners are quite high.(80%) Generally we can assume that most of the dental practitioners with prosthodontics background have greater awareness and knowledge on hypertension compared to other dental practitioners with different background studies. Moreover, still there is a few numbers of subjects that still do not aware on the proper condition and environment in storing the alginate. Therefore dental practitioners have to work on together in providing a good knowledge, awareness and practice of alginate storage that cannot be looked down. From the result collected, generally we can see that most of dental practitioners have great knowledge and awareness as they know the complications and significances of providing proper condition for alginate storage. Conclusion: Looking at current study results, they showed a large number of potent and incredible dental practitioners which are aware and have a good knowledge on alginate storage.

Silicone is the most common material used to fabricate maxillofacial prosthesis but silicone suffers from a rapid deterioration. Regular cleansing of facial prostheses cans causesilicone damage. Hard and rough silicone material may cause irritation to surrounding soft tissue and may look unnatural over a period of time due to aging of the material. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hardness and surface roughness of two maxillofacial silicones under the influence of chemical disinfection and storage. Materials and methodology: Total 32 specimens were obtained, 16 of Technovent M511 silicone and 16 of Factor II A2186 silicone. The specimens were divided into 3 groups. Both materials were disinfected with fittydent tablet 3 times in a week for half an hour and with neutral soap daily for 60 days. Samples were stored in plastic recipient without covering. The hardness and surface roughness of the material was tested, before disinfection and 2 months after the disinfection of the specimens. Results: Shore a hardness and surface roughness of Factor II is more than Techno vent maxillofacial silicone. The storage time factor statistically influenced the materials' properties. Regarding disinfection with fittydent there was no significant difference in any of the materials tested.

Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) represent the most frequent of all oral neoplasms & in India, OSCC is the leading cancer in men and fifth common cancer in women. The five year survival rate of 60-80% for OSCC has not improved in the last 3 decades inspite of improvements in therapy strategies. Research on cancer tissues has revealed that there may be a link between molecular level and tissue level changes that drive malignant changes in the tissue and play a pivotal role in disease progression. Therefore, the somatic mutations can be used as biomarkers to diagnose oral or other tumours. Research indicates that, for high accuracy in identifying early disease onset in saliva, multiple biomarker candidates are needed. Biomarkers are objective indicators which play an important role in distinguishing between the presence or absence of disease by genomic, proteomic, or metabolomic expressions. Biomarkers include nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, enzymatic changes, antibodies, metabolites, lipids, and carbohydrates derived from body fluids. Biomarkers can be used for: patient risk determination, patient assessment, recurrence detection. They are classified according to various ways. It has been estimated that over 30% of protein-coding genes are regulated by miRNAs either by complementary binding of target mRNA or binding to imperfect complementary sites in the 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTR), leading to control of expression of these genes at the level of translation. MicroRNAs are important in tumourigenesis due to their proximity to chromosomal breakpoints and their dysregulated expression levels in many malignancies. The identification of aberrantly expressed miRNAs which disrupt the normal regulatory mechanisms in cancer cells is an important first step towards elucidating the details of miRNA-mediated oncogenic pathways, which are essential to know to significantly improve diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of the disease.

The estrogen-mimic bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic phenolic compound which people are exposed to frequently via different exposure routes. In this study association between urinary BPA concentration and breast cancer was investigated. This case-control study included patients with malignant breast mass, benign breast mass and women with normal breast. The effect of urinary concentration of BPA on breast cancer was tested using multinomial logistic regression models. Overall, results have shown a strong positive association between urinary concentration of BPA and both benign and malignant breast masses (OR= 2.14 [CI: 1.04 to 4.42] and OR= 2.27 [CI: 1.09 to 4.72] respectively), although other included covariates were only significantly associated with increased risk of benign breast mass. BPA exposure was associated with breast cancer but, given inconsistencies with previous findings for other study populations, results should be interpreted with caution. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm or disprove this finding.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of Karisalai Karpam. Antioxidant activity of the aqueous decoctionof Karisalai Karpam was studied using in vitro and in vivo models, phytochemical screening result revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, flavonoid, anthocyanin, terpenoid and absence of glycosides. The Karisalai Karpam exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity as evidenced by the highest activity values in ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (74.23%), lipid peroxidation (81%), superoxide anion (79.5%), Metal chelating activity (84.05%), and nitric oxide scavenging activity (81.45) methods. Hepatoprotective activity of Karisalai Karpam was determined by the alcohol induced oxidative tissue injury in rat liver, the aqueous decoctionshowed significant hepatoprotective activity that was evident by enzymatic examination and histopathological study. This study provides a scientific basis for the ethnomedical claims that Karisalai Karpam is effective against ageing related diseases and liver injury.

Aim: To determine the microbial content present in the hand wash soap bottles used in dental clinics. Materials and method: Swabs were collected from 10 different clinics from the hand wash soap bottles used in dental clinics. They were then cultured in agar medium and the microbes were identified by its morphology and gram staining. Background: Hand Washing continues to be the single most important step in the prevention of the spread of infection in hospitals. There is a wealth of information on the antimicrobial properties of soaps, detergents, and disinfectants and their efficacy for the removal of microorganisms from skin. There have also been reports of contamination of disinfectants and cleaning solutions in hospitals, leading to out breaks of infection. Result: The hand wash soap bottles used in dental clinics are contaminated with various microorganisms such as enter ococcus, micrococcus, streptococcus viridans etc.

Background: Histological grading is an important diagnostic tool to predict the clinical and biological behaviour of cancer. Cervical lymph node metastasis indicate poor prognosis of oral cancer. Oral squamous cell carcinoma has a great predisposition to produce metastasis in lymph nodes. An analysis of the prognostic factors is important for predicting prognosis and reducing the mortality in these patients. Aim: The aim of this study is to do a comparative study of different grading systems in oral squamous cell carcinoma and assess their relationship to Lymph node metastasis. Materials and Methods: This study comprised of 20 excisional biopsy cases of OSCC with neck dissections retrieved from the archives of Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha dental college, Chennai, India. The examiner was blinded to the clinical details and LN status of the patients. The slides were graded using 3 grading systems, namely, Broder's, Anneroth's and Bryne's invasive front grading. Chi - square test was applied to compare the proportion between grades and lymph node status trend. Binary logistic regression analysis was done to estimate the odds of grades with respect to positivity of lymph nodes. Results: Bryne’s grading system showed significant relation with lymph node metastasis, when compared with Broder’s and Anneroth’s. Chi - square results comparing the 3 grading systems, showed that whenever there is increase in grading from grade I to III, there is increase in positivity of lymph node metastasis. But statistically significant results were seen only in Bryne’s. (P=.009) On comparing the 3 grading systems, the Odds ratio of all 3 showed an increase (>1), but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, we believe that Bryne’s grading of the invasive parts of oral SCC could be taken as a valuable predictive factor in lymph node metastasis. The clinical value of this system can be increased if more number of samples were taken for the study.

Background: Dental identification is an important identification tool in Forensic odontology. There is a difference of opinion regarding whether ethnicity influences dental morphology or not. Few studies have shown the associations between these dental features and crown traits in humans. The present study is an attempt to find correlation of occlusal morphology of permanent mandibular third molars with forensic Odontology. Objective: To determine the prevalence of different occlusal morphological patterns of permanent mandibular third molars. Methodology: The patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study which gave a sample size of 64. Direct oral examination was done, and pictures were taken of the permanent mandibular third molars to record the number of cusps and groove patterns of the mandibular third molars. Result: The general distribution of cusps showed that the most predominant number of cusps was 4 cusps, which was seen in 61(63%) of the study population and “+” groove pattern was the most common which was seen in 55(57%) of the study population. The occlusal morphology with “+4” pattern (47%) were predominant among the study population. On analyzing the gender, the 4 cusps form and the “+” pattern was predominant in males, while the 4 cusps form and the “y” pattern was predominant in females.

Context: Developmental dental anomalies are routinely encountered by paediatric dental professionals at an early age. Their early detection, appropriate and timely management may help in an aesthetic and functional oral cavity. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of various developmental dental anomalies like cusp of carabelli, microdontia, macrodontia, hypodontia, fusion, gemination, talon cusp, supernumerary and dens in dente in school going children in South Bangalore. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study comprised 1500 children in the age group 6-14 years in South Bangalore. The children were examined and clinical data were collected by single dentist and tabulated accordingly. The Statistical data were collected tabulated accordingly by a single investigator and descriptive statistical methods were used using SPSS. Result: The distribution of developmental dental anomalies was 36.84 % of the total population in the age group 6 -14 years residing in south Bangalore. The most prevalent anomaly was found to be cusp of carabelli 33.66%. Conclusion: The prevalence of other anomalies seen were talon cusp, microdontia, macrodontia, hypodontia, supernumerary, fusion which was 0.93%, 0.73%, 0.66%, 0.4.5, 0.26%, 0.2% respectively. A knowledge of dental anomalies in each geographical area will point out towards the problems that could be faced by the respective population and thus interject their propagation to irreversible level.

Background: Apical root resorption is an unwanted effect associated with orthodontic tooth movement especially intrusion. Immuno analysis of Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) has identified Dentin Sialo phospho protein (DSPP) to be present during root resorption. This study is aimed to identify and quantify DSPP, released into GCF during orthodontic intrusion using Ricketts’ simultaneous intrusion and retraction utility arch and to investigate the potential of DSPP in GCF as a biomarker for root resorption. Methods: GCF was taken from central and lateral incisors of 10 subjects(experimental group) undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment before intrusion and after 2 months of intrusion and 10 subjects with no history of orthodontic treatment (control group) using micro capillary tubes. These samples were analyzed and quantified for DSPP using ELISA. To determine differences between the means of the various experimental and control groups, data obtained were statistically analyzed using parametric t-test. Results: DSPP in GCF was detected in both control and experimental subjects. There was a significant increase in DSPP levels in GCF, 2 months after intrusion. Significant differences were not found in DSPP levels between central and lateral incisors. Conclusion: The results of the study confirm the presence of significant levels of DSPP in GCF during orthodontic intrusion. DSPP in GCF can be considered as a biomarker to monitor root resorption during orthodontic intrusion. Light continuous forces are recommended during intrusion mechanics. Early detection of DSPP in GCF in highly susceptible individuals for root resorption is beneficial so as to alter the treatment mechanics as needed.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorder is disorder of the muscles, tendons, peripheral nerves or vascular system not directly resulting from acute trauma or instantaneous events. Dental work often involves time spent in static, uncomfortable positions, which can lead to musculoskeletal symptoms. The aim of this study was to find the characteristics of musculoskeletal disorders amongst the dental students from a health university. Material and methods: A pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was administered to 150 dental students of Health University in Western Maharashtra after explaining the purpose and need for study. Results: Out of the 150 respondents, 22 had experienced pain in neck or back at least once a week. This figure increased to 67 when pain in last one month was considered. In our study, neck and lower back were the commonest affected sites in females while in males it was neck and upper back. Conclusion: Findings of this study can help in building awareness of the musculoskeletal symptoms and can help the future dental professional to take measures to avoid the potential causes like the incorrect postures; enable early diagnosis due to early identification of the signs and symptoms and benefit from timely treatment measures like physiotherapy modalities.

Buccal fat pad (BFP) has been used clinically for various applications as pedicled graft including closure of oronasal and/or oroantral communication and for malar augmentation in Down’s syndrome (Jacobson and Sheer, 1972). Histologically, buccal fat is similar to orbital fat and helps in motion of the masticatory muscles and maintaining the shape of the face. The size of the buccal fat pad is usually constant regardless of the size of individuals. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity, usually affecting individuals over 50 years of age. It rarely occurs in patients who are less than 40 years old (1 to 6%).We describe a case of squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa surgically excised and defect closed with buccal pad of fat, with excellent post operative results.

Root-canal treatment is a therapeutic procedure performed to treat and prevent apical periodontitis when pulpal disease is considered too advanced to be managed by vital pulp therapy. A thorough conceptualization of the complex interplay between infection, inflammation and healthy tissue can help to increase the visualization of how treatment procedures might influence biological events and help in periapical disease prevention. This article highlights all the factors that can influence the final outcome of root canal treatment and the overall prognosis of the tooth following root canal treatment. Following the mechanical and biological principles along with the judicious use of inventory and continuous monitoring of practices along with skillful and meticulous planning will enable to reduce the flaws and thus increasing the chances of success root canal treatment.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of different types of cements on fracture resistance of full zirconia and zirconia-based ceramic single crowns. Maxillary premolar crowns in 2 mm thickness were fabricated on metal dies in 3 groups: Group MO: 24 monolithic zirconia crowns; Group ZL: 24 zirconia frameworks veneered with feldspathic by the layering technique; Group ZP: 24 zirconia frameworks veneered by the heat-pressed technique. Then groups seperated in two subgroups and half of them were cemented with glass-ionomer cement and the other half were cemented adhesive resin cement. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 ºC for 24 hours and then underwent thermal cycling. Single load to fracture test was performed in universal testing machine until failure. The mean fracture values were compared by an one-way ANOVA and a multiple comparison post-hoc Tukey HSD test (p<0.05). Scanning electron microscope was used to evaluate cracks and/or bulk fracture. Results: Group MO cemented with adesive cement showed the highest mean fracture strength ( 2,703.07± 308,98 N).There was no significant difference in the mean fracture resistance of Group ZP and ZL. Monolithic zirconia full crowns had the highest fracture strength values and these single crown restorations did not effected by cementation.

Dentigerous cysts are one of the common cysts of the jaws, usually associated with crowns of permanent teeth. Multiple dentigerous cysts are rare and are associated with certain syndromes. Non-syndromic multiple dentigerous cysts are very rare. Here we report a case of multiple dentigerous cysts in a non-syndromic patient.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a relatively common, chronic inflammatory condition and presumably autoimmune disease, which frequently present with burning sensation. Lichen planus is a mucocutaneous disease that occurs in about 0.02 to 4% of general population affecting skin and mucosa. The lesion has a chronic clinical course with periods of exacerbation and remission with reports of lesions for up to 20 years. Although various etiological agents are proposed, the exact etiology & treatment is unknown. Only symptomatic OLP requires treatment and efforts were made in a continued searching for novel therapies for symptomatic OLP.A wide range of treatment modalities from allopathic to ayurvedic have been proposed for OLP but none have proved curative or permanent reduction of the disease. Current article reviews about the various recent trends in the management of OLP.

65 yrs old male patient presented with a fractured upper left central incisor. Intraoral examination and cbct reviled, thin gingival biotype and thin buccal bone plate respectively. Immediately following extraction, implant was place and loaded immediately using buccal shell technique; guided bone regeneration and connective tissue grafting were done simultaneously. After 4 months of healing the screw retained provisional helped us achieve a emergence profile similar to as that of the adjacent teeth. Impression were made to replicate the emergence profile and transfer to a customized abutment which was screw retained onto the implant. Final cemented prosthesis was a zirconium crown layer with lithium disilicate. PES/WES score of the case was recorded at the time of delivery of the final prosthesis and again recorded at 1 year follow up. Mild improvement in the score was recorded.

Introduction: Deep intraosseous defects represent a major challenge for the clinician. Sites with intraosseous lesions have been shown to be at higher risk of disease progression in subjects who had not received periodontal therapy. Treatments of intrabony defects include scaling and root planing with surgical access flap. Additional osseous resective therapy and ⁄ or reconstructive therapy by means of the application of membranes, biological agents or grafting biomaterials can be used to correct the bone deformities induced by destructive periodontal disease and achieve regeneration. Host modulation is a promising new adjunctive therapeutic option for the management of periodontal diseases. The purpose of host modulation therapy is to restore the balance of proinflammatory or destructive mediators and anti-inflammatory or protective mediators to that seen in healthy individuals. Bisphosphonates are bone seeking agents that inhibit bone resorption by disrupting osteoclast activity. They interfere with osteoblast metabolism and secretion of lysosomal enzymes. More recent evidence has suggested that bisphosphonates also possess anticollagenase properties. In human studies, these agents resulted in enhanced alveolar bone status and density. (El-Shinnawi et al-2003) Alendronate was approved by the FDA in the USA in 1995 and studies have reported the effectiveness of ALN in preventing alveolar bone destruction associated with periodontal disease when administered systemically or locally to the target site. It is with this background and since limited studies have been conducted using alendronate as a graft material, this study was undertaken. Aim: To evaluate & compare the efficacy of Open flap debridement, Open flap debridement with Autogenous bone and Open flap debridement with Autogenous bone and Alendronate for the treatment of 2 walled and 3 walled intraosseous defects. Materials & Methods: 30 Subjects in the age range of 30 – 60 years were selected with chronic (clinical attachment loss > 5mm) periodontitis and probing depth ≥ 6mm were selected. Mandibular molars, with 2 or 3 walled intrabony defects were included in the study, with no history of metabolic disorders involving bone resorption. Radiographic evidence of bone defects were evident. Results: Mean measurements in the Group C for CAL gain (2.90 ±0.73), PD reduction (3.10 ±0.73) and RBH (2.40 ±0.96) were significantly greater with a p-value <0.05 compared to the mean measurements of CAL gain (3.80 ±0.78), PD reduction (4.40 ±1.17) and RBH (3.50 ±0.84) of Group A. Conclusion: Use of Alendronate- bisphosphonate as an additive material to autogenous bone grafts demonstrated improved results at 6 months and 9 months as compared to baseline.

Objective: The objectives of the study were to assess and evaluate the knowledge before and after administration of client volunteer teaching and find out the association of knowledge of tuberculosis patient with selected variable. Methodology: Quasi-experimental research approach with one group pre-test and post test design was used and 100 respondents were selected by purposive sampling technique in selected DOTS centre of Ambala, Haryana. The content reliability for structured knowledge questionnaire was formulated by Kuder- Richardon 20(Kr -20) i.e 0.83. Result: The mean of structured knowledge questionnaire before and after administration of client volunteer teaching was 13 and 16.23 respectively. where as In the area wise were knowledge score: the highest of pre-test score was in the area of concept of tuberculosis, risk factors and causes (51.37%) and post test score in the area of Investigation, treatment and prevention (45%). Further the finding shows Knowledge with residence (2. 710), ventilation (3.76) and lightening (3.39) and age (3.15), Type of house (2.103), BCG (2.406), were found statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance respectively. Discussion: In the present study, mean post test knowledge score (16.23±3.73) was higher than mean pre test knowledge scores (13.00 ± 4.00). Nearly similar types of finding were reported by Raman lal patidar that the total mean pre –test score 52.73% and post –test score 81.05% which shows the increase in post test knowledge. Conclusion: The study concluded that the client volunteer teaching was effective in improving the knowledge of the tuberculosis patient.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy results in patients who presented with abdominal pain and received a diagnosis of nonspecific abdominal pain following the examination and tests. Material and Method: We included a total of 52 patients who presented at the emergency service between 01.01.2011 and 01.01.2012 with symptoms of abdominal pain and received a diagnosis of nonspecific abdominal pain following normal examination, routine blood and urine tests and ultrasound analysis. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy on the same day. The results were evaluated and diagnoses made according to the endoscopy and pathology findings. Results: There were 23 (44.2%) males and 29 (55.8%) females. The mean age was 54.5 ± 15.3 (23-86) years. A pathology was present on upper endoscopy in 47 (90.4%) patients and lower endoscopy in 27 (51.9%) patients. Comparison of the pathology rates for upper endoscopy and colonoscopy showed a significantly higher rate for upper endoscopy. The most common findings were chronic gastritis with upper endoscopy (13 males, 221 females) and hemorrhoids with colonoscopy (7 males, 12 females). A pathology was present on both examinations in 25patients. Cancer was found in 7 (13.5%) patients (6 gastric, 1 colon cancer). Helicobacter pylori was (+) in 53.8% of the cases. Discussion and Conclusion: Same day upper and lower endoscopy in patients with nonspecific abdominal pain provided important results. However, we feel upper endoscopy should have priority when it is not possible to perform both investigations.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of procalcitonin for early detection of intestinal ischemia and necrosis in patients suffering from acute intestinal obstruction on presentation at emergency department before urgent operation. METHODS PATIENTS AND: This was a prospective study of 80 patients who suffering from acute intestinal obstruction and underwent urgent operation in emergency department of Aswan University Hospital. This 80 patients were divided into two groups. Group A (non-ischemia group, n=28). Group B (ischemia group, n=52), this group was divided into two subgroups (B1and B2). B1 (32 patients) was considered as reversible ischemia group and B2 (20 patients) was considered as irreversible ischemia group. Group A and subgroup B1 (60 patients) was considered as non-necrosis group but subgroup B2 (20 patients) was considered as necrosis group. Group C (20 patients) was considered as control group. The important analyzed data included age, sex, special habits, the time between symptom onset and arrival at the emergency department, vital signs, symptoms, clinical findings, white blood cells count, base deficit, metabolic acidosis, serum procalcitonin levels on presentation at emergency department, the time between arrival and operation, operative findings and what’s done, post-operative complications and outcome. RESULTS: Serum Procalcitonin level shows insignificant deference between control and non-ischemia groups 0.33 vs 0.47 ng/ml (P= 0.15). But there was significant increase in the serum procalcitonin levels in ischemia than non-ischemia groups 4.40 vs 0.47 ng/ml (P = <0.0001) and in necrosis than non-necrosis groups 9.46 vs 0.88 ng/ml (P = <0.0001). Multivariate analysis identified serum procalcitonin as an independent predictor of intestinal ischemia in acute intestinal obstruction (P = 0.001, odds ratio 7.17, 95%. confidence interval 2.31-22.21) and necrosis (P = 0.002, odds ratio 1.71, confidence interval 1.21- 2.42). Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) of serum procalcitonin for intestinal ischemia and necrosis was 0.85 and 0.81 respectively. A high negative predictive value (NPV) for intestinal ischemia and necrosis of serum procalcitonin levels at <0.36 ng/ml (cut off point) was 80% and 90% respectively. Also a positive predictive value (PPV) for intestinal ischemia and necrosis of serum procalcitonin at >1.77ng/ml were 92% and 70% respectively. CONCLUSION: Serum procalcitonin levels on presentation at emergency department were an independent predictor of intestinal ischemia and necrosis. Thus procalcitonin may be useful for early detection or exclusion of intestinal ischemia and necrosis in acute intestinal obstruction and can be used as an additional diagnostic tool to improve clinical decision-making.

Background & Objectives: Tuberculosis in India is one of the largest public health problems of immense consequence, with an estimate one death per minute. It is caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lung is most commonly affecting site, hence we aimed to isolate, and characterize Mycobacterium tuberculosis from respiratory specimens by conventional methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 117 respiratory samples were included in the study. These specimens were subjected to Ziehl-Neelsen staining, culture on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, LJ with PNB and biochemical tests of Niacin, Nitrate reduction and heat stable catalase tests were performed. Results: Out of 117 samples, 104 (88%) was smear positive, on LJ medium 104 showed growth and 3 was resistant to PNB, Niacin test was positive in 71(71%) isolates, Nitrate reduction in 79(75%) and catalase was negative in 100 (100%) of isolates. Conclusion: The identification of Mycobacterium to the species level plays an important role in providing adequate patient management. Classical culture and biochemical tests when properly applied, detects M.tuberculosis in clinical samples with reasonable sensitivity.

Aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM), a rare soft tissue benign neoplasm mesenchymal in origin, predominantly occurs in the female pelvic peritoneum and perineum region during reproductive age. It is slow growing, locally infiltrative, and has a high risk of local recurrence and the neoplastic character of blood vessels. We here present two unusual cases of angiomyxoma presenting as huge abdominal lump. Magnetic Reasonance Imaging (MRI) & Computed Tomography (CT) depicted findings of AAM which were confirmed on histopathologic evaluation.

Background: Smoking habit acts as the risk factor for Periodontal disease and Adverse pregnancy outcomes. Mild maternal smoking might also cause whopping adverse pregnancy outcomes. Lack of awareness in pregnant woman regarding the adverse outcome of pregnancy with maternal smoking is very common in developing countries like India. The objective of this study was to evaluate knowledge and awareness of south Indian pregnant female about maternal smoking and its association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Materials and Methods: Multiple optioned 21 questionnaires was prepared with four categories i.e about smoking habit, stress levels, smoking effects on pregnancy outcomes, and discontinuing the habit. Maternal smoking also related with stress levels. Questionnaire forms were distributed to 440 pregnant patients who visited primary health centers in primary health care centers in several parts of south India. Answers were evaluated based on the current evidence available. Results: Most of the pregnant patients 88% (387 patients) who participated in the study were unaware of the relation of smoking with adverse pregnant outcomes. Though, some patients 12 % (53 patients) know the relation, they were not sure about the exact relation. Among the people who aware about the relation, 92% (48 patients) were believing in the severity of adverse pregnancy outcomes depends upon the number of cigarettes that are smoked per day. Conclusion: With this current study we would like to conclude that, there is apparent need of educating female pregnant patients and even women before pregnancy regarding smoking and its adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes. Maternal and children health by educating and preventing adverse habits should be set as public health goals in developing countries like India.

With the increasing work load in our daily lives and the urgent and fast need to accomplish our goals, a lot of stress has seeped into our lives. Stress is defined as a physical, mental or emotional response to events that causes bodily or mental tension. Every part of the body is affected due to stress; be it minds body and even our oral cavity. It can either be direct expression of emotions or conflicts, or can be indirect result of emotional problem. The oral mucosa is highly reactive to psychological influences. Mouth is directly or symbolically related to major human instincts and passions. Various systemic manifestations of stress are headache, hypertension, gastric ulcer and diabetes mellitus etc. However aim of this article is to highlight various stress related oral problems which includes dental caries/erosion, gingivitis/periodontitits, Bruxism/Clenching of jaw, Myofacial pain Dysfunction syndrome, Apthous ulcers, Oral lichen planus and Burning mouth syndrome etc.

Purpose: Visual restoration bypenetrating keratoplasty in a visually disabled case of xeroderma pigmentosa. Case: A teenaged girl with XP having diffuse corneal opacity due to the disease process was operated by keratoplasty regained satisfactory workable vision to make her independent to move around despite high risk factors for failure. The associated cutaneous ailments and malignancies were also managed effectively. Conclusion: The patients of XP suffering from corneal morbidities can be given some relief by performing PKP although the improvement may not be permanent.

Background: Snake bites are the common cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries. Snake bite is a serious problem in many sectors, especially in south Asian countries. Snake-bite has become an occupational disease. The main objective is to study the demographics and ASV use, assess whether ASV has been given or not for patients who had been treated in hospitals in the management of poisonous snake bites in the scenario of global ASV scarcity. Methods: Patients of snake bites with signs of envenomation were included in this observational, prospective study. Non-envenomation and died patient were excluded. Immediately, low dose (30 to 50 ml) of ASV was started and patients were kept under intensive observation with supportive care & titrated up to 500 ml. Results: Among the 156 patients, there were 74 males and 82 females. 91 patients had vasculotoxic, 43 patients had neurotoxic and 20 patients had mixed type of envenomation. In study, Average dose of ASV given was 48.11 ml. Conclusions: The epidemiological study shows the epidemics of the ASV use, those who came earlier to hospital required a low dose of ASV to save lives of victims of poisonous snake bites with good supportive management.

Aim: The aim of this clinical practice guideline is to help dental practitioners make decisions regarding appropriate materials and techniques for onlay restorations. Background: Onlay restorations are an excellent choice for the clinicians to restore structurally compromised posterior teeth. These restorations are bonded directly to the tooth using resin cement and can actually increase the strength of a tooth by up to 75%. Many techniques have been suggested for the preparation of onlays. Advances in adhesive system and esthetic dental materials such as composite resins and ceramics have enabled clinicians to use conservative preparations to place restorations that also reinforce the remaining tooth structures. In addition, these restorations satisfy the increasing patient expectations for a natural or enhanced appearance. More technologically developed systems with fiber - reinforced materials which can be placed in a single - visit provides optimism for the future application of these restorations to the daily clinical practice.

Central neuraxial blockade in the form of epidural is very popular for lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries as these techniques avoids the disadvantage associated with general anaesthesia. We have conducted such study to find out and compare appropriate concentration of ropivacaine with clonidine for lower limb surgeries in epidural anaesthesia. We have compared the efficacy of 0.5% ropivacaine+clonidine combination against 0.75% ropivacaine+clonidine combination during epidural anaesthesia in 60 healthy patient of ASA grade one or two scheduled for elective lower limb surgeries. Result shows that onset of action and duration of analgesia is longer with Ropivacaine 0.75% but haemodynamic stability is more with 0.5% Ropivacaine. So it was concluded that Ropivacaine 0.5% concentration provides better haemodynamic stability with shorter duration of motor block for day care surgeries but for longer procedures, 0.75% ropivacaine will be preferred because of intense motor blockade, higher level of analgesia and prolonged sensory block.

Aim: This article describes the noninvasive treatment alternative to enhance the appearance by detachable cheek plumpers used with the conventional complete dentures, using different attachments (push buttons and double die pins). Background: In the era of increasing demand for esthetics, the role of complete denture is not limited to the functional efficacy. So much attention is given to the lip fullness for the complete denture patients. Similarly slumped tissues in the cheeks should also be an area of concern and be included in the treatment planning. Case Description: Two patients with slumped cheeks seeked a denture with esthetic rehabilitation. For first patient, cheek plumper was attached to denture with a push button and for the other, die pin attachments were used. Conclusion: In some cases teeth and the denture base satisfactorily restores the anatomical contour of the soft tissues but in severely slumped cheeks some additional bulk on the denture is necessary. Clinical Significance: Sunken cheeks can add years to the person’s age. Sag or collapse of the patient’s features can negatively impact the self-confidence, social interactions and personal relationships of the patient. Surgical corrections for this disfigurement are not readily acceptable to all the patients because of the cost, discomfort, and certain systemic limitations.

With the upcoming advanced technologies in the world one of the latest and innovative technology is the use of various applications of smart phones. One of the latest software application used is the Whats App. This is a highly debatable topic as to whether it is a boon or a curse! This article reviews on use of smart phone app “Whats app” in dentistry with its various advantages.

Introduction: Calcium hydroxide and triple antibiotic paste are both popular medicaments in endodontic therapy. Recently chitosan has been suggested as a carrier for these medicaments. This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating and comparing the contact angle, and thereby the wetting ability, of these 2 medicaments when used with chitosan against the surface of radicular dentin. Materials and Methods: 40 dentin blocks of thickness 2 mm were prepared and divided into 2 groups of 20 each. Controlled volume (0.1 ml) droplets of calcium hydroxide + 2% chitosan were placed onto the blocks in group I, and triple antibiotic paste + 2% chitosan in group II. The contact angle in each case was measured using Dataphysics OCA Easydrop software on a dynamic contact angle analyzer for 10 mins. Results were analyzed using unpaired t test. Results: Group I showed a mean contact angle of 64.55° and group II showed a mean contact angle of 54.9°. The mean difference between the 2 groups was found to be 9.65° which had high statistical significance (p<0.001). Conclusion: Triple antibiotic paste + 2% chitosan produced significantly better and faster wetting of radicular dentin as compared to calcium hydroxide + 2% chitosan.

The primary consideration for patients seeking prosthodontic treatment is esthetics. The esthetic restoration has an important psychological effect on the edentulous patient. When anterior teeth are selected for completely edentulous subjects, the mesiodistal width of the maxillary central incisors is important because they are the most prominent teeth in the arch when viewed from the frontal aspect. Various modalities have been suggested for selecting the size of the anterior teeth like inter-alar distance, inter-canthal distance, bi-zygomatic width, intercanine width.The anthropometric measurements like finger length can serve as a basic guide in estimating the size of anterior teeth in males and females when no pre-extraction records are available. Methodology: For the study middle aged group (30- 45yrs) participants were selected based on the inclusion criteria. An impression of both the arches were made using irreversible hydrocolloid impression material. The measurements of the index and little finger were recorded. Results: A significant correlation between the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth width with length of index and little finger was found which can be related as (K1 × Index finger length – K2) and (R1×Little finger length – R2). Information regarding average tooth dimensions, when considered with length of index and little fingers, and the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, may help guide prosthodontists to impart a dental appearance that is harmonious with overall facial esthetics.

Variation of vasculature in the upper limb has been infrequently reported. In the present case we report the high division of brachial artery above the cubital fossa, superficial course of ulnar artery associated with the origin of common interosseous artery from the radial artery in a male cadaver. Knowledge of anomalous origin is of significant importance to perform invasive surgical procedures and for vascular surgeons.

Breast milk is undoubtedly the best source of nutrients and antibodies. Despite the negative effects of pre lacteal feeds, in India practice of giving pre lacteal feed varies from 10.2% to as high as 90%. Objective: To find various pre lacteal feeding practices and beliefs in women delivered in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur. Material and Methods: It was a hospital based cross sectional study. 350 post partum women who gave written informed consent to participate in the study were included. A predesigned questionnaire was used to collect data regarding pre lacteal feeding practices and beliefs associated with it. Data were analyzed statistically Results: 75.7% babies received pre lacteal feed. 79.3% of them received it within 1 to 4 hour. Cow’s milk was the commonest pre lacteal feed (30.2%).Grandmother (40.4%) and grandfather (24.2%) were the most frequent provider of pre lacteal feed. The commonest belief for giving pre lacteal feed was that the child will acquire qualities of pre lacteal feed giver followed by family custom (36.6%) and insufficient milk production (28.7%) in the mother. Pre lacteal feeding differed significantly with literacy status, type of family and mode of delivery. Age of the mother and sex of the child did not affect prelacteal feeding. Conclusion: Pre lacteal feeding practices are still very high in our society because of the family customs and tradition. Repeated counseling of the expecting mothers during ante natal clinics and immediately after giving birth is required to promote exclusive breastfeeding practices and to eradicate pre lacteal feeding behaviors.

This paper describes why it is important to rehabilitate primary teeth damaged by early childhood caries and presents the step-by-step clinical sequence of restoration using two different approaches. One, using polyethylene fiber post followed by strip crowns after endodontic treatment, and the other, an aesthetic fixed functional space maintainer , whereby the maxillary primary second molars were used to support the appliance through bands and a wire that contained an acrylic flange bearing trimmed acrylic teeth, anteriorly. Both the techniques offer conservative, aesthetic, non-invasive and affordable treatment options.

Globally, two-thirds (38 million) of 56 million annual deaths are still not registered and almost half of the world’s children go unregistered. Various systems for recording and reporting the vital events are well evolved in the industrialized, developed countries while they are still in the primal form in the developing countries. Information on vital statistics directs the policies and programmes of a country. Verbal autopsy (VA), defined as a method of obtaining as much information as possible about a deceased person by asking questions from family and others who can describe the mode of death and circumstances preceding death, may be used a surrogate for death certificates in ascertaining causes of death in countries with inadequate registration. Information on conditions causing death as well as those contributing to death should be collected using standardized VA formats and categorized according to the codes and rules defined within the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th edition (ICD 10).

Background: Vaccination is the most important preventive and cost-effective intervention to decrease morbidity and mortality rates in children. In the past 50 years, vaccination has saved more lives worldwide than any other medical products or procedures. The objectives of the study were to evaluate immunization services at sub-centres and to determine knowledge of Multipurpose Health worker Females (MPHW-Fs) regarding immunization. Material and Methods: Community-based cross sectional study was conducted at all the 21 sub-centres under rural block of Rohtak, Haryana during June 2015-May 2016. Information was collected by carefully observing immunization services through a single visit at all sub-centres during routine immunization sessions and then determining knowledge of MPHW-Fs regarding immunization using a semi-structured interview schedule. Results: Knowledge and practice regarding four key messages of vaccination to the mothers was found to unsatisfactory- 1st key message was given in around 5% sessions, 2nd key message in 57% sessions, 3rd key message in 90% sessions and 4th key message in 58% sessions. Practice of using hub-cutter for syringe disposal immediately after use (38.09%), Practice of updating counterfoils for tracking drop-outs (19.05%), correct biomedical waste segregation and disposal in color-coded bags (47.62%) and practice of filling and issue of MCP cards to new beneficiaries (38.09%) were observed. Conclusion: The overall quality of immunization services at sub-centres was found to be unsatisfactory particularly in the areas of practice of updating counterfoils for tracking drop-out cases, deficiencies in logistic supply, knowledge and practice regarding 4-key messages by health-workers to the mothers.

Background: The sense of smell is very influential in the taste of foods. If the smell pleases us, we anticipate the taste of the food with a great deal of relish. If our sense of smell is impaired, so is our taste. The effect of appliance on taste and flavor perceptions has always been a controversial subject. Several investigators have indicated a loss of taste sensation associated with palatal coverage. Others have found that appliances either exerted no effect on taste perception or actually enhanced this perception. Material and methods: 100 selected volunteers for the study were divided into two groups (Groups I and II) of 50 children each as study and control groups, between the age groups of 8- 13 years .All the selected volunteers were given different taste stimuli and were asked to score as per their perception. The verbal score was calculated on the basis of correct and incorrect taste stimuli given to them. Results: For both the groups the results regarding verbal labeling, hedonic estimates and intensity were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The appliance brings about transient change in taste perception, which could be found both in children with or without appliance. Clinical significance: Dentists should educate the patient before delivering the appliance about the transient change in taste perception and encourage full time wear of the appliance, including during meals, without fear of affecting taste sensations.

Background: The old axiom that a typical gall stone sufferer is a fat, fertile, female of fifty, is only partially true, as the disease is found in women soon after their first delivery and also in underweight and thin people. So while searching for other parameters, iron deficiency was found to be a new parameter of interest in the etiology of gall stones. Aim and Objectives: To study the prevalence (numbers of patients) of iron deficiency in patient with gall stone disease. To study Serum Iron, Serum Cholesterol and Bile Cholesterol in patient with Gallstone Disease. To evaluate correlation between Serum Iron and Bile Cholesterol in patient with Gallstone Disease. Methods: The study was carried out at Sir Sayajirao Gaekwad Hospital from February 2016 to November 2016. Patient with gall stone who meet the inclusion criteria was selected. This was Cross sectional study. Minimum 60 patients were required for the present study based on the results of the review article for this study. Results: Total 67 patients were studied. Out of 67 patients 32 patients were included in Iron Deficiency Group A and 35 patients were included in Non Iron Deficiency Group B. On comparing mean serum cholesterol levels of both groups with independent t-test, p-value was 0.0797 which was >0.05. So there was no significant difference in serum cholesterol of the two groups. On comparing mean bile cholesterol levels of both groups with independent t-test, p-value was <0.0001 which was <0.05. So there was significant difference in bile cholesterol of the two groups. Conclusion: There was significant difference (p<0.0001) in groups A and B. This suggesting that bile cholesterol is one of a significant criterion in the supersaturation of bile with respect to cholesterol. Low serum iron levels lead to bile supersaturation with respect to cholesterol, which leads to gallstone formation.

Introduction: Patient satisfaction is a measurable concept comprising of multidimensional elements such as access to care, quality of the provider patient interpersonal relationship and affordability of care. Identifying and understanding the needs and difficulties of patients helps in improving the services being provided. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the level of the patient satisfaction in a tertiary care hospital in Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. Methodology: A cross sectional study was done in a tertiary level hospital to determine the patient satisfaction of all the admitted patients in medical, surgical, ortho, ENT, Eye wards using PSQ-18 as a tool to assess the satisfaction level of patients. Results: 100 subjects were enrolled in this study. Generally 63% of the patients were satisfied with the hospital care but there were some areas where the patients were fairly or poorly satisfied. Conclusion: Though the majority of patients were satisfied, there is still scope for improvement.

Introduction: Reliable identification of elastic fibers structures in light microscopy can be altered by several diseases which cause changes in elastic tissues, such diseases are ageing and atrophy caused by arteriosclerotic changes. Numerous empirical methods for elastic fibers displaying were evolved and modified along based on chemical structure of the elastic tissues components A number of techniques can be applied for elastic fibers demonstration these techniques can stain the fibers intensely but sometimes being unrelated. Study design: This is an experimental descriptive study conducted in White Nile State (Sudan), at University of El-Imam El-Mahdi (Kosti) from 27th April 2017 to 14th June 2017. Methodology: Twenty arterial biopsies were taken from a rabbit after anesthesia. All biopsies were 1 × 1× 0.3 cm in dimension. After the specimens were collected, all of them were immediately fixed in a wide suitable container by 10% neutral buffered formalin ten times the size of specimen for 48 h. After fixation of specimens, the cut- up was done, specimens were put in cassettes then bearded the unique cases number. The specimen then passed into a tissue processing machine (Leica, 2000) for further treatment in Table 1. After tissue processing was completed the blocks containing the specimen was thereafter subjected to routine section cutting. 20 blocks were prepared. The blocks were cooled to solidify to turn out their moulds and were then cut by rotary microtome (Diapath Galileo, fully automatic microtome Galileo, 2012). 10 sections of 5 μm thickness were sectioned from each block. 100 tissue section were stained by original Verhoeff's Van Geison method as control and the remaining 100 tissue sections were stained by modified Verhoeff's method. Results: Elastic fibers were stained brown in a yellow background by modified Verhoeff's method. Conclusion: Modified Verhoeff's method is easy to perform in a few steps (no need for removing of iodine pigment). The differentiation step can be carried out even by less experienced person and give good results.

The aim of the present study was to assess the presence and length of the anterior loop in the mental foramen region using CBCT. Both the right and left sides were retrospectively studied in 50 patients. Axial, sagittal, cross-sectional and panoramic images were evaluated and three-dimensional images were reconstructed and evaluated as necessary. The morphology, course and length of the anterior loop were measured. An anterior loop was found in about 25% of the scans. The mean anterior loop proximal edge was 3.24 mm.

Heavy metals and other trace elements are important for proper functioning of biological system, but also their deficiency or excess could lead to a number of disorders. Zinc is essential metal for human health and plants growth. But in case of excess amount it can cause toxicity, as they change their form and become hazardous in the nature. In this study, the microbes like bacteria, yeast and fungi were isolated from soil for remediation of metals present in Gomti River. Among these three microbes only single colony of bacteria was observed where as no fungi and yeast growth was reported due to the toxicity of heavy metals. Two set of experiments were planned to check the efficiency of isolated bacterial. In the first set of experiment, zinc present in water collected from three different sources was degraded upto 93.7% by isolated bacteria. In the second set different concentration of zinc solutions (5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70 mg/L) were prepared. The isolated bacteria was degrading zinc 80.8% of 5mg/l solution and 96.5% of 30mg/l solution after 72 hr incubation, which was showing gradual increase as the zinc concentration was increasing from 5mg/l upto 30 mg/l. The Isolated bacteria were efficiently degrading the zinc metal.

Objective: To assess emotional, psychological and social wellbeing, health status and ability to activities of daily living in elderly males and females living in institutional settings Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted of 100 elderly people aged 61 – 100 years [23 males and 77 females] residing in 3 different old-age homes. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data in quality of life of elderly. Results: A significant association of relation with family and gender was found with higher percentage of females reporting that they were very much satisfied with their relationship with family as compared to males (χ2=9.083, p=0.028). Significant association of social relationship and gender was established with higher percentage of males reported that their family and friends would help them if needed and higher percentage of females reporting that they would like more contact with other people (χ2=15.196, p=0.004). Of the 100 elderly, 88% were ambulatory, 53% had eye problems, 10% had skin problem, 24% had urine problem, 13% did not have sense of smell, 24% had hearing problem and 8% had no taste on tongue. Significantly higher percentage of females were ambulatory (χ2=5.613), had eye problems (χ2=3.980) and hearing problems (χ2=6.325) as compared to males (p<0.05). Of the 100 elderly, 85% could get out of bed, 84% could bath themselves and could brush, 88% could go to toilet on own, 86% could comb hair, 71% could pick up things from floor and 95% could dress themselves. Significantly higher percentage of females could bath themselves (χ2=0.4631), brush teeth (χ2=11.891), go to toilet (χ2=0.018) and dress themselves (χ2=5.581) as compared to males (p<0.05). Conclusion: Female elderly were more satisfied with their relation with family but still longed for more contact with other people; suffered from more health issues as compared to males and yet could perform more activities of daily living as compared to males because of their strong motivation and will power.

This study was undertaken to assess the ambient air quality (seasonal variations of ambient air pollutants SPM, RSPM, SO2 and NOX) and its impact on road side plant species Ficusbenjamina, in Rewa city with special reference to epidermal characteristics of leaves. The monitored average values of RSPM, SO2 and NOX at the sampling sites are well within prescribed limits, whereas average concentrations of SPM in the ambient air of the Rewa city are above the permissible limits as per National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The light microscopic studies of this plant indicated marked alternation in epidermal traits, with increased number of stomata and epidermal cells per unit area and decreased length and width of stomata guard cells and epidermal cells on both abaxial and adaxial surface of leaf collected from polluted site than those of control ones. These changes in micro-morphological structures could be an indicator of environmental stress caused due to urban air pollution. These characters could be used in the bio monitoring of urban air quality.

Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of food poisoning resulting from the consumption of contaminated food with Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Different food can act as a good medium for S. aureus such as milk and milk products. In the present study differential conventional methods were used to detect the S. aureus isolates from 30 samples of milk were collected from different regions of Tamil Nadu. Among that 23 samples showed positive results and 7 samples showed negative results for S. aureus. The bacterial isolates were tested with gram staining, motility test, indole test, catalase test, oxidase test, methyl red test, Voges-proskauer test, urease test etc. The S. aureus isolates were found different kind of antibiotic resistant against the antibiotics like Clindamicin, Methicillin, Nitrofurantoin, Pencillin and Tobramycin. The S. aureus isolates were analyzed by biofilm formation and coagulase negative test. Among the 23 isolates 52.1% showed positive result on biofilm formation and 39% showed coagulase negative. Based on the biofilm formation, methicillin susceptability, coagulase negative tests the 23 isolated were classified as A, B, C, D, E and F. The highest isolates was observed in biotype A (21.8%), followed by D (17.4%), G (13.04%) B, C, E, F (8.7%) respectively. Among these 13.04% of isolates were not comes under any one of these category. Our study result indicates that samples of examined raw milk contained S. aureus. The presence of S. aureus in milk represents a public health threat. Hence, there is an urgent need for more strict and hygienic preventive measures to reduce the bacterial contamination, so as to increase the wholesomeness and quality of these milk and milk based products for the good health of all consumers. It is essential to prevent risks of contamination of S. aureus from the point of production to the point of consumption of milk.

Ayurveda is an ancient science of life since the time of immemorial. In Ayurvedic classics, there is two types of treatment for all diseases, either with use of aushadhi (medicines) or by use of surgery. In Shalya Tanra, there was description of eight types of shastra karmas to perform shalya karma but poorva karma should be done before any surgical procedure and this poorva karma is known as preoperative management in Ayurveda. If poorva karma is performed properly and timely, this results in great success of any surgery and complication free postoperative period. The surgeon does not get defamed even after death of patient during procedure if poorva karma is performed properly with time.

Durum wheat is produced time immemorial long ago and its diversity is high in Ethiopia. But due to low quality and amount of wheat production, the Importation of hard wheat for pasta making industries is more than 40,000 tons per year. In the past three years (2014-2016) support to agriculturalresearch development for strategic crops (SARD-SC) project new strategy with the objective of increasing production and productivity of durum wheat in Ethiopia has brought a significant change in many durum wheat growing districts and one of the focus areas of the project was ShebelBerenta district, Eastern Gojam. The new innovation platform of SARD SC brings the involvement of all stakeholders together from seed to pasta in durum wheat production system. Training as a component was given for all stake holders and farmers (both husband and wife together) which was not seen in the past by other projects. One of the other strategies of the project was fast truck variety development where varieties are released in short period by testing in many locations in a year to address the problem of ever increasing climate change. Eighteen durum wheat varieties were tested at Debrezeit and other locations in 2014 cropping season. Varieties showed significant difference (P<0.01) in maturity, plant height, thousand seed weight and grain yield. Utuba was both the highest yielding and early maturing variety (3923 kg/ha) and (107.33days) respectively. The other strategy of the project was undertaking participatory variety selection (PVS) that fits to the changing environment. Twelve improved durum wheat varieties were demonstrated in different kebeles of Shebel Berenta district in 2015 cropping season. The farmer group members of each site involved in identifying their selection criteria such as: early maturity, tillering capacity, spike density and length, grain quality, height, economic yield and disease resistance. Out of these, byusing pair-wise comparison the excessive criteria list was reduced to the major eight characters differently according to village farmers’ environment, traits of interest and preference.Utuba variety which is early maturing and high yielding with high industrial quality standard was farmer’s preference during PVS. As a result of these strategies, the demand of improved durum wheat seed in the district is increased that in turn encourages the seed enterprise to be engaged in the seed production of durum wheat which had no involvement before. Now the agro-industries would have good opportunities to get enough raw materials for their pasta making industries that lead to import substitution. This system in general has got good prospects for the sustainability of durum wheat production in the country and income generations to the poor resource farmers, and to make all stake holders to be benefited as a whole.

The study was aimed to know water quality from analysis of physico-chemical characteristics of Pavana River, Pune from September 2016 to February 2017. Due to the increase in population and industrialization, there shall be a necessity to understand the present status of Pavana River. Many government bodied does that work but there should be requirement of analysis of river with new methods. The experiment was carried out for three season i.e. Monsoon, Post-monsoon and Pre-monsoon. The water sample is collected from river as the depth changes. The physicochemical parameters such as Temperature, pH, DO, COD, BOD, Alkalinity, Total Dissolved solid, Total suspended solids, Total solids, Turbidity has been studied during analysis.

Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in Balasore district, Odisha. There are scanty ethnomedicinal works carried in Kuldiha. ‘Santhal’ community is the major tribal population in the area. Gastrointestinal problem is a very common ailment in tribal societies. This gastrointestinal problem includes constipation, diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, indigestion, stomach pain, flatulence, intestinal worm and jaundice. A total of 53 species of 47 genera 29 families were identified to be useful in treating gastrointestinal disorders. In majority of the species (27%) the medicines were obtained from the leaf. 61% are obtained from fruits, barks, roots and sometimes the whole plant is uprooted and used in the preparation of the drugs.

Forty Baladi turkey 4 weeks old and 700 - 1000 g average body weight were used. They kept in a balanced diet to study some performance, and clinicopathological changes under E.coli 0157:H7 infection. Ten Baladi turkeys kept as control and 30 were infected with E. coli 015,: H7 by dose 0.05m1 (x 107 CFU) inoculated intramuscularly. Body weight were recorded, blood samples were collected at 7, 15, 30 days post infection, serum was separated for determination of AST, ALT, Total protein. Albumin, urea, creatinine, calcium phosphorous, sodium, potassium and cortisol hormone. The biochemical analysis showed increase in AST and ALT and a significant change in protein. Hypoalbuminemia, was observed, increase of serum urea, creatinine, hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphatemia, and decrease in level of potassium, sodium and cortisol hormone in areas. Blood examination revealed pancytopenia. This indicates that E. coli 0157: H7 causes deleterious effect on the Hematopoietic system

Ayurveda, the science of life is being practiced by Aryans from Vedic period. Kalpana is the process through which a substance can be transformed in to the form of medicine according to the need. Samskaras are to be done for potentiating the drug or the formulation. Among all these pharmaceutical processes Shodhana is one of them. For a single drug many process of Shodhana have been mentioned. Arsenic compounds are being popularly used in Ayurveda therapeutics since centuries. Manashila being important among them. Manashila is an important Rasayana Dravya and commonly used in treating the diseases like Shwasa-Kasa, Agnimandya, Kshaya, Anaha, Jwara, Krimi, Visharoga, Raktavikara etc. (Sri Vagbhatacharya et al., 1999) Manashila is called as red arsenic with two molecules of Arsenic and two molecules of Sulphur (AS2S2). Manashila consumed without proper Shodhana causes Mandagni, Malabaddata, Ashmari and Mutra Krichra4. Hence Shodhana of Manashila is essential after which it cures all the diseases (Ayurvedic Formulary of India, 2003). Shodhana is the process of removal of physical, chemical impurities and potentiating of the drugs (Sri Sadananda Sharma et al., 1989; Sri Vagbhatacharya et al., 1999). Shuddha Manashila is an important ingredient in most of the popular formulations like Shwasakuthara Rasa, Rasa Raja Rasa, Trailokyachintamani Rasa etc. There are various Shodhana procedures explained for Manashila in Rasa classics like Rasa Ratna Samucchaya7, Ayurveda Prakasha (Sri Sadananda Sharma et al., 1989) and Rasa Tarangini (Ayurvedic Formulary of India, 2003). Some works on Manashila has been carried out like its clinical aspect on Dhooma, Rasayana and Lepa. In these various studies only one Shodhana procedure by Ardraka Swarasa is done (The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Ministry of health & family welfare Gov. of India) 1999). There are three types of Manashila like Shyamangi, Kanaveeraka and Khandakya ((The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Ministry of health & family welfare Gov. of India) 1999)), which are superior in increasing order. So Khandakya is superior most and which also yields more Satva (The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Ministry of health & family welfare Gov. of India) 1999). For the present study Khandakya type of Manashila is selected. Various textual references of Manashila, will be collected from various classics and will be discussed. Manashila sample that has been selected for the present study will be qualitatively certified as per classical and modern analytical parameters. Various methods of Shodhana for Manashila explained in classics are collected and discussed. The present study includes Shodhana of Khandakhya Manashila as per Classical reference of Rasa Tarangini where Shodana of Khandakhya Manashiala is done by Churnodaka, Bhrungaraja Swarasa and Nimbuka Swarasa. Standard Operative Procedure of the process is done in the pharmaceutical study. The analytical study reveals the standards which can be given for Ashuddha Manashila and Shuddha Manashila of various Samples. The differences in the parameters reveal that there are some changes which give us the idea regarding role of a particular media in purification of a substance, where it adds some properties of the media used.

Piper velayudhanii E. S. S. Kumar and S.P. Mathew is an endemic species confined mainly to upper Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India. The plant has not been find a place either in ethnomedicinal literature or phytochemical research. Hence the present work is aimed at secondary metabolite profiling of leaf and fruit to investigate the scope of bio prospecting one of the more than 2000 species of Piper. The study observed that leaf contains alkaloids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids¬, saponins and Gum and Mucilages. Notably flavonoids could not make into the list. However, the fuit is demonstrated to contain alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids¬, saponins, and gum and mucilages and fixed oil including steroids, flavonoids and glycosides. The FT – IR analysis of the leaf as well as the fruit exposed the array of bioactive functional groups associate with the secondary metabolites in Piper velayudhanii making the species worth pursuing pharmacological studies.

Present study was aimed to investigate and determine the morphological and osteological malformations in ornamental fishes in Egypt. Morphological abnormalities were photographed with a digital camera and X- ray system. In present study, out of 250 ornamental fishes produced only 25 individuals with percent of 10% were found to have different types of abnormality, including; lordosis, scoliosis, absence of eyes, absence of tail, black tail and multiple type deformities. The exact cause of abnormalities could not be definitively determined, the possible etiologies was discussed.

Indian traditional medicine has gained a lot of importance in recent times. Owing to rich herbal flora in India, medicinal plants have become a major source of natural drugs. New molecular approaches towards identifying these medicinal plants is becoming inevitable to avoid confusions in identification. In this regard, DNA bar coding usingrbc Lgene, is suggested as a marker for pteridophyte identification. In this study, molecular characterization of Selaginella sp. was performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for rbcL gene. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA5) software for the obtained sequences. The evolutionary divergences between its closely related species were also performed to disclose its amendments that occurred during evolution.

This paper reviews research works published on the structural performance of concrete beams strengthened using fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. Furthermore it discusses the effect of various FRP sheets on the structural performance of concrete beams subjected to static loading condition. A total of 35 research papers relating this study have been collected and reviewed. The properties and structural applications of different types of FRP have been presented. Also a gap analysis has been conducted to propose recommendations for future research in this field.

From many years we are facing problems of intrusion on our nation’s boundary. There is need to improve the security arrangements with help of technology. With our project we will be able to improve the surveillance across the boundary. It will help to detect the intrusion activities and helps the army people to take necessary action. The benefit of this system is to surveillance the people without using close circuit cameras.

Cloud computing is storage on internet which is accessible from anywhere. The data can be shared with anyone and cannot be lost. Cloud environment user have to pay for the service they used. Energy efficient cloud computing is the hot research area now a day. Due to unmanaged load, system performance can be slow load. Load balancing stands for distributing a load among various nods. Balancing is ensure that no single node is overloaded. Previous research on load balancing introduced many scheduling algorithm which conclude optimum results. This paper discuss those load balancing algorithm and there result comparison in cloud based environment.

The identity of a person is of critical importance in Forensic department and in some cases, the facial reconstruction becomes a critical stage when the face is unrecognizable. Forensic facial reconstruction is the reproduction of the unknown face based upon the soft tissues that overlays the bony structure. In this paper, we plan to propose a methodology that can be carried out to automate the facial reconstruction from skeletal remains. A dataset of CT head scans is used to produce a segmented model and an iso-surface is generated with the help of Marching Cubes algorithm. The algorithm is based on the concept of 3d voxels present in the DICOM images and extracts the iso-surface from the images through linear interpolation. The implementation is carried out in MATLAB which provides an easier interface to deal with images. Variousdatabase was tested with Marching Cubes algorithm as well as with in-built MATLAB function called isosurface and the study shows that Marching Cubes is a better and a faster approach to facial reconstruction.

In this work we evaluated the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract and fractions from Bertholletia excela, castanha-do-brazil, using the free radical scavenging method of free radical DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Currently many studies have focused on the inhibition of free radicals, as these are associated with various diseases related to the action of these chemical species. The UV-Visible spectroscopy apparatus was used to read the absorbances. With this data it was possible to obtain the antioxidant activity percentages (AA%) and the free radical inhibition of DPPH (EC50). The extracts and fractions of Bertholletia excelsa bark showed lower DPPH inhibition value or approximate value compared to the Ginkgo biloba positive control. On the other hand, the wood capsule showed no significant value.

One of the important factors for a successful solid phase synthesis is the swelling and solvation of peptide bound resin in the reaction medium.Here a novel GDMA-4VP resin support for solid phase synthesis is prepared by suspension polymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine with glycerol dimethacrylate. The hydrophilicity of the cross-linker provides flexibility and polarity to the support. Swelling studies and stability studies were performed. Resin was functionalized and the resin was found to be quite stable even after vigorous conditions of functionalisation. IR spectrum and SEM were used for the characterization of the resin. The efficiency of the peptide was demonstrated by synthesizing biologically active Angiotensin II and Angiotensin IV peptides. Modified Fmoc chemistry is used for the stepwise addition of amino acids in the peptide chain. The procedure of deprotection, coupling, washing is followed. The reagents used were maximum evacuated to reduce the repeated washings. The peptides obtained were with high yield, minimum usage of solvents and almost 99% purity which was checked by HPLC.

Primary WSN are organism positioned for a widespread range of use. It has significant issue to discover out applied safety protocols for WSN due to restriction of authority, calculation and storing properties. Advantage of symmetric key methods is providing better accuracy due to its energy efficacy. But then the disadvantages of symmetric key methods are obvious in standings of key controlling and safety. The Public key substructure is measured to be not appropriate to give security for WSNs as of difficulty. In this paper, we review on key management, storage requirement and security. The large number of new applications for wireless sensor networks has led to unprecedented growth of wireless sensor networks.

Amongst the existing techniques of employing digital Watermarking into an image the proposed paper imposes on one of the most efficient methods, called the DWT method which is counted as a vital tool by researchers. The idea of the proposed paper is to hide the actual image beneath a cover image before transmission, to protect the main information from piracy (Md. Maklachur Rahman, 2013). This is achieved by decimating the main image elements by a factor c with respect to the cover image. The true receiver of this encoded information on the other end subjects it to an extraction algorithm to detach the cover image from the main image. The image is first decomposed into sub bands of varying frequencies using the method of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), followed by inducing watermark into the lower frequencies (LL Band) to secure data over the network. This emphasizes on the bandwidth efficiency of the image. The peak signal-to-noise ratio calculated in this paper is a proof of the level of effective reconstruction of the image, as it is the objective of any data transmission and reception.

This paper makes an attempt to study the users’ satisfaction in library services in the Engineering Colleges at Coimbatore. The survey was conducted in 32 Engineering College Libraries. The data were collected in the form of questionnaire stating the opinion on access to full text database in library, access to digital repository, issue of books to the users, opinion on gate register, facilities and services offered by the library and library staff supporting for discovering the information. The study reveals all the users need based services, reliability, responsiveness, timeliness, honesty and a caring approach. They want assistance for information access resource materials both in printed and online formats. On review on the user’s satisfaction The library service in the affiliated Engineering colleges of Anna University in Coimbatore have been done. In order to bridge the gap between the services offered by the libraries of these Engineering Colleges and the needs and expectations of various users, the present study has been proposed and conducted.

This paper is dedicated to the modelling and analysis of seven level inverter based on STATCOM. It presents a comprehensive study of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) systems utilizing cascaded multilevel inverters. Among flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controllers, the STATCOM have shown feasibility compared with other shunt controllers in terms of cost effectiveness in a wide range of problem-solving abilities from transmission to distribution levels. In this, we have considered the cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMLI), Diode-clamped multilevel inverter and Capacitor-clamped multilevel inverter. The Comparison in these inverters is based on the synthesized output voltage and current waveforms, % THD present in the output voltage and each inverter is controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. To minimize the power demand and scarcity we have to improve the power extracting methods. From solar cells, multilevel inverter is used to extract power and it synthesizes the desired ac output waveform from several dc sources. To control the reactive power instantaneously, this system is modelled using the ABC coordinates which calculates the instantaneous reactive power. And, this paper focuses on improving the efficiency of the multilevel inverter and quality of output voltage waveform before applying the voltage on the load.

Shopping on the internet has been developing rapidly, covering most of the important spheres of marketing. Online grocery shopping has been noted of being a relatively young but promising area of electronic commerce. However, only a sparse number of studies have been focusing on consumers’ attitude to purchase grocery products through online. This paper seeks to understand the consumer’s attitude towards online grocery shopping and to identify some factors and technical barriers that may foster or hinder the acceptance of OGS in India. A Questionnaire was developed and distributed to the online shoppers in Delhi city through snowballing techniques and then collected data was analysed by using ANOVA, Mean and Standard Deviation. The results suggest that among demographic variables family income and age is one of the significant factors while understanding behavior dimension related to education level or working members in the family can also help online marketers to develop positive tendency to online grocery shopping. Moreover results indicate that time slot option among product delivery factors and user friendly website among website designing factors are the most important variables for the respondents. However, Consumers are also more concerned about the quality of products among the various fear factors related to online grocery shopping. Social influence factors have least importance, albeit customer review has moderate weightage. Speed of the internet and unfamiliarity of OGS websites are the technical barriers perceived by respondents.

The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between business intelligence and competitive advantage in telecommunication industry in Nigeria. The business environment today complexity and volatile, as a result firms needs to be proactive in relation to decision-making processes so as to stay competitive and remain relevance in the industry. This study adopted a survey research design andsimple random sampling was used as the sampling technique which requires that the sample be taken in such a way that each sample (management staffin the selected telecommunication industry) in the sample frame has an equal probability of being selected. Multiple regression was applied to test the hypotheses. It was discovered that there is significant positive relationship between market orientation and competitive advantage, also significant positive relationship exist between innovation orientation and competitive advantage. It was concluded that market orientation and innovation orientation enhance competitive advantage. Market orientation encourage high-level performances of employees and market orientation is a vital factor which affects competitive advantage. Management actively seek innovative ideas, provide big opportunities in our industry, and coordination mechanism among departments in the process of product innovation results to competitive advantage. The study has expanded the knowledge on business intelligence and competitive advantage pointing out that market orientation goals are oriented towards customer satisfaction and it is a strategy to achieve competitive advantage.

The prevalence of the rickettsia bacterium Ehrlichia platys, now called Anaplasma platys, was reviewed and identified in the canine population of Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico. A total of 362 venous blood samples were collected from the EDTA tube for a period of one year (February 2, 2016 to February 2, 2017). These samples were analyzed in the laboratory of clinical analysis of the veterinary hospital for small species of the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas where the technique of direct microscopy of blood smears stained by Diff quick (Romanowsky staining) was used as diagnostic method in Where it was sought to visualize the presence of morulae in platelets parasitized by the bacteria. The observation of the samples revealed the presence of corpuscles in platelets compatible with Anaplasma platys in 65 of the 362 samples analyzed, giving us a prevalence of 17.95%. It is evident that the presence of this bacterium in the canine population of Victoria, Tamaulipas, is high.

Misconceptions popularly known as students' conceptions, children's science alternative conceptions or alternative frame works, private concepts, naive theories and half truths, naive conceptions or naïve knowledge and as commonsense beliefs interfere with learning when students use them to interpret new experiences. A research was conducted to study the misconceptions among secondary school students with respect to biological concepts in the unit of environment of 9th class text book prescribed by Punjab School Education Board. In the study a three tier test was constructed to identify the misconceptions among students about the seven conceptual areas of “adaptations, habitat, biosphere, ecosystem, food chain and food web, functions of ecosystem, biomass and biodiversity”. On the basis of the responses written by students in the second tier of the test the common misconceptions prevalent among students are discussed in this paper which will help the teachers to organize their class room instructions accordingly because to overcome misconceptions first of all teachers have to identify misconceptions.

Global warming resulting from high level of greenhouse gases emitted in atmosphere has reached an alarming situation. The global 2010 emissions are 31% above the 1990 emissions. World leaders at the United Nations discussed the possibility to put a cap of how much carbon can be emitted by each country so that the total combined emission all nations should be under the safe limits of greenhouse gas emission of the earth. It is estimated that under the condition of usual business, the emission levels till 2020 would go up to 58 GtCO2, which is higher by 14 GtCO2 than the targeted level of 44GtCO2. Limiting emission to 44 GtCO2 would hold the increase in global average temperature rise in this century below 2°C as compared to pre-industrial levels, resulting in restricting the global warming and its adverse effects (Jane Ellis, 2004). UNFCCC, a division of the UN at the Kyoto Protocol has proposed a way where both the developed and developing nations can join hands to contribute to reduction of emission of these harmful gases. It proposes that developed countries which already have major industries emitting GHG’s; instead of reducing these activities, can exchange the carbon emission levels with the developing nations. Since developing nations are still in the phase of gearing up their industrialization and hence pollute lesser than developed nations, these countries can pass on the available limit of carbon emission to the developed nations (Yuvika Gupta, 2011). In exchange for this, the developing nation has to support in building up the carbon reduction mechanism in developing country or pay the prevalent market price of the amount of carbon credits. Total emission levels of the atmosphere of the earth remains constant, irrespective of the country from where carbon is emitted. This practice is termed as Carbon trading which enables the developed countries to share their responsibility of lowering carbon emission with the developing countries whose emission levels have not yet reached the near danger levels. In the process, the developing countries get technology benefits in terms of upgrading their infrastructure to match with the developed nations and that too at a lower cost than that of the developed nations due to lower cost of manpower and land. This paper explores the opportunity for a developing country like India to build up renewable energy projects where carbon credits generated can be exchanged with multinational companies who are in need of carbon credits. The prospects of additional revenue generation through carbon trading projects are really lucrative for an economically less privileged state like Assam. This would also give a strong amount of exposure to Assam in worldwide technology up gradation and open new avenues of development of the state. The study conducted in few of the educational institutions would also give an insight as to how these regulatory frameworks could be designed to make it convenient for people to embrace such projects even at a smaller scale.

In social business intelligence, satisfaction plays an important role. Customer satisfaction is must. Customer should make decisions that improve their business based on the trends perceived from the environment. The huge quality of information, talks, posts and papers available on the web cannot be ignored by companies. Social business intelligence is the discipline of combining corporate data with user generated content to let decision-makers improve their business. The companies cannot ignore the huge quality of information, talks, posts and papers available on the web. It refers to a managing technique that combines with another to form a whole process in order to improve existing project and products. In social business intelligence it invites customer input and feedback at early points in the process rather than after a product is released. Social business intelligence combines social media aspects and analytics to give important business insights and it a convergence of several trends. In other words it is simply business intelligence that incorporates knowledge management, social networking, plus social media monitoring and analytics, all combined into a new interface in the business intelligence environment.

The role of media in highlighting and raising the issues of social and political interests has increased by the advent of new Technologies. The contribution is not only limited to publication/broadcast of News only but also to create awareness regarding social and political issues as well. Judicial Activism is just a ruling or decision that is guided by the personal interest or personal point of view of the individual judge, which is not based on strict laws. As to its meaning, Judicial Activism is not a distinctly separate concept from usual judicial activities. Somehow, both the activisms are linked i.e when media creates an awareness or highlights a particular incident, Judiciary is directly or indirectly initiated to either take cognizance or take certain steps. The paper intends to throw light on the interlinking of Media and Judiciary and also to study some cases/incidents in which such activism has been reflected.

In order to address the global challenges of climate change and sustainable development, there is a vital need to accelerate the development of advanced technologies for clean energy. Solar water heating system is a key technology options to realize the shift towards de-carbonize energy supply and is projected to emerge as an attractive alternate electricity source in the future. In this paper the economical analysis of solar water heating system at IIT Roorkee campus is carried out.

An altered and a more plausible reading from the ones proposed before of the badly mutilated and immensely problematic year 86 inscription of the reign of Mahārāja Bhadramagha is attempted in this present paper.

The turn-of-the-century brought major changes in the field of technology and natural sciences, economy and industry. The development and growth of metropolitan cities was one of the important phenomenons of this time. Darwin and his theory acquired many admirers. Nietzsche's famous proclamation 'God is dead' (Neitzsche, Freidrich, Die fröhliche Wissenaschaft, Bd. 3, München: Schmitz, 1954, P. 481) and his theory of 'Superman' aroused an extreme excitement at the turn-of-the-century. In the alternating mood of euphoria and apocalypse. Nietzsche declares the end of traditional religion and the belief in God. Religion is displaced from its supreme position and a whole new set of ideas and values emerge in Europe. They lead to a shift in the attitudes towards faith and religiosity. However, religion does not disappear from everyday life or from the art. Poets like Rainer Maria Rilke, Hermann Hesse, Robert Frost, Khalil Gibran, Stefan Georg and thinkers like Rudolf Otto, Emile Durkheim engage with religious themes and motifs. According to the German theologian Friedrich Wilhelm Graf, religion is a central theme of cultural-political discourses and academic debates at the turn-of-the century.

Introduction: Ankyloglossia, commonly called as “tongue-tie” is a congenital anomaly characterized by an abnormally short lingual frenum. This may restrict tongue tip mobility which leads to problems with speech articulation and swallowing. There are different techniques for its management. The present case report highlights the use of a novel surgical technique called as Z- Frenuloplasty for the management of tongue tie of a 9-year old male patient. Method: Z-Frenuloplasty is a technique sensitive surgical procedure and should be done under the expertise of a skilled clinician. An initial vertical incision is given in the centre of the frenum. Incisions are made to raise triangular flaps which are later repositioned in a ‘Z-plasty’ flap closure. Sutures are removed a week later. Result: Z-Frenuloplasty helps to release scar contracture and relieve soft tissue tension. The appearance of a scar is also improved with this technique as it helps to both relax and re – align the tissues. This procedure can also be used to position a short frenulum more apically for better aesthetic and functional results. Conclusion: The use of the Z-Frenuloplasty technique has shown favorable results with improved aesthetic and functional outcomes.

Background: Sensitivity is very common in most people and varnish is used to relieve sensitivity and also to prevent dental caries. Three different fluoride releasing agents MI Varnish, VOCO PROFLUORID and 60 second taste. Streptococcus mutans is the bacteria that cause progression of caries and hence it is important to test the inhibitory effect of fluoride releasing agents on streptococcus mutans. Materials and methods: A sample size of 10 culture plates of nutrient agar is used. The three fluoride varnishes are placed on the culture plate that is swabbed with streptococcus mutansand a lawn culture is done. The culture plates are observed after 24 hours and the legth of inhibition is noted. Results: The bacterial inhibition in the culture is measured after 24 hours. It was found that phosphate fluoride gel by pascal company showed the most inhibition of about 26mm, ACP-CPP showed a bacterial inhibition of 12mm, and Sodium fluoride did not show any bacterial inhibition. This shows that phosphate fluoride is the most effective fluoride-releasing agent in inhibiting streptococcus mutans growth in the oral cavity. Conclusion: This research shows that all fluoride varnishes are not effective in inhibiting bacterial growth, and that it depends on the composition. Sodium fluoride is not effective in the reduction of bacterial growth whereas phosphate fluoride varnishes show the best results. Thus it is advisable to use phosphate fluoride varnishes for better results.

Background and Objectives: Corticotomy assisted orthodontics is a tissue engineering procedure which causes rapid tooth movement at a ratio of 3-4 times greater than conventional orthodontic movement. Self-ligating techniques shortens treatment time due to reduced friction between the brackets and archwire. The use of closed coil springs to deliver constant retraction force also encourages faster space closure. A combination of corticotomy with Self Ligating Technique along with NiTi Closed Coil springs would further reduce treatment duration. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the treatment time taken and treatment changes in one Group of patients treated with Corticotomy and Self Ligating Brackets and with another Group of patients treated with conventional orthodontics. Both the groups followed the MBT (Mclaughlin Bennet Trevesi) prescription. Material and Method: Five patients each in Group A were treated with corticotomy assisted SLT (Self Ligating Technique) with retraction force from NiTi closed coil springs and five patients of Group B were treated with conventional MBT technique. The patients of both the groups were indicated for first four premolars extraction therapy with Angles Class I molar relationship. For the patients of Group A, a full thickness flap was elevated on the buccal and lingual aspect of the upper and lower arches. Vertical and horizontal cuts were made on the cortical bones with 701 surgical bur with diameter of 2mm upto a depth were medullary bone appeared (indicated by appearance of bleeding spot). Bone grafts were placed on the bone surface, flaps were sutured back in position. The initial aligning wires were placed immediately after surgery and the patients were recalled every 2 weeks whereas the patients treated with conventional orthodontics technique (Group B) were recalled every 6 weeks interval. The time taken for both the groups to complete the treatment was noted and the treatment results (Skeletal, Dental and soft tissue changes) in both the goups were assessed using pre and post treatment cephalograms with the Steiners analysis and the treatment efficiency was compared. Result: Data was coded and entered in an MS Excel format and analysed using appropriate statistical software. The quantitative data was measured using mean, standard deviation and independent t-test. The average number of days for treatment completion for Group A was 310.8000 and for Group B patients was 497.4000 which was statistically significant (p value was 0.013 < 0.05) thus the treatment for the patients of Group A was 62% faster than the patients of group B. When the treatment changes of both the groups were compared, we could conclude that the change in skeletal, dental and soft tissue profile after treatment for the patients of Group A was more than patients of group B, although such a mild difference was statistically insignificant for all the parameters. Interpretation and Conclusion: These results concludes that 1. The treatment time taken for Group A patients was 62% faster than the Group B patients. 2. The treatment results, the skeletal, dental and soft tissue parameters did not show any statiscally significant difference indicating that both the methods had similar treatment results. 3. Group A showed more consistent treatment change skeletally and Group B patients showed more consistent treatment change dentally along with improvement in the soft tissue profile.

Heart disease complicating pregnancy is considered as a high risk situation. Increased cardiac demands during the course of pregnancy potentially increase morbidity and mortality in women with underlying heart disease. Risk of adverse outcome is more in rural population as compared to its urban counterpart. A prospective clinical study of 170 cases of pregnancy complicated by heart disease, reporting to tertiary care hospital for delivery, was carried out to find out the incidence and maternal and fetal outcome. The incidence of heart disease in pregnancy in the present study was 1.2%. Most of the women (91%) belonged to low socioeconomic class in the rural population. Rheumatic heart disease constituted 39% of the cases. Isolated Mitral regurgitation was the commonest lesion accounting for about 20% of cases. Isolated MS accounted for 9% cases while Mitral stenosis combined with other cardiac lesions constituted 52% .Congenital heart disease constituted 45% of the cases. Among the 124 women who delivered, 25 (20%) women delivered spontaneously vaginally, 39 (31.4%) cases of prophylactic forceps delivery. Cesarean section was performed in 59 cases .There were 3 maternal deaths. Early diagnosis of heart disease, regular antenatal check up, institutional delivery, limiting family size can reduce the maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity associated with heart disease.

Introduction: As a systemic condition, pregnancy causes changes in the functioning of the human body as a whole and specifically in the oral cavity; these changes may favour the emergence of diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate specific salivary parameters and caries incidence in pregnant and non-pregnant women population in western part of Maharashtra, India. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among thirty pregnant and thirty non pregnant women aged between 21-30 years to evaluate specific salivary parameters like salivary flow rate, pH, and its co-relation with cares index. Results: The findings of our study indicate that the there is decrease in salivary flow and pH as well as increase in caries incidence in pregnant women compared to non pregnant women. Conclusion: Thus, the findings of our can be utilised to target preventive measures in this vulnerable population to improve their oral health and consequently their general well being.

Objectives: The objective of the survey was to assess Knowledge And Attitude of Emergency Physicians Towards Emergency Management of Avulsed Tooth in Mangalore city, Karnataka, Mangalore. Materials and Methods: This was a time bound study in which approximately 40 emergency physicians had participated 12 questionnaire were distributed to medical hospital emergency physicians in Mangalore (private / public). The questionnaire gathered data on the respondent’s professional profiles, self assessed perceived knowledge and actual knowledge of emergency management of tooth avulsion. The data was stastically analyzed using chi-square test using software program SPSS 17.0. Results: 57.5% of the study group were aware of the meaning of avulsed tooth. 25 % of the physicians had responded to the ideal time for replantation of the avulsed tooth.72.5% had responded rightly to what is the best medium to preserve the tooth. 60% of the physicians had stated that the knowledge regarding emergency management of tooth avulsion was not sufficient 77.5% reported that lack of dental knowledge was the main barrier faced in promoting management of avulsed teeth. Conclusion: In the light of such results an important implication from this study revealed the lack of dental knowledge. Henceforth a Pamphlet was distributed emphasizing the detailed emergency management of avulsion. This was acknowledged positively. It is therefore Dentist responsibility to make the Physicians aware of the importance of first aid for avulsed tooth with appropriate measures.

Pregnancy is accompanied by a variety of physiologic, anatomic and hormonal changes that can affect the oral health. However, these patients are not medically compromised and should not be denied dental treatment simply because they are pregnant. They often pay visits to dentist for pain and infections associated with their teeth. Such patients need dental treatment and in most cases the radiograph of the involved tooth is required. It is repeatedly reported that dentists post-pone dental treatments to the period after delivery because of the insufficient knowledge of the low doses involved in diagnostic dental radiation. The delay in treatment might have adverse effects on the mother and the fetus. It is estimated that there is a one-percent increase in congenital abnormalities subsequent to an exposure of 10 rads (100 mGy) of fetal dose. Since diagnostic doses are less than 10 rads in dentistry, such abnormalities cannot be attributed to dental diagnostic doses. This article justifies with literature evidence that dental x rays are not harmful during pregnancy, provided that the dentist follows all the proper radiologic practices with respective guidelines.

Pediatric Basic life support is a level of medical care which is used for clients with life threatening illness or injury. In pediatric setup there are many pediatric emergencies like accidents, injuries, respiratory failure, sudden cardiac arrest and shock where the emergency professional health care team members performs a number of life saving techniques focused on the emergency care. Among which the Pediatric Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation stands first and foremost in ‘ABC’ of hospital emergency care. Therefore training program on PBLS is required for students, to gain knowledge and improve skill.Quantitative approach was selected with pretest-posttest only design. 24 samples were chosen using total enumerative sampling technique. Data was collected from 24 third year GNM student nurses of Rufaidacollege of nursing, JamiaHamdard, Delhi from 20th September to 12th October, 2016. Training program was given to the study subjects and a structured questionnaire and structured checklist was used to collect data regarding the pediatric basic life support of the subjects before and after the administration.Findings revealed that the mean posttest score of the experimental group was greater than the mean posttest score of control group. Thus it is concluded that the training program on PBLS was effective for teaching and improving teenagers knowledge and skills in basic CPR among third year GNM student nurses.

Introduction: Anthropometry refers to the measurement of the human individual or a part there of. Anthropometry measurements are very useful to estimate stature and bone length from the skeletal remains from anthropological remnant skeletons. Considering the fact that human tibia is a complex anatomic unit and its knowledge of the morphometric values is important in Forensic, Anatomic and Archeological cases in order to identify unknown bodies and stature, the present anthropometric study was undertaken. Methodology: In this study, 50 (27 right and 23 left) intact human adult tibia were obtained from the bone bank of Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College Srinagar. In the study, a total of 07 parametric variables were obtained from the shaft of the Tibia according to standard anthropometrical method. Results: The mean of cross sectional index for right tibias was 78.83± 7.35. Similarly mean of cross sectional index for left tibias was 80.01± 8.54. On applying statistical analysis (t test), it came out to be 0.015p (<0.05) which is statistically significant. The mean of Cnemicus Index for Right tibias was 68.16 ± 5.23 and for left side these values came out to be 68.02 ±7.48. These are not statistically significant. The mean of Length - Thickness Index were 31.95 ± 2.12 and 31.34 ± 2.08 for right and left Tibias respectively. This too was not significant statistically.

Dens invaginatus commonly known as Dens in dente is an invagination of coronary or root surface, bounded by enamel which can simulate appearance of a tooth within a tooth. It commonly affects the maxillary lateral incisors, presence of DI in maxillary canine is very rare. The aim of this case report is to describe the bizarre radiographic findings and aberrant root canal anatomy in the affected tooth which are difficult to describe using conventional radiography and hence use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a invaluable diagnostic tool.

Oral Malignant Melanoma is an aggressive rare malignant disorder found mostly in gingiva and hard palate in oral cavity. At present, the clinicopathological classification of oral malignant melanoma is not yet outlined, consequently the skin is often taken as a reference. The lesions are asymmetrical and irregular, a thorough oral examination and a high suspicion is needed for early diagnosis. The Study has been done to understand the malignant melanoma affecting the oral cavity in comparison with the malignant melanoma affecting skin.

Cognitive deficits and elevated cortisol level are considered as the hallmark of depression. Actual causative factor for cognitive changes and depression are not well understood. Various studies summarize one or other factors like cortisol in causation of cognitive changes and depression. However complete model based study is required signifying all the causative factors. Hippocampus in brain is closely related to cognitive functions. As mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors are present majorly in hippocampus through which cortisol exerts its action. So the association of cortisol with depression and cognitive changes is emphasized more till date. In time, depression and cognitive changes development has changed from age related to stress related and later to more complex mechanisms like immune reaction. Stressful life event in various studies had been correlated with increased cortisol level which they considered as the main biological factor. But other factors like immune reaction, IDO pathway, 5-HT precursor tryptophan may equally contribute in development of these changes. Sum up of all factors in an individual is more important in development of cognitive deficits and depression. So a newer approach should be designed considering other factors summarized in this review to develop a model based approach.

The rising colonization rates of S. aureus lead to the increasing of infection rates in the community and in hospitals. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent bacterial pathogen in humans. It causes skin infections, osteoarthritis and respiratory tract infections in the community, as well as postoperative and catheter-related infections in hospitals. The aim of the study was to determine the antibacterial activity of apple cidar vinegar against clinical isolates of S. aureus. It did not show any inhibitory activity against S. aureus isolates. May be increased dilutions are required to standardize the efficacy.

Traumatic brain injury devastates our young adults, leaving on its trail mortalities and morbidities. One of the morbidities, seizure, leaves the patients battling in three fronts: the seizure itself, the antiepileptic drugs, and the societies the patients belong. Patients managed for early and late posttraumatic seizures in our center were compared in age, computerized tomography (CT) features and functional outcome. The study was done over a six year period. Objective: To compare patients with early and late posttraumatic seizures in age, computerized tomography scan features and functional outcome at three months post injury. Methods: It was a prospective, comparative and observational study of patients managed in our center for early and late posttraumatic seizures from traumatic brain injuries from August 2010 to July 2016. Patients were resuscitated in accident and emergency using Advanced Trauma Life Support protocols. Brain computerized tomography (CT) scan and other relevant investigations were done. Patients who had seizures were given Phenytoin for one week. After a week we used Carbamazepine. The functional outcome was assessed at three months post-injury. Data were collected using structured proforma and analyzed with Environmental Performance Index info 7 software. Results: There were 63 patients, 46 early and 17 late posttraumatic seizures. There were 47 males. The mean age was 27.5 years. There were significant difference between early and late posttraumatic seizures in terms of age (P = 0.0289) and CT findings (P = 0.0221). Conclusion: There was significant difference between early and late posttraumatic seizures in age and CT features.

Pheochromocytoma is a rare, catecholamine secreting neuroendocrine tumour of adrenal medulla representing nearly 5% of adrenal incidentalomas. We present a case of an 80 year old male complaining of recurrent urinary tract infection diagnosed as pheochromocytoma on further investigation.

Introduction: Hepatitis B is the most common blood borne infection after occupational exposure in India. Awareness towards adult vaccination against hepatitis B is slowly rising amongst healthcare workers. However, it is well demonstrated that vaccine does not offer protection in 100% of recipients. It is important to seek out the vaccine non-responders as the post exposure management depends on the immune status of the vaccine recipient. Objective: To check the immune response after hepatitis B vaccination and identify the non-responders. Method: Healthcare workers were immunized with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (GeneVac) according to the revised rapid schedule of 0-1-2. Antibody titers were checked after 6 weeks in HCWs who completed 3 doses of immunization. Blood samples for testing were collected and serum separated by centrifugation. Serum was stored at 4°C for no longer than 4 days. Anti-HBS quantitative ELISA (MBS, Italy) was used to measure the antibody titers. Serum samples from HCWs showing titers <10mIU/ml were retested after repeat vaccination. Result: A total of 203 HCWs were tested for post-vaccination antibody titers. Of these, 39 samples showed titers below 10mIU/ml (19%). 15 out of 39 had undetectable levels. Repeat testing was done after administration of repeat vaccination in 20 HCWs – 14 of them seroconverted. Conclusion: This study concludes that vaccination is not protective in 100% of recipients. As the HCWs are at an increased risk of exposure, it is advisable to check the immunity against hepatitis B, after finishing complete schedule of vaccination. In this way, non-responders can be identified to be revaccinated or relieved from high-risk areas.

Facial harmony and esthetics of an individual is affected when atypical and supernumerary teeth are present in the oral cavity. Rehabilitation of function and esthetics is a challenging task for a pediatric dentist especially when speech and smile is affected in young individuals. Here we present a case with mesiodens in a 10 year old female child disturbing the occlusion. Mesiodens was extracted and esthetic reconstruction of the patient was done.

Primary spinal glioblastoma is a rare and aggressive entity with poor prognosis. With less than 200 reported cases the specific guidelines for the treatment of these cases are not yet formulated. Even with different treatments like radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy the survival is poor. We report a case of 10 year old female with spinal Glioblastoma Multiforme (sGBM) with cerebral and spinal deposits treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy at our institute. Since this was a rare presentation we were keen on giving the best possible treatment to the patient. Literature review was done to assess the available treatment options. This review primarily focuses and gives insights in managing this rare entity with scientific approach.

A study was to conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) – (Oxytetracycline OTC and Chlortetracycline CTC) and synbiotics on growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune response of broiler chickens. A total of 240 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments each consisting of eight replicates and each replicate having 5 birds and reared up to 42 days of age. The dietary treatments were (T1) control group with basal diet, (T2) basal diet supplemented with oxytetracycline-OTC (at 100mg/kg), (T3) basal diet supplemented oxytetracycline-OTC (at 200 mg/kg) (T4) basal diet supplemented with chlortetracycline-CTC (at 100 mg/kg), (T5) basal diet supplemented chlortetracycline-CTC (at 200 mg/kg) and (T6) basal diet supplemented with synbiotics(at 250 mg/kg). The birds were provided with ad-libitum feed and drinking water during the entire experimental period. Weekly feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits and immune response were recorded. The body weight gain of broilers were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the dietary groups on supplementation of OTC, CTC or synbiotics. Supplementation of AGPs or synbiotics did not have any significant (P>0.05) influence on cumulative feed consumption and feed conversion ratio of broilers during pre-starter and finisher phases and during overall period (0-42 d).There was no significant (P>0.05) influence of AGPs or synbiotics on any of the carcass parameters studied in the present investigation. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in CBH response and log2ND titre valuesamong the treated groups but numerically higher CBH response was noticed in all treatment groups compared to control.The control and synbiotic groups had higher log2 titre than different antibiotic fed groups but present study revealed that synbiotics can also be used as alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler production.

The study carry out in Lublin province. This survey was conducted using a questionnaire, where 128 household heads were sampled and interviewed, Objectives of study was describe the socio-economic characteristic of respondents; identify Production and Marketing Problems of Potato growers in Lublin province. Results show that. The most important production problems were High costs of fertilizers, pesticides and labor. And important Marketing problems were Low price of product, High costs of transportation, Perishability of product and Markets far away from farm. Also Results revealed significant relationship between Problems of Potato growers in and factors age, level of education, family size, and farming experience.

The present study was performed in order to investigate the nature and antimicrobial property of the compound isolated from leaves and female cones of Cycas revoluta. The compound was isolated by using preparative TLC and further the compound in the form of single spots was scrapped out for characterization via HPLC and FT-IR. The isolated compound was dissolved in appropriate solvent. 5 µl of sample (chloroformic extracts of leaves and cones) were applied to silica gel plates, Merck (Germany) 20 × 20 cm, 0.25 mm in thickness were used. Plates were developed using the solvent system, Benzene: Chloroform (5:50) and the separated zones were visualized using Iodine chamber. A brown colored spot was observed on TLC plate with a retention factor (Rf) value of 0.82 found similar to that of standard compound (having Rf value 0.84). The pure compound was further subjected to HPLC and FT-IR analysis which confirmed the compound as polycrystalline ferroelectric compound (2, 3-dihydro-4′-O-methyl-amentoflavone).

For the past few decades plants have been the basis of treatment for many human diseases. In this study traditional plant Cleome viscosa, annual weed was selected and its free radical scavenging potential, total antioxidant capacity and antithrombotic activity were evaluated. Preliminary phytochemical screening of Cleome viscosa leaf extracts revealed the presence of phytochemical constituents (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols etc.). From the results obtained the hydroethanolic extract exhibited maximum activity when compared with aqueous extract. Hence, an attempt has been made to evaluate the inhibitory effect of hydroethanolic extract on in vitro antithrombotic activity. The results obtained revealed that Cleome viscosa has exhibited considerable antithrombotic activity which may be due to the phytochemical constituents present in it.

Betelvine (Piper betle L.) is a perennial evergreen shade loving creeper to the family Piperaceae. In India, it is commercially cultivated as an important and potential cash crop. Betelvine crop cultivation is a profitable enterprise. Betelvine cultivation is the best example of direct income (in cash) in agriculture. Due to this character, this plant is very loving to farmers. A boroj of 500-600 sq. m. area is sufficient enough to nurture a family of 4-5 members whole round the year. But, all is not well in this enterprise. There are lot of problems in its’ cultivation. Keeping it in mind, a study was conducted with the following objective:- to identify the problems faced by farmers in betelvine cultivation and their suggestions to mitigate those problems. The study was conducted in Midnapur (East) district of the State of West Bengal. Multistage purposive sampling technique was used for selection of the area and respondents. A sample of 100 respondents was randomly selected from the ten selected villages. The study revealed that the betelvine growers had the most important problems of (1) Insect-pests and diseases infestation (100%) (2) Lack of proper price of product (100%) (3) Cultivation cost is high (100%) (4) lack of fund (88%) (5) Flood problem (100%) (6) Problem of high wind blowing (100%) (7) Lack of irrigation water (93%)(8) No insurance in betelvine cultivation (100%)(9) cake price is high (87%)(10) Lack of soil testing facility (100%) (11) Transportation is a problem (87%) and(12) Day by day soil of boroj is becoming polluted (95%). In this respect the important suggestions to mitigate the faced problems were-(1) short-term training on insect-pests and diseases control (100%) (2) Govt. should announce minimum support price for betelvine products (76%)(3) Govt. should provide subsidies for fertilizers, pesticides, cakes etc. (81%) (4) There should have loan provision for all types of betelvine growers at lower interest rate considering their benefit (77%) (5) Canals should be renovated to overcome the flood problem (62%) (6) Iron bars should be used to establish a boroj which will provide better stability against high wind blowing (79%) (7) Govt. should permit to set shallow tube-well (88%) (9) Govt. should introduce insurance policy in betelvine cultivation (100%) (9) Govt.’s initiation and cooperation is very much needed to establish cold storage (69%) (10) Market inspection is needed to check the price of cake (76%) (11) There must have soil testing facility in locality (100%) (12) Roads should be repaired on urgent basis especially in rainy season (80%) (13) Organic manure as well as bio-fertilizers should be applied to maintain the fertility status of the boroj soil (65%) and (14) Govt. should introduce a systematic and efficient export system (58%). Therefore, the extension agencies who are working at base level should take proper measures to promote the betelvine cultivation considering the findings of present investigation.

Staphylococcus aureus is a species of bacterium commonly found on the skin and or in the noses of healthy people, although it is usually harmless at these sites, it may occasionally get into the body, through breaks in the skin such as abrasions, cuts, wounds, surgical infections, or indwelling catheters and cause infections. These infections may be mild (pimples or boils) or serious (infection of bloodstream, bones or joints). Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important bacteria as a potential pathogen specifically for nosocomial infections. Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureushas been emerging worldwide as one of the most important hospital and community pathogen. Therefore, new agents are needed to treat MRSA. In the present study, antimicrobial activity of aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts of Saraca asoca were evaluated against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).The ethanol extract demonstrated a higher antibacterial activity than the acetone and aqueous extract. These extracts were prepared from fresh Saraca asoca leaves. These extracts were evaluated for their part in increasing antibacterial activity of Methicillin against S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and MRSA (ATCC 43300). The antibacterial activity of Methicillin was enhanced against the test organism in the presence of these extracts. Methicillin in combination with these extracts showed maximum inhibition against MSSA and MRSA. Phytochemical analysis gave positive results for steroids, triterpenoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, reducing sugar, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins. Leaf extract of Saraca asoca contains pharmacologically bioactive constituents that may be responsible for its activity against test organisms.

Phosphate solubilising rhizobacteria associated with Coffea arabica L. in coffee plantations of North Eastern Ghats, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India, were investigated. The main purpose is to screen for potential microbial biofertilizers by assessing the isolated strains for phosphate solubilization efficiency and initial screening was performed on Pikovskaya’s agar (PA). The present study could therefore be important with respect to screening of Coffea arabica associated rhizobacteria that possess direct plant growth promoting traits for extending the use of indigenous microbes as microbial biofertilizers.

Humans have developed themselves in every aspect. Right from the discovery of fire to reaching the outer space, they have proved their worth for the mankind. They knew how to reach at every possible place. The discovery of wheels did give them the advantage to transportation of every possible thing, from crops to humans. They came to know the importance of transportation as a feasible way to transport things from one place to another. Gradually and gradually, they started inventing different modes of transport for their betterment since they wanted to reach within less time. Now a new term has been coined for transportation of humans. That is passenger logistics which includes not only the transportation of humans but also how much ease each mode provides for an effective and efficient transportation solutions. This paper studies the concept of passenger logistics with the example of Delhi Metro and its benefits and future aspect of the concept.

In the recent years, preventive security measures at public places has gained lot of importance. Visual Surveillance has now got huge attention to ensure safety in public places. These systems generate huge amount of data on a daily basis. This data has enormous Volume, Velocity, Variety. Hence, this is can be termed as Big Data. Handling Big Data is a challenge and thus, in this proposed system, the processing of the video is done on Hadoop. The existing system takes more time to process these live stream video data which is inversely proportional to what we except. The proposed system processes these data in an efficient and a faster manner in a parallel distributed environment. Nowadays, the pure mass of information that has to be handled by the operators of such systems has over- grown their capabilities. Hence, A System capable of identifying objects that tend be vulnerable to the surrounding environment is addressed in the system. This System also implements Machine Learning to overcome the common technical problems present in the existing system which includes lighting changes, occlusions, cluttered backgrounds.

An attempt is made to understand the similarities in the origin of the basic laws of physics including the Newton’s laws of motion and the ‘Theory of Karma’. The problem of arbitrariness in time of observing the ‘fruits’ that is observed in the ‘Theory of Karma’ is also discussed using the concept of time that exists currently according to the ‘modern science’. A recently reported scientific result (Physical Review Letters, 2014) (arrived at by simulating the Universe through multimedia technology) suggesting existence of a mirror Universe where ‘arrow of time’ would be negative, has also been discussed in the light of expected violation of the ‘Law of Causality’. More recently a paper by Dmitriy Podolskiy and Robert Lanza (Annalen der physic, 2016; Science alert, 2016) concludes that time is created in observer's mind and therefore demanding a time bound effect for the 'Theory of Karma' is not valid.

This is a novel solution for tracking the location of a vehicle and availability of seats in real time (for public transport vehicles) using mobile application which also has a blind assist mode that helps blind people to use the app by voice commands. Two modes of operation are normal mode and blind assist mode which can be launched either by clicking on app icon or by shaking the device when it is in blind mode. The system tracks the location of the vehicle using a GPS and the longitude and latitude addresses are fetched and stored in a web server through a Wi-Fi module from the controller. The seat availability is determined from the output of two IR transmitter-receiver pairs which identifies whether a person is entering or exiting from the vehicle. These obtained information are made available at the user end through a mobile application which runs on android platform. The system is built on Arduino and ESP8266 is used to connect to the remote server. This system can not only be used to track public transport vehicles but can also be made use to find lost vehicles also.

Image enhancement is the process of improving the quality of the input image. Underwater images mainly suffer from the problem of poor color contrast and poor visibility. These problems occurred due to the scattering of light and refraction of light while entering from rarer to denser medium. Scattering causes the blurring of light and reduces the color contrast. So many authors proposed different methods on under water images. In the process of enhancement brightness will alter, it is required to preserved. Here proposed a enhancement method for underwater using BPDHE with contrast stretch. Experiments are carried out on different images to evaluate performance of the proposed method, in terms of quality metrics like Mean Square Error (MSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), Absolute Mean Brightness Error (AMBE), Contrast Improvement Index (CI) and image visual quality.

The aim of the research is to identify the material which makes the concrete float and it should also have the strength. Floating concrete is a type of concrete having density less than water and it floats on water. There are many types of lightweight concrete which makes the concrete float either by using lightweight aggregate or by using air entraining agent. The conventional aggregates are replaced by light weight aggregates which makes the concrete lighter than the conventional concrete. Comparison has to be made between plain cement concrete and lightweight concrete having different proportions of aggregates, pumice stone and aluminium content by the weight of cement has been taken into account.

In this survey paper literature review of black hole attack in MANETs has been presented. MANET is a type of network where communicating devices can communicate to each other without any fixed centralized master device. That’s why attack in between the communication of two more devices is not a challenging task. There are several types of attacks in MANET routing protocols such as black, gray, sink and wormhole attack and others also. But we can’t deny the importance and popularity of MANETs in today’s time scenario because such type of networks is very easy to design, implement at any time anywhere. Especially in those geographical locations where to setup the infrastructure based network of communicating devices is very challenging task like at remote locations, disastrous locations. So, it’s a challenging task for researchers to implement better security protocols for mobile ah-hoc networks in order to service a very tight security against the attackers. So, in this area an ample of research and techniques have been proposed for securing routing protocols in MANETs. MANET routing protocol has been categorized under two broad categories that are Proactive and Reactive. Proactive routing protocols are DSDV, WRP, OLSR and others also. Reactive routing protocol i.e. AODV, DSR. There are various MANET routing protocols like AODV, DSDV, DSR and other. But in today’s time the routing protocol which used most frequently are AODV, AOMDV, DSDV.

One of the typical illustrations of Africans involvement in written philosophy is the treatise written by an philosopher Ethiopian Zera Yacob. This 17th century treatise is taken as a landmark in some scholars’ perception of African philosophy in general and Ethiopian philosophy in particular. Zera Yacob is undeniably worth mentioning figure in the history of African Philosophy; however some claims made by some authors about him are misleading. Though there are several mistaken claims about him, this article tries to deal only with the issue of rationality. A number of pieces written about Zera Yacob following Claude Sumner’s publication of the English translation of the treatise affirm that Zera Yacob is a rational philosopher. This article is aimed at illustrating how such an assertion misrepresents Zera Yacob’s philosophy. In order to pursue this objective, the translation published by Sumner that many scholars depend on for their account about Zera Yacob, is weighed against other translations.

The present study aimed at identifying the faculty member role in developing political awareness among the students of Qassim University. However, the researcher applied the study tool which consisted of (26) items on a stratified sample involving (375) male and female students. The researcher adopted the analytical descriptive approach for the reason that it is appropriate for the study purposes. The outcomes revealed that the faculty member role in developing students' political awareness was average. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences due to the gender variable. Additionally, there were statistically significant difference attributed to the academic year, and in favor of the fourth year. Finally, the researcher recommends that further intensive studies should be conducted on political awareness, taking into account other variables.

In this article are given and provided detailed information about using of trees and shrubs for planting in Baku city. The research results are conducted over the 2010-2016 years and used implementation in landscaping architecture. It is completed using in landscape architecture of 87 families, 230 genus, 660 species of trees and shrubs in floristic compositions, living forms, ecological types, grouped by the prospects of economic significance are identified the suggestions for the implementation in greening.

Aeon the experience of Indian Shilpis in making of pillars has been profound be it stone, timber or brick. Pillars (Stambha) forms an innate part of the Hindu Temple Architecture, thousand years back when these temples were built there were established design principals, testing methods, though no software, calculators and spreadsheets etc were available, still the end results exhibited by these temples are fabulous and are ‘Structural Engineering Marvels’. These pillars played a very prominent and pleasing part in the temple architecture of the time. Tall, slender, free-standing, beam supporting pillars, and pilasters, but these elements are not well defined as in the western classic architecture, and hence it becomes difficult to classify them as they have multifold relations which they have carried from one period to another transforming into new types with minute changes, this can be seen as a result of craftsmanship prevailing at the time at a particular place also the social needs and ruling power were the factors in evolution of the pillars. They were expressions of strength, support, celestial connection and manifestation of arts prevailing at that era. Although they evolved from Sastraic Mathematical proportions, they displayed greater freedom of design which the Indian wrought in his own imaginative way, these pillars still stand today as a source of inspiration, promoting diverse studies for designing of pillar in contemporary temples. This paper analyses the Pillars (Stambha) as vital element of the Hindu temple and provides more explanation of ancient literature study on pillars, also the rules and regulations which govern the construction of these marvelous element of temple architecture. Further the paper discusses the Yali [Vyala] Pillars with respect to elements of space making in temples of Vijaynagar era, and how these Yali Pillars when treated with extraordinary ornamentations enhanced, beautified and lender unique character to the structure and identified the temples given impression of strength, stability and reliability. The volume of distinct spaces, movements and visual impact created by these pillars in temples gives an idea of the distinct identity of architecture to create a sense of group identities between those who built and those who inhabited or used these structures, such elements embody not just the earth or stone from which they were built, but the people and experiences involved in their construction, holding special place in human memory giving distinct identity to structures of architecture.

The issue of employee’s performance in furtherance of organization objectives has occupied manager’s attention for long. Difference in levels of performance has been attributed to differences in skills and abilities on the one hand, and to different theories of money on the other. This study examined the issue of performance based pay as a motivational tool for achieving organizational performance, using the situation in public sector organization. The main objectives of the study was to assess the impact of performance related pay on the motivation of employees and, subsequently, on the achievement of organization goals. In all, one hundred respondents took part in the survey. The main research instrument was the questionnaire. The result of the study revealed that the effect of performance based pay on employee’s performance is minimal, and the motivational effect of merit pay is often blunted by biased performance appraisal. The main limitation of the study is that it could not cover all the state bank of India in Raipur within the target population, due to time and financial constraints. In this respect, the interpretation of the results of the study should not be over generalized.