August 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare KOH, culture and CFW stain in the diagnosis of superficial mycoses and to determine their sensitivity, specificity and predictive value. Clinically diagnosed 100 superficial fungal infection cases (males 56 and Female 44) age ranged 25 to 55yrs formed the study group. This is in collaboration with department of Dermatology, Victoria Hospital Bangalore. The study was conducted in Microbiology department AIMS BG Nagara. Samples from skin, nail and hair were collected as per individual symptomotology. Samples were processed using CFW stain, KOH and culture. Result: Of the 100 cases, T.corporis (62) was the commonest clinical type followed by T.cruris(14), onycomycoses(12), T.versicolor(5), T.pedis(4), T.capitis (2) and T.faceie(1). KOH was positive in 82, culture in 78 and CFW in 84 case. Culture isolates were dermatophytes in 64 (82.05%) and yeast like fungi in 14 (17.94%). T.rubrum (64.06%) was the commonest followed by T.gypseum (17.18%), T.mentagrophyte(14.06%), T.tonsurans(1.56%), T.canis(1.56%), and T.violaceum (1.56 %). Among the yeast like fungi isolates were Candida spp (78.57%) and Malssisia furfur (21.42%). Discussion and Conclusion: Considering culture as gold standard, KOH showed sensitivity of 95.12%, specificity 73.33%, PPV 90.69 NPV 84.61 and CFW stain showed sensitivity of 100%, specificity 78.57, PPV 92.85, NPV 100. CFW stain has the advantage compared to KOH and culture, being rapid (30-60sec), simple, reliable, easy visibility at low power, with high sensitivity and specificity and inexpensive if fluorescent microscope is available in the laboratory.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is an important staple food crops and provide bulk of raw materials for the livestock and many agro-allied industries in the world. There are collections of sorghum genotypes in some research institutes and most of these collections lack information on its morphology- agronomic traits that could be used by researchers to improve sorghum production in Nigeria. However, breeding for high yield crops requires information on the nature and magnitude of variation in the available materials and the relationship of yield with other agronomic characters. Grain yield in sorghum is quantitative in nature and polygenically controlled, effective yield improvement and simultaneous improvement in yield components are imperative. Selection on the basis of grain yield character alone is usually not very effective and efficient. Genetic variability studies provide the basic information regarding the genetic properties of the population based on which the breeding methods are formulated for further crop improvement. For any progress in plant breeding, there is the need to study the genetic variability which cannot be easily quantified. Genetic improvement for quantitative traits depends on the nature and amount of variability present in any genetic stock and the extent to which the desirable traits are heritable. Knowledge of association between yield and its component traits and among the component parameters themselves can improve the efficiency of selection in plant breeding. Therefore, there is the need to characterize as much as possible sorghum genotypes available in Nigeria to identify traits for yield against future sorghum improvements for better food production and security.

The agricultural waste corn ears have been used in the depollution of sewage loaded with coloring, including Methylene Blue (MB). The adsorption balance was reached in 15min. The yield of elimination of Methylene Blue reached 96.85%. The experimental data are analyzed by two isotherms (Freundlich and Temkin). The Freundlich nf constant is between 0 and 0.5. We have studied thermodynamic parameters in the temperature range of 298K and 338K. We got free energy negative (ΔG˂0), the standard enthalpy of the removal positive and below 50 KJ/mol, demonstrating that the reaction is favorable, spontaneous, endothermic, and of physical nature. The kinetic model of pseudo second order and Elovich were applied is the correlation coefficients R2 is 0.99. The reactions are made according to the models of pseudo second order and Elovich suggesting the hypothesis that the mechanism of the reactions are done in two phases: - The diffusion of the BM towards the surface of the adsorbent; - The interaction between the adsorbate molecules (MB) and the surface of the adsorbent, suggesting the existence of chemisorption.

Lamb wave is widely used in the detection of butt weld defect of steel plate. In order to solve the high requirement of traditional piezoelectric ultrasonic on the surface of the specimen, the electromagnetic ultrasonic testing technology (EMAT) is adopted to stimulate Lamb wave. On the basis of solving the Lamb wave frequency scatter curve diagram of 3mm thick steel plate by MATLAB programming, COMSOL software was used to simulate the propagation of characteristic guided waves in steel plate welds. The simulation results showed that the characteristic guided waves in steel plate welds had an obvious effect on defect identification, and the error was about 2%. The experimental design of electromagnetic ultrasonic excitation Lamb wave detection of rectangular through-hole defects in steel plate welds. The results show that the excited characteristic guided wave can effectively detect the position of the through-hole defect, and the positioning error is about 2.9-3.5%. Both simulation and experiment show that the electromagnetic ultrasonic Lamb wave detection method has obvious effect on the positioning of the butt weld defects of the steel plate.

Introduction: Acute malnutrition is defined by the weight / height (W/ H) index <- 2 Z-score at the median of the WHO standards. It is responsible for 45% of deaths of children under 5 in developing countries. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and determinants of malnutrition among children under five in the district of Djiri in Brazzaville in 2018. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 482 mother-child pairs whose children were aged 6-59 months in the Djiri district of Brazzaville. We collected data from May 30 to July 15, 2018. We identified the factors associated with acute malnutrition. Anthro 2005 and Epi-info version 7.2. softwares were used for storage and analysis of data. The influence of the variables on the occurrence of acute malnutrition was calculated using Chi2, Odds Ratio with 95% CI. The level of significance was set up at p <0.05. Results: The prevalence of acute malnutrition or wasting was (40/482) 8.3%. Factors associated with acute malnutrition were age less than 23 months [ORa: 2.10 (1.30- 3,37); p = 0.0016], birth weightless than2500g, [ORa: 3.23 (1.82-5.72); p = 0.001] and households with more than 7 persons [ORa: 2.28 (1.31-3.96), p = 0.01]. Conclusion: Preventive measures are needed to reduce their prevalence.

Introduction: Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse reactions are the main complaint of patients receiving metform in and caused approximately 5% of patients to the extent that discontinue their medication or compliance impaired. Objective: The study aimed was to reduce GI disturbance in patients receiving met form in with a primary endpoint to improve patient’s outcome by reducing HbA1c and patient satisfaction. Methodology: This study was conducted on 203 patients receiving met form in and can’t tolerate GI disturbance. The intervention is to conduct patient’s education and counseling using pharmacist’s skills and knowledge. Patient’s improvement outcome was measured using HbA1c and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. Student t-test was used to compare HbA1c before and after education. Results: The most common GI symptoms reported were flatulence, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, heartburn, vomiting and others. Pharmacist intervention went with many methods to overcome GI adverse effects. This study showed a significant HbA1c reduction after patient’s education and counseling. The impact of the education was also shown in VAS with a linear regression of the pain and patients satisfaction. Conclusion: Pharmacist intervention including medication review, patient counseling, telephone and face-to-face follow-up were associated with lower GI disturbance, improved patients’ quality of life, higher patients’ adherence and therefore decreased HbA1c. The main implication of this study that “patient education” reduced GI side effect, increase patient compliance, and improve patient’s quality of life.

The present study was designed to determine the bioactive components in aqueous hot extract of Eugenia uniflora leaves. Phytochmical screening of the extract revealed the presence of various metabolites like alkaloids, flavanoids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, tannins etc., GC-MS analysis in aquous extract was carried out using Perkin Elmer GC Clarus 500 system comprising AOC-20i Auto-sampler and a Gas chromatography interfaced to a Mass spectrometer (GC-MS) equipped with a Elite-5MS (5% Diphenyl 95% Dimethyl Poly Siloxane) Fused capillary column (30× 0.25m 1D × 0.25m dF). GC-MS analysis has shown the presence of 39 biomolecules corresponding to 39 peaks. From the result it is evident that the aqupous leaf extract of Eugenia uniflora leaves contains various phytocomponents and is recommended as a plant of phyto pharmaceutical importance.

Background: Multiple attempts and needle redirection in a single attempt while performing combined spinal epidural anaesthesia are associated with a greater incidence of postdural puncture headache, paraesthesia, and spinal hematoma. We hypothesized that the routine use of a preprocedural ultrasound-guided combined spinal epidural anaesthesia would reduce the number of attempts and needle redirection in a single attempt when compared with the conventional landmark-guided combined spinal epidural anaesthesia. Methods: Sixty consenting patients scheduled for elective total joint replacements (hip and knee) were randomized into group U (Ultrasound guided technique) and group L (Landmark technique) with 30 in each group. In group L, combined spinal epidural was done via the midline approach using clinically palpated landmarks. In group U, a preprocedural ultrasound scan was used to mark the insertion site, and combined spinal epidural anaesthesia was performed. Results: The mean number of attempt was lower in Group U (1.06±0.25) than Group L (1.26±0.89) and p-value (0.039) was found to be significant. The mean total number of needle redirection in a single attempt were found to be lower in Group U (1.16±0.53) than Group L (1.60±0.89) and the p-value (0.027) was found to be significant. The mean value of time taken for identifying landmark for Group U (126.9±9.31) was higher than Group L (25±7.08) and p-value (<0.05) was found to be significant.The mean value of time taken for the procedure was higher in Group U (634.83±48.90) than Group L (458.93±41.15) and p-value (<0.05) was found to be significant. The mean periprocedural VAS score of pain and the demographic profile were comparable in both groups. Conclusion: Routine use of combined spinal epidural anaesthesia in the orthopaedic patient population undergoing joint replacement surgery, guided by preprocedural ultrasound examination, significantly decreases the number of attempts and needle redirection needed to enter the subarachnoid and epidural space.

The study examined the role of animal traction technology on profitability and income of small scale farmers in Kebbi State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected through the use of pre tested questionnaires in 2017. A multistage sampling procedure was used to collect data from two categories of respondents that is ATT Users and Non-users. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Net Farm Income Analysis and Gini Co-efficient. The result showed that bull (100 %), camel (60.26 %) and donkey (32.05 %) are the various types of animals used as draught animals in the study area. The result further reveals that ploughing (100 %), ridging (98.72 %), tillage (97.44 %), weeding (88.46 %), transportation (65.38 %) and fetching of water (12.82 %) are the activities performed using draught animals. The result further reveals that farmers who are ATT users outperformed farmers who are non ATT users when using Net Farm Income analysis. Farmers who are ATT users achieved a Net Farm Income of N436,885.36 and non-users achieved about N150,365.38 which shows a significant difference of about N286,519.98. This suggests that ATT users achieved more profit than non-users. Furthermore the result also showed that for ATT users there was less income inequality having a Gini coefficient value of 0.4592 while for non-users there is wider income inequality with a Gini coefficient value of 0.7284. This suggests that ATT usage enhances the profitability and income of the farmers. It is recommended that farmers should key into the use of Animal Traction Technology as it increases income and profit of the users at a low cost in the absence of machines such as Tractors. Also farmers should be supported with incentives in kind with draught animals as credit at low interest rate.

Objectives: comparison of trunk training exercise versus pelvic PNF to improve trunk control and gait in chronic stroke patient. Method: A sample of 20 patients was recruited from the Physiotherapy Department of shree B.G. Patel College of physiotherapy and Iris Hospital anand through convenient sampling technique. Ten patients were placed to each TTE and PNF groups. TTE group was treated with trunk and L/E exercises on unstable surface and PNF group was treated with PNF patterns of Pelvic for four consecutive weeks. Pre and post treatment measurements were determined by Trunk impairment score (TIS) and Time up and go test (TUG). Results: Both group showed improvement after training, but the Trunk training exercise (TTE) group demonstrated better scores relating to PNF group in the Trunk control and balance (TIS= 0.0083 & TUG= <0.001) at the end of the protocol. Conclusion: The study revealed that there is significant improvement in trunk control in both group but more significant improvement in trunk control and balance in TTE group compared to PNF.

The present investigation deals with the Atmospheric Fungal Assortment over Cajanus cajan Field at Maliwada village Dist. Aurangabad (M.S.). The aerobiological investigation was carried out by using volumetric Tilak air sampler from 1 July 2016 to 31 December 2016. Total number of fungal spores found during the month of July to December 2016 were (62289 spores/m3) belonging to 44 genera. Dominant spore group accounted were Deuteromycotina about (70.09%). Throughout the season Cladosporium were most dominant spore (29.51%). Variations were seen among the fungal spores with respect to seasonal changes.

Background: The delay or malfunction of any of the neuromuscular systems for postural control leads to a spontaneous oscillation of the center of mass within the position maintained by the individual, resulting in postural sway. Force-plates and dynamic posturography are been widely used in clinical settings to analyze the postural sway. Swaymeter is found to be a cost-effective and easy tool to analyze the postural sway in neurologic patients. This study identified the test-retest reliability of Swaymeter and its concurrent validity with the Multi-Directional Reach Test. Methods: Thirty patients with age ranged from 19 to 79 (19 males and 11 females) and those who can maintain one minute independent standing were assessed using Swaymeter thrice with 10 minutes rest between the tests. MDRT measurements were also assessed within these individuals. The test-retest reliability was identified using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and the concurrent validity with MDRT using Pearson Correlation. Results: We identified a moderate test-retest reliability in Swaymeter (0.602-0.757) in all directions, with the right side showing moderate to good reliability with ICC of 0.757. The analysis shows a positive correlation between Swaymeter values and MDRT values, with posterior direction showing a moderate positive significant correlation (+0.463, p<0.05). Conclusion: The moderate to good reliability of Swaymeter makes it an effective tool in the clinical and rehabilitation settings for the benefit of the patients. The performance of static balance tests cannot be compared with that of dynamic balance, and therefore must be assessed separately in patients.

Illegal harvesting is the most significant threat to biodiversity in Ethiopia. Similar problem is facing in Borecha Woreda (Ameto, Leka Siden and Markafo kebele). The aim of this study was to assess the drivers and impacts of illegal hunting. For this study, cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs were employed. To collect necessary data through interview and focus group discussion cross-sectional design was employed and longitudinal research design was used for quantification and identification of wildlife while hunters engaged on hunting. Primary data collection tools were interviews, focus group discussion and observation checklists. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 and explained in number and percent and presented in tables and figures. The rest data explained qualitatively. The findings revealed that the main driver of illegal hunting in the study area were increased demand of bushmeat, cultural influence, protection form crop and livestock and medicinal purpose, common method hunters used for hunting were spear and wire snare. The number of wildlife is highly decreasing compared to the past ten-fifteen years due to intensive illegal hunting. Awareness creation and educating the community about illegal hunting impacts and importance of wildlife conservation, establishing ground rules at local government level in collaboration of woreda Wildlife management office, kebele leaders, religious leaders, elders and youths to reduce illegal

The Pe speaking people of Dokpai community in Kanke Local Government Area of Plateau State are group of people who are living in the mountainous and hilly area of the Local Government Area. They are remote, isolated, left behind and as well do not use or rely on contemporary modern technology to provide ease and comfort of living. Their thought and ways of doing things are still orthodox, primordial and resistance to developmental functions. Pe speaking people are cruel, vicious and ferocious in their act and how they relate with others. Their barbarous nature and culture of resisting modernity are the basic impel that spurred the study. The study attempted to examine the nexus between primitivism and the challenges of development among the Pe speaking people of Dokpai. The secondary sources of data used in this study are generated from an array of both published and unpublished materials such as text books, journal papers, news papers, magazines, conference and seminar papers, internet materials and so many others. Interview was the major instrument of data collection used in this study. In interpreting our data, relationship between insistence of the Pe people on primitive way of doing things, (resisting modernity and contemporary things), their barbarous activities and the challenges of development in the area were established at both theoretical and empirical levels. Empirically, we used a qualitative and historical method that was critical and analytical in providing descriptive and historical details. This was complemented by descriptive analysis. In doing this, information gathered were summarized and processed through statistical packages for social science (SPSS). It was established that there is a strong connection between their primitives ways (Cultural insist and barbarous activities) and the challenges of development among the aborigine of Dokpai community in Kanke Local Government Area. Recommendations such as the needs for sensitization, advocacy activism, government presents and reforms, patronage by modern religious institutions, developmental programmes, and poverty reductions schemes among many others were proffered.

Today the electronic devices are widely used in this Era. So the measurement of potential difference and current is very important to know. In this work the implementation of voltmeter is carried out. The advantage of this voltmeter is that can be measure the wide range of voltage and precision is 90% efficiency. This circuit is designed to measure 0 to 230VThe new microcontroller based voltmeter cost is very cheap and can be setup easily. When we use what we have learned of microprossers and adjust the program to calculate and show the measure in the 7 segment. The software programming has been interpolated using MPLAB and PROTEUS.

Nowadays, a smart phone has variety of uses and becomes one of the most important devices. This paper is described the design and implementation of a door opening system using smart phone through Wireless Fidelity (WiFi ) technology. There are different types for transmitting data wirelessly: Bluetooth WiFi…etc. It is used the Bluetooth technology to establish communication between user's smart phone and controller board. The prototype supports manual controlling and microcontroller controlling to open and close home door. By connecting the circuit with servo motor and connecting to the Arduino controller board, it can be controlled by a Bluetooth available to provide remote access from smart phone.

Stress is the emotional and physical strain caused by our response to present from the outside world. Stress is a part of today living. In our daily lives we are often exposed to situations that produce stress. However if our stress level is too high it can result in serious medical and social problems. Any event or Stress at work resulting from increasing complexities of work and its divergent demand has become a prominent and pervading feature of the modern organization. Stress as opined by Robinson (2007) is a pressure of adverse influence, circumstance that disturbs the natural physiological balance of the body. The research entitled Study of stress management practices adopted by senior secondary students was formulated with the objective to study the stress management strategies adopted by the students. The sample consisted of 100 class 12th female students studying in Saraswati Vidyamandir, Lakhimpur Kheri (U.P). The tool used for the study was a self structured stress scale consisting items on stress management practices. The result was analyzed on the basis of frequency and percentage. The study concluded that most of students were found using physical exercise like; yoga, walk, sports and dance for reducing the stress level. Some of them were also found taking help of meditation, listening to music, talking to others and drawing and painting. All of them accepted that crying helps them to become stress free.

The purpose of this study was to identify challenges that the students faced while learning paragraph writing through process writing approach and a descriptive research design was used. The participants of the study were grade 11 students at Yekatit 12 Preparatory School, Ethiopia. The data for the study were gathered through questionnaires. The results of the study showed that inadequate learning resources, irregular written feedback, inadequate practice of paragraph writing, interference of mother tongue while writing paragraphs, limited vocabularies, not rewriting the corrected version of the paragraphs, inappropriate usage of grammar and unable to use the different stages of process writing approach to compose paragraphs were the students’ challenges. Recommendations based on the study were made to enable curriculum developers, policy makers and teachers to come up with strategies to address the challenges that the students faced in writing different types of paragraphs through process writing approach.

The measurements of the thickness of the removed active layer of a cellulose nitrate-85 (LR-115, type II) detector have been carried out by using surface profilometry method through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) system with the spectroscopic wave number at 1598 cm−1 corresponding to the O–NO2 bond of a CN-85 (LR-115, Type II) SSNTD. Due to chemical reaction between the etching solution (etchant) and the detector material, some molecules of the detector are removed. The final effect is the removal of the material from the detector surface. During etching, the material is removed layer by layer and the thickness of the detector becomes smaller and smaller. It was found that the bulk etch rate or removed active layer of CN-85 (LR-115, Type II) detector could not controlled by temperature easily during chemical etching and is significantly affected by the presence and amount of stirring. Therefore actual layer monitoring of the active layer thickness is necessary when using CN-85 (LR-115, Type II) solid state nuclear track detector (SSNTD). For the standard etching condition of CN-85 (2.5 N aqueous solution of NaOH kept at 60 0C temperature) detectors, the bulk etched rate under magnetic stirring and no stirring condition was found respectively 6.61± 0.33 µm h−1 and 3.59 ± 0.12 µm h−1. Also there is some variation have been found in the initial thickness of the active layer in CN-85 (LR-115, type II) detector of 12 µm.

Background: The oil of D. edulis pulp fruits is known for its medicinal and nutritional potentialities. Evaluation of hepatic and renal function is a major step in the study of the pharmacological activities of plant extracts. Objective: To evaluate the effects of D. edulis (DEO) oil on biochemical parameters in mice. Methods: Lipid (TG, CT, HDL-C), transaminases (ALT and AST) and creatinin levels were determined in the serum after oral administration of DEO (5 and 10 ml/kg), for 6 weeks. The LDL-C level was calculated according to the Friedwald formula. The biochemical parameters levels of DEO treated animals were compared to those of the control animals. Results: The results obtened in dicate that DEO administration did not cause any significant modification of the animals weight and the concentrations of TG, CT and HDL-C.A dose-dependent decrease in LDL-C, ALT, AST and CR was observed in animals treated with DEO, compared to control animals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that DEO does not significantly alter the lipid profile but provides protection for hepatocellular and renal function.

With the change in the emphasis from an inpatient to outpatient, hospital and office-based medical/surgical enhancement, there has been increased interest in the ‘big little problem’ of PONV, one of the main complaints in patients undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia. It is one of the most important factors that determine the length of hospital stay after ambulatory anaesthesia, can delay discharge and result in unplanned overnight hospital admission. This high incidence may justify the use of prophylactic antiemetic therapy and among them,the 5 HT3 antagonists are very effective in preventing post-operative nausea and vomiting and do not produce any significant side effects. This randomized, open study compares the efficacy of Ondansetron and Palonosetron in the prevention of post – operative nausea and vomiting. The incidence of PONV was significantly less in the Palonosetron group (5.55%) as compared to the Ondansetron group (43.33%), with a lesser need for rescue antiemetic in the Palonosetron group (10% vs. 53%). Though the side effects of Ondansetron and Palonosetron are comparable, Palonosetron is one of the most effective anti-emetic drug used for prevention of PONV in ENT surgeries.

Background: Anatomical complex areas seen in parasellar region includes e.g. orbits, cavernous sinus and its contents like ICA and the walls of the cavernous sinuses, suprasellar cistern, hypothalamus attach through the pituitary stalk and dural reflections forming diaphragm sellae. Wide diversity of anatomy and pathology includes tumors, cyst, vascular lesion, inflammation, infection and congenital lesions1. A number of diseases that affect the pituitary-hypothalamic axis can have profound clinical, endocrinological as well as neurological consequences. Aim of study was to evaluate MRI findings in Sellar, Parasellar and Suprasellar lesions and compare the results with histological findings and asses diagnostic accuracy of MRI in characterisation of these lesions. Methods: We reviewed the records of 50 patients strong clinical complaints suggestive of Sellar, Parasellar and suprasellar lesions or previous CT was showing abnormality, were evaluated. Radiological appearances were correlated with intraoperative findings and post-operative histopathology. Results: Majority (66%) of patients in study belonged to the third and fourth decade. Most common mass lesion was pituitary macroadenoma comprising about 66% of total cases. We observed a very good diagnostic accuracy of 100% in diagnosing pituitary macroadenoma. MR was 75% accurate in diagnosing craniopharyngioma. MR have 100% efficiency in diagnosing meningioma. Conclusion: MRI is the modality of choice for characterizing sellar and suprasellar lesions, morphology of lesions, nature of contrast material enhancement and extent of lesions. Hence MRI has very good diagnostic accuracy in characterisation of masses with good correlation to histopathology is the modality of choice for diagnosing sellar and suprasellar masses with high accuracy, sensitivity and specificity.

There has been an enormous increase in the frequency and severity of fungal infection inrecent years. This increase has been driven ina large part by two factors. First, the global AIDS epidemic has fostered the emergence of life-threatening infections by the opportunistic fungi Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystisjiroveci and by other fungi such as Histoplasma capsulatum and Penicilliummarneffei. These infections occur most oftenin resource-limited countries in Africa, SouthAmerica, and Southeast Asia. Second, advancesin medical care and treatment have led to increases in the number of opportunistic infections in patients who are immunocompromised drugs or chemotherapy, or who are infected by way of treatment with immunosuppressive agents. This review lays emphasis on the older and newer methods for fast diagnosis of fungi so that the benefits of modern antifungal treatment are availed and not misused.

Bladder cancer is the 10th most common form of cancer worldwide, with an estimated 549,000 new cases and 200,000 deaths. These tumours are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Objective: The objective of this study was to present the histopathological patterns of urothelial tumours and to determine the grade and stage of these tumours. Methods: This was a prospective study conducted on 110 TURBT biopsies and cystectomy specimens at Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura Srinagar over a speriod of 1 year from Jan2017 to December 2017. Results; A total of 110cases were received. Out of those 105 cases (95.4%) were TUR biopsies and 5 were cystectomy specimens (4.54%) Hematuria was the most common clinical presentation and was seen in 90(81%) patients. Majority of patients were seen in 50-60 years of age(34 cases).Male to female ratio was 4:1 and mean age of 56.58.Transistional cell carcinoma was the most common type found(99 cases). Low grade TCC were seen in71 casea. Muscle invasion was seen in 26 cases. Tumor recurrence was seen in 20% of cases. Conclusion: Transitional cell carcinoma was the most common bladder tumour in our study. Most of these tumours were low grade. Pathological grade and muscle invasion are the most valuable prognostic predictors of survival.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has altered both the epidemiology and outcome of enteric opportunistic parasitic infections. This study was done to determine the prevalence and species/genotypes of intestinal coccidian and microsporidial infections among HIV/AIDS patients with diarrhea and/or a history of diarrhea alternately with an asymptomatic interval, and their association with ART therapy. This cross sectional study was done from May 2015 to March 2018 in IGIMS, Patna. Sociodemographic data and a history of diarrhea were collected by interviewing 234 HIV patients ( 146 males and 94 females).Using routine microscopy, trichrome staining, modified ZN staining incidence of coccidian parasites were found to be as Cryptosporidium 21.8% , followed by Strongyloides 17.6%, microsporidia, Isospors, Giardia, Trichuris, and taenea. ART treatment was significantly associated with the decline of opportunistic parasites and diarrhea (p < 0.05) while no ART had relatively greater incidence of opportunistic intestinal parasites.

With the growth of computer vision, digital image processing is necessary to provide a clear image to the user. In existing technique only conversion between colors of email picture from RGB to GRAY SCALE image. That is not enough for a enhanced image which is not give the properly recognition of an Image. In this work, SVM (SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE) is use to give the useful result of an image and proper recognition of an image. SVM is a Machine learning technique, which is useful for balance the Pixels, which is very useful from the point of view of digital image processing. It will enhance the image quality and will give the better results. It can also improve the accuracy of an image as well improve the text classification of an email image.

Background: Improving community health in many developing nations requires synergetic leadership. The concept of public-private partnership in health and social care initiatives was adapted to improve health outcomes in many developing countries; the implementation lacks community leadership engagement to promote ownership and accountability of health and social health outcomes Objectives: To understand strategies that could promote community partnership leadership engagement to enhance ownership and accountability on health and social care initiatives, and to increase awareness of primary health care collaborative initiatives needs in Tanzania, the developing nation. Methods: Empirical qualitative case study used. Twenty-six leaders and managers responded to in-depth one-on-one interviews and partnership national policies and guidelines documents reviewed. Content analysis and NVivo 11 software employed to analyse collected data. Results: Two major themes emerged. Firstly, findings indicated that integrated supportive supervision, teamwork, and strategic communications promote leadership synergy. Secondly, the findings showed that limited data, unclear roles and responsibilities, limited understandings of the benefits of Public-Private Partnership at the community level hinder the promotion of ownership and accountability of health and social initiatives. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate significant evidence of improving population health through promoting community leadership ownership and accountability of health and social care initiatives. Also, this study finding provides insight into supporting community leadership synergies for the implementation of primary health care initiatives in a partnership setting. Further studies are needed to explore partnership and community engagement in provision of primary health initiatives in private for-profit health organisations. In addition, this study contributes to the strategic development goal 3.

This study examines the influence of demographic variables on access to healthcare in Kenya, a case for Nairobi County. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of these demographic variables on access to public healthcare, a case for Nairobi County. It focuses on age, gender, income, education and wealth. This paper examines the health status of the residents in Nairobi County and reviews the effects of selected demographic factors on access to healthcare. The study used data from a sample of 1066 households purposively selected from Nairobi County. All households were aged 15 years and above. The households were subjected to interviews that covered a wide range of topics. Descriptive and cross-sectional designs were chosen for the study. The study adopted multiple sampling methods for the study. These included purposive sampling, systematic sampling, snowball sampling, and multistage cluster sampling frame. The data was collected using various techniques or instruments which included observation, key informant interviews, questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and focus-group discussions. The data was processed using descriptive statistics. Correlation and regression analyses were used to correlate and interpret the data of the study. The findings show that access to healthcare was unequal amongst all the social classes in the County. This is despite considerable attention to the problem of health inequalities. There are substantial differences in health, and these still perpetuate. These differences have been attributed to socio-economic inequalities among the social classes. The upper and middle classes have better access to socio-economic resources, and this provides them with adequate capabilities to access healthcare resources. The lower social class lack these resources and therefore have no capabilities to access healthcare. This explains the persistent inequalities in healthcare between the social groups in the County. This study argues that health inequalities should be reduced or illuminated in the County. Socio-economic inequalities limit the capabilities of the households to access healthcare. The distribution of these factors needs urgent research. There is evidence that there are biases in the allocation of these resources and policymakers should address these skewed allocations.

Servisu Municipio Saúde (SMS) Baucau has carried out various efforts to improve service and quality improvement where health services are one of the determinants of good and bad services at Community Health Centers (health Centre) but there are still less employer/employee performance and satisfaction supported by the discovery the lack of a service index or per capital annual visit is still very minimal in each health Centre. Caused by the Effect of Motivation, as well as the Style of Leadership and Organizational Culture to have an impact on Employee Performance at the Community Health Center at SMS de Baucau. Community Health Center (health Centre) is a functional organization that is the spearhead of basic health services from the government of the Republic Democratic of Timor-Leste (RDTL.) For the wider community that is carried out in a comprehensive and integrated manner in the form of basic activities. Research is a process to get answers to the results of an analysis of the effects on Work Motivation, Leadership Style and organizational culture on the performance of organizational employees. The hypothesis (provisional conjecture) stated is that work motivation has a very significant influence on the performance of employees/employees of the organization. Leadership style has a significant influence on the performance or job satisfaction of employees/employees. Leadership style is very influential and significant to employee performance. Leadership and organizational culture have a significant influence on employee performance. Organizational culture also has a significant influence on employee performance. Work motivation has a significant influence on organizational performance. Organizational culture has a significant influence on organizational performance. The results of the study have proven that work motivation, leadership style, and organizational culture have a significant correlation to employee work performance. To solve problems and prove the hypothesis used analytical tools such as; Multiple Regression, Multiple Correlation, analysis of determination and in its calculations using SPSS version 21 for windows.

Background: Women are the backbone of healthy and progressive family. Hence coordinated and convergent efforts are needed to ensure survival, protection and empowerment of the girl child; Government has announced Beti Bachao Beti Padhao initiative and is being implemented through a national campaign (GOI, 2015).Gender discrimination in India is a reality which cannot be conveniently ignored. Driving a change in the mindset of people is the key to end this discrimination. Our girls deserve equal opportunities as boys. Education is an essential part of a living being, whether it is a boy or a girl. Materials and Method: The present study was conducted to see the effect of Child Discrimination on education of girl child among women of rural and tribal areas of Telangana state. Exploratory research design was adopted for the study and Purposive random sampling was done for selection of respondents. A total of 120 samples were taken for the study, 60 from rural area of Gadwal district and 60 from tribal area of Nagar Kurnool district. Results: The findings showed that majority belonged to young age may be due to the reason that while selection of the respondents the main criterion followed for selection was that they should have at least one girl child of school going age and 80.83% were illiterates. There was effect of child discrimination on the education of the girl child was in rural and tribal areas, indicating that there was impact of discrimination of the child on education and the impact was more in both rural and tribal areas. Conclusion: Majority of the women were functionally illiterate. Hence capacity building programmes should be developed by the government for these women on education and social development. It was clear from the study that women were showing discrimination towards girl child. The preference of sons was continuing in this 21st era, majority of the women viewed that girl child as burden to them.

The reason for the paper is to explore the e-initiative selection with ICT in an association. A study was sent to the authoritative pioneers in Chennai. Altogether, 1201 substantial organized poll were gathered. No sexual orientation inclination was distinguished in the example respondents. The gathered information were broke down through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to survey the proposed research model. To decide non-invariant parameters over the two gatherings of sex, a test for invariance was directed. Both dynamic familiarity with ICT and Quality of ICT assessment are appeared as precursors for saw quality, and thusly, saw quality effects the aim to utilize ICT. The effect of expectation to utilize ICT on E-administration reception is critical, however feeble. Sexual orientation contrasts are likewise analyzed and all parameters of the model are found to work equally among sex, demonstrating the two gatherings perform comparatively. This paper features the nature of ICT assessment measurement and incorporate it in their authority procedure. In spite of the fact that the connection between saw quality and aim to utilize ICT is entrenched, there are as yet few examinations that extend this connection upstream or downstream. This paper examinations the following connection in this chain.

In general, only insolvent debtor is declared bankrupt by the Court. Hence, the Court should reject request of bankruptcy if the debtor is still solvent. However, there are many cases in Indonesia where the court passed on bankruptcy decision to the solvent debtors. The purpose of this article is to examine the needs of using insolvency test for bankruptcy decision ruled down by the judge. This article employs normative legal research. The results show that it is not easy for the judge to implement the insolvency test in bankruptcy case because the Indonesian Bankruptcy Law regulates that authentication process should be done in a simple way.

Although continuous positive airway (CPAP) pressure therapy is the most recommended treatment for patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) not all patients are able to remain compliant with this form of treatment. Some complain of claustrophobia, dry nasal passages, skin irritation from masks, difficulty tolerating pressurized air, and accidentally removing the mask while tossing at night. For patients like these, an alternative to CPAP therapy may be recommended, and depending on the level of severity of their disorder, may benefit from a substitute treatment such as an oral dental appliance. Oral appliances (OA) have emerged as an alternative to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treatment (Sutherland et al., 2014). The most commonly used OA reduces upper airway collapse by advancing the mandible (OAm). There is a strong evidence base demonstrating OAm improve OSA in the majority of patients, including some with more severe disease. However OAm are not efficacious for all, with approximately one-third of patients experiencing no therapeutic benefit. OAm are generally well tolerated, although short-term adverse effects during acclimatization are common. Long-term dental changes do occur, but these are for the most part subclinical and do not preclude continued use. Patients often prefer OAm to gold-standard CPAP treatment (1). Head-to-head trials confirm CPAP is superior in reducing OSA parameters on polysomnography; however, this greater efficacy does not necessarily translate into better health outcomes in clinical practice. Comparable effectiveness of OAm and CPAP has been attributed to higher reported nightly use of OAm, suggesting that inferiority in reducing apneic events may be counteracted by greater treatment adherence. Recently, significant advances in commercially available OAm technologies have been made. Remotely controlled mandibular positioners have the potential to identify treatment responders and the level of therapeutic advancement required in single night titration polysomnography (Sutherland et al., 2014). Objective monitoring of OAm adherence using small embedded temperature sensing data loggers is now available and will enhance clinical practice and research. These technologies will further enhance efficacy and effectiveness of OAm treatment for OSA (Sutherland et al., 2014)

This article analyzes the historical and philosophical foundations of the dialectical relationships of the conceptions of mutual cohesion and tolerance, as well as the peculiarities of modernity. The focus of the Central Asian region is to emphasize the importance of good-neighborly and friendly relations as a strategic social platform for mobilizing towards common interests.

The transfer of improved technology and their effective adoption is influenced by the method of its transfer to the farmers in accordance to their need. The media is playing an important role in passing on meaningful information at faster rate to the large number of farmers in country. It has emerged as one of the powerful sources of seeking relevant scientific information by our farm families, therefore, tapping and utilization of media for transferring the newly generated technologies in agriculture among the farm families is crucial and significant. This is mainly due to the fact that the vast majority of farm families belong to remote rural areas where facilities could not be arranged for sustainable individual or group approaches of technology transfer as it could be highly expensive and difficult in managing information infrastructure, therefore, responsibility and intervention of media in rural transformation is becoming more imperative and challenging. In this way the farmers can get hold of their future planning in a better way. The present study was conducted in Haryana state. Two districts viz. Sirsa and Fatehabad and 2 blocks from each district were selected purposively. Fifty farm families from each village selected randomly, thus comprising 200 farm families and total 400 respondents. It was evident from the study that communication means, news paper, T.V. and mobile phone were possessed by majority of the respondents. Regarding communication behavior, information input pattern, use of individual sources was of medium, whereas group and mass media sources were used to low extent. Information processing pattern and output pattern of respondents was found to be medium level.

This article examines the maritime claims that are subject to liability limitation as provided for in both the Nigerian Merchant Shipping Act, 2007 and the repealed Merchant Shipping Act 1963. It identifies some distinctions inherent in the application of the two Acts in respect of limitable claims. It concludes by stating that the legal provision allowing ship owners and their representatives to limit liability for loss or injury suffered by cargo owners due to delay in the delivery of goods under a contract of carriage should be abolished as the law is not in the best interest of Nigeria and its cargo owners.

“In Myanmar, the Buddhist ordination ceremony symbolizes the great renunciation of Buddha and also the ordination eight years-old son of Lord Buddha. Both this historical eventissymbolized and dramatized harmoniously in the ordination ceremony to join the monastic Sangh Order as a novice-hood and monk-hood as long as they desire to stay there. The ordination ceremony is as essential part of their life in Myanmar. The ritual performance of pabbajjā and Upsanpadā ordination ceremony currently being practiced in Myanmar will approached here by five stapes of study: the first is introduction the two kinds of ordination according with stories illustrate; the second is the role of supporter in ordination ceremony; the third is about the entry day of ordination ceremony; the fourth performant isactual ordination ceremony day; and the fifth exploration is three types of presently ritual ordination in Myanmar.”

This paper deals with the nomadic, semi nomadic and denotified tribes’ access to basic amenities like housing, infrastructure, drinking water, sanitation, electricity etc. Denotified and nomadic communities have tendency to move from one place to another new place in groups for their livelihood, this nomadic tendency has direct influence on their vulnerability to access basic amenities for their families. The present study is carried out in Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy, Mahbubnagar, Nalgonda and Warangal districts of Telangana state. Using stratified random sampling techniques primary data collected from nomadic, semi nomadic and denotified tribes. Study revealed that more than half of the respondents living in temporary structures, and do not have owned land. 70 percent of sample denotified and nomadic tribes depended on hand pumps and municipal or grampanchayat public taps for drinking water, few of them are fetching drinking water from one kilometer distance. Majority number of denotified tribes does not have toilet facility at their residence. 40 percent of sample respondents are still not able to access electricity facility at their homes. Almost 41 percent of sample denotified and nomadic tribes are not having bank accounts.

Background: preschool are 3 until 6 years old. Children urgently need full support from their family. The support will reflected trough by parenting. Aims: to know relationship between parenting parents and the independence of preschool in fulfill activity daily. Methods: the study was analitic with cross sectional approach. Total population were 37 respondents by using total sampling. Data collection were used by distributing questionnaire’s which contain 30 statements and then data were analyzed using chi-squre. Results: the result of this study obtained the majority of the 22 (59.54%) respondents whose children were cared for in an authoritative manner had independent children and 4 (10.84%) respondents whose children were cared for in an authoritarian manner had children who were not independent. Conclusion: there was a relationship between parenting parents with preschoolers independence with p-value (0,001) < α(0,05), and p-value (0.021) < α (0.05). Expected to respondents to be able to apply the appropriate parenting to establish the children independent in fulfill their daily activity.

Background: During scaling and root planing procedure aerosol production has been known as potent source of infection. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two different mouthwashes containing Chlorhexidine and Essential Oils by using them as pre-procedural rinsing agent in reducing the bacterial load of the aerosol produced by ultrasonic scaler. Methods: 45 subjects, age and gender matched were randomly divided into three groups on the basis of agents used for pre procedural mouth rinsing - Group I: Distilled Water (Control), Group II: Chlorhexidine (CHX), Group III: Essential Oils (EO). The aerosols were collected on three previously prepared and sterilised blood agar plates at three different positions in the operatory. The colony forming units were counted after incubating the plates for 48 hours. Results: At all locations, the mean CFU was highest in Group I followed by Group III and Group II. Conclusion: 0.2 % chlorhexidine was found to be most effective pre procedural mouthwash in reducing the bacterial load in the aerosol produced during ultrasonic scaling followed by essential oil and distilled water.

Work productivity is an illustration of the ability of workers to produce output. The higher the output produced by a worker, shows the higher the level of productivity of these workers. Centro de Saúde (CdS) area of Servços Municipio Saúde (SMS) Municipio de Baucau is the most many absorb health workers in Municipio de Baucau. But many factors influence productivity the work of health workers at these government institutions. Therefore, what was analyzed in this study was work motivation factors, work discipline and work environment towards the work productivity of CdS health workers in the SMS area Municipio de Baucau. This study aims to analyze the influence of work motivation variables, work discipline, and work environment on the work productivity of CdS health workers in the area of SMS Municipio de Baucau. Data in this study using primary data through distributing questionnaires to 110 health worker respondents in the CdS SMS area Municipio de Baucau with a list of questions prepared. To reach the goal, in this study using a cross sectional survey method. The sampling technique uses the Slovin formula. Sampling was done using the Proportionate Random Sampling method. Data analysis in this study uses Analysis Multiple Linear Regression using SPSS version 22 software for Windows. The results of this study indicate that the variables of work motivation, work discipline, and work environment are an influential positive and significant effect on work productivity of health workers in the CdS area of SMS Municipio de Baucau, and has an effect of 57.0% and the remaining 43% is influenced by other variables.

Introduction: The present study was conducted with the aim to diagnose and categorize aplastic anemia (AA) according to the severity as non severe (NsAA), severe (sAA) and very severe (VsAA) and to study microvessel density using immunohistochemical stain using CD 34 and morphometric analysis of microvessel density by computer assisted quantitative analyser and to compare it in the three subcategories of aplastic anemia with control group. Material and Methods: The present prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology at Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak. Thirty cases of AA patients and 10 cases of control were taken. AA patients were diagnosed on the basis of complete blood count, peripheral blood smear, bone marrow aspiration examination and bone marrow trephine biopsy (using Jamshidi’s needle). AA patients were categorized as sAA, NsAA and VsAA using camitta et al criteria. IHC using CD 34 was performed to look for angiogenesis and to calculate microvessel density (MVD). Results: Majority of patients (56%) of AA were between 1st and 3rd decade of life. Females were more commonly affected with a male to female ratio (11/19) of 0.58:1. In Aplastic anemia patients (Group I), using Camitta et al criteria 30 cases were categorized into NsAA (10 cases), sAA (12 cases) and VsAA (8 cases). MVD was calculated using CD 34 which is a good marker of angiogenesis. MVD showed a decreasing trend with increase in severity of the disease. Conclusion: The study shows that Aplastic anemia is associated with reduced bone marrow angiogenesis and mean MVD score shows a decreasing trend from non severe to very severe Aplastic anemia.

Multiple-choice tests are usually scored dichotomously, i.e. as correct or as incorrect. A correct response is scored one and an incorrect response is scored zero. Using these scores different psychometric paradigms and models are used to analyse the data and to quantify the performance of the test takers. Classical Test Theory commonly add the question scores to obtain a total score whilst Rasch and Item Response Theory models estimate measures from probabilities. In this paper an argument is made that dichotomous scoring includes significant measurement error as uncertainty of responses is not considered. It is demonstrated how Option Probability Theory can overcome this through assigning percentages to one or more options according to the test taker’s mental processes.

Background: Dairy products strongly enhance the growth of microorganisms. Soft cheese sold in Ado-Ekiti are mostly prepared locally and hawked by women who are mostly illiterates. The paucity of information on health safety of consumers of the local cheese necessitates this study. The prevalence, microbial load and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolated bacteria were investigated. Methods: Twenty samples of soft cheese randomly collected from various hawkers were processed. One gram of the curd was homogenized in 9 ml of peptone water and 0.1 ml of various dilutions from 10-1 to 10-6 was plated on standard media. Aerobic plate count, total coliform count and other bacteria count were enumerated after culture. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolated organisms was evaluated using disk diffusion method. Results: The mean aerobic plate count of bacteria and the total coliform count were 6.8 x 107 and 3.7x107 respectively. The most prevalent organism was Escherichia coli 18 (90%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 14 (70%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12 (60%), Salmonella typhi 6 (30%), Staphylococcus aureus 5 (25%) and Bacillus cereus 5 (25%). The mean colony forming unit/g of cheese was highest in Escherichia coli (8.2x106), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.4x106), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.3x105), Staphylococcus aureus (6.9x104) and Bacillus cereus (4.6x104). Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus cereus were susceptible to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus were susceptible to ceftaxidime, cefuroxime, gentamycin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Local cheese sold in Ado-Ekiti may not be safe for human consumption.

Aims and objectives: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice on hand hygiene among registered nurses and nursing students in a referral hospital. Background of study: HCAIs is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, prolonged hospital stay, increased health care costs, and antibiotic resistance in both acute and long term care facilities. Based on recommendations from WHO and the Centers for Disease Control, HH is the most important and easy way for the control of hospital infections. The five moments of hand hygiene opportunities by WHO is a simple schema which can be remembered and put into practice by prudent nurses. Design: A quantitative survey approach was used to collect data from the registered nurses and students of a referral hospital. Results: The mean knowledge of entire sample (registered nurses and students) on WHO hand hygiene questionnaire in our study was 13.9 (moderate knowledge) and the percentage was 60.8. Moreover there was no significant difference among the registered nurses and students in their knowledge level. Furthermore a positive attitude and practice was observed among registered nurses and students. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of regular services of in-service education for registered nurses which can help to prevent health care associated infections to a great extent. The nurse educators and practitioners should serve as role models and emphasize the importance of hand hygiene to budding as well as registered nurses for improved patient care outcomes.

Background: To study the of benign breast disease in relation to clinical presentation investigation and management. Material and methods: This prospective study was done for 120 patients presenting with benign breast disease in the department of surgery. Results: Highest incidence in age group 21-30(48%), right breast affected in 48%, patients, while the left breast was affected in 40%, Most common presentation was found to be lump in the breast 70%.fibroadenoma was commonly observed followed by fibroadneosis. Conclusion: Benign breast disease is a common problem in female, fibroadenoma is the commonest of them.

Background: in india drowning is one of the most common cause of death and it is mostly related to plenty of water resources from rivers, ponds, wells and extensive sea coast. Aim: to study death related to drowning. Materials and methods: this is a retrospective study of death due to drowning which underwent postmortem from 2008-2018 in department of Forensic medicine, Al Ameen medical college Bijapur, Karnataka. Results: Drowning deaths were predominantly seen in males (70%) followed by females (30%)with male to female ratio 2.33:1. Most common age group involved is 21-30 years(30%) followed by 31-40 years (20%). Most of the victims are married (48%) followed by unmarried(30%). Maximum number of deaths due to drowning has occurred in rural area (58%) followed by urban area (42%). Most of the victims are students (16%). Most of the victims belong to Hindu community(62%) followed by muslim community(20%). Most of the victims belong to upper lower class (36%) followed by lower calss (22%). Familial and Financial problem (22%) is the most common cause followed by Chronic alcoholism (20%). Lake (42%) is the most common place of occurrence. Most of the cases (92%) are showing positive result for some diatoms in bone marrow and sample water. In 6% cases, sample water only and 2% cases showing no diatoms in bone marrow and sample water. Conclusion: Deaths due to drowning is commonly observed in males in younger age group, married people, students followed by farmers and mostly people from rural population having familial and financial problems were commonly observed victims.

Intoxicated head injury constitutes a significant proportion of Emergency Department presentations throughout the United Kingdom. The presentation can be widely varied from isolated head injury to the multiply injured patient with co-existing head injury. As a result, the presentation can range from the inebriated walking patient to the patient brought in by ambulance with a standby-call in to the Department. In several Emergency departments across the United Kingdom have an ambulatory care unit where the patient with isolated inebriated head injury without any neurological deficit (and no acute findings on CT imaging) is admitted for neurological observations. In the presence of distracting head injuries, it is important to exclude the presence of any additional injuries. In this article, our main aim is to discuss isolated head injuries secondary to alcohol consumption.

Flexibility is considered a component of physical fitness that is related to health and flexibility training is recommended in different contexts. Muscle contraction during stretching exercise might increase hemodynamic response which appears to be influenced by the amount of activated muscle mass and intensity of stretching. These changes are primarily mediated by type 3 afferent fibers which are sensitive to mechanical stress. The stimulation of these peripheral mechanoreceptors includes Vagal withdrawal and increase sympathetic activity .The Valsalva maneuver is a forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway. It can be used to clear the ears, unintentionally during coughing or a bowel movement or as a Diagnostic or treatment aid. There is a increase in heart rate blood pressure and rate pressure product due to Valsalva maneuver. The influence of the Valsalva maneuver during flexibility training routine is also requires investigation because cardiovascular response are probably greater when is perform. This maneuver might frequently be used during stretching exercise especially in case of less flexible individuals due to difficult reaching and sustaining extreme range of motion for several seconds from a practical perspective studying these variables is important because variable such as the set number length stimulus interval between sets and training method likely affect the hemodynamic responses to acute stretching exercise .although previous studies have shown that acute stretching exercise include transient hemodynamic response, the pattern of this response is controversial. So the objective of study was to compare the acute response of blood pressure, Heart rate and rate pressure product during 10 sets of passive static stretching of hamstring muscle perform with or without Valsalva maneuver. Method: 100 subjects with hamstring tightness with Maximum ROM of 125° for unilateral knee extension and with no previous flexibility training experience were enrolled and divided into 2 groups randomly. Group A- stretching exercise was giving for 30secs for 10 sets along with Valsalva maneuver where active breath hold was done for last 15secs of each set. Group B- stretching exercise was giving for 30secs for 10 sets without breath hold. Heart rate, blood pressure were measured before and after intervention. Result: when comparison was made between post hemodynamic parameters, heart rate, blood pressure and rate pressure product was significantly increased in Group A. Conclusion: 10 sets of hamstring stretching with Valsalva maneuver significantly increase heart rate, blood pressure and rate pressure product. The performance of Valsalva maneuver intensified all hemodynamic response, which resulted in significant increase in cardiac work during stretching exercise.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of position on lumbar loadings. Methods: Ten healthy participants were recruited for the study. A motion analysis system was used to collect kinematic data, a force platform measured ground reaction force, and spherical reflective markers were attached into the upper, low extremities and trunk of each participant during lumbar flexion, extension, left bending and left axial rotation. The marker’s data and ground reaction force data were input to Open Sim and the compression and shear force in each segment of the lumbar spine was calculated. Results: In each position, the compression force and shear force from L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4 to L4-L5 increased gradually, but compared with L4-5 segment, the values in L5-S1 segment were decreased. In each segment, there were significant differences in compression and shear forces among flexion, extension, left lateral bending and left axial rotation (p<0.05). The compression forces presented with the largest values in flexion, followed by lateral bending, extension, and left axial rotation, and the shear force presented with the largest value in flexion, followed by left axial rotation, extension and left lateral bending. Conclusion: In the lumbar spine L4-5 and L5-S1 segment support more loadings than other segments, especially during flexion and axial rotation.

Background: Women contribute a lot towards society development. Gender equality is essential for society to ensure sustainable development of the country. Better is the status of women more developed are the societies. Status of women can be increased with their empowerment. Objectives of the study: To study awareness and participation of women in women empowerment activities in rural areas of Haryana. Method: Type of Study: Cross-sectional descriptive. Study Settings: Block Lakhan Majra. Study population: Women 18 years and above. Sample and sampling Technique: Stratified sampling technique for selection of study population to represent the all strata of population in equal proportion. Systematic random sampling for interviewing the study subjects. Results: Among1000 study participants 47.8% were house wives. Mobility of females in rural areas is restricted and they are not permitted to move out of house independently. Among the participants 4.7 % women owned land, 6.3% women having their own productive assets like cattle, sewing machines and 11% women having their own cash savings. 16.8% participants were aware toward political involvement of women in political activities and 83.2% were not aware and involved in political activities and they were not allowed to participate in political activities. It has been observed that 9.4% participants exercised voting by their own understanding and 51.2% voted according to desire of male members of the family. Conclusion: It is concluded that awareness among females of rural areas regarding women empowerment is very low. Overall awareness regarding political activities and voting rights is also low and these females are not empowered.

Reactors are equipment in which a chemical reaction takes place. For the chemical engineer, it is an operation of great importance since products that society needs are obtained by chemical transformations of raw materials. It is then fundamental to understand the mathematical models that describe the reacting systems. For a system of sequential reactions the speed law for each participating species is set, obtaining in this way separable differential equations and first order linear differential equations. Undesired reactions that accompany the main reaction can occur in a reactor, so it is relevant to consider all the lateral stages A characteristic example is the antibiotic hydrolysis which can be represented as a series of first order stages in which the desired product is the intermediary [A  I P]. Hence, it is necessary that the reactors modelling provides the maximum yield through establishing and solving a differential equation per reaction component. This paper presents the conceptual and procedural learning to obtain the sizing for an intermediary product oxacillin reactor [flucloxacillin  oxacillin  meticillin], through establishing the differential equations in which the students apply their knowledge in differential and integral calculus, as well as geometrical interpretation of derivatives and integrals. These concepts are necessary to be applied in the interpretation of the point reactor.

Background: School personnel play a vital role in the detection and reporting of child abuse, as they encounter almost all children in the population during their daily work. However, they report relatively few cases of suspected child abuse to child protective agencies. The aim of this qualitative study was to investigate the experiences of primary school teachers and school bus attendants regarding child abuse case detection and handling. Methods: Focus group interviews were held among 14 primary school teachers and 14 school bus attendants. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed according to determinants such as knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, skills, social influences and barriers influencing detection and reporting of child abuse. Results: Findings showed that although both groups of school personnel are aware of child abuse signs and risks, they are also lacking specific knowledge and the formal training regarding the detection and reporting guidelines. Conclusion: The results suggest that frontline workers are in need of supportive tools in the child abuse detection and reporting process.

Utilization of appropriate agricultural mechanization is expected to enhance the Ethiopia GTP II program implementation. Therefore, this study was proposed to identify the existing improved farm implements and powered machineries for agricultural operations and to survey small holder farmers need for mechanization implements in western oromia National regional state, Ethiopia. Primary and secondary data were used to obtain the target of the objective of the study. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select ten districts and twenty sample Peasant association (PAs). Survey data was collected from 185 sample respondents through structured questioner. Only descriptive analyses were employed for the study. The result of the study indicated that, out of the 185 household heads, more than 36% of the smallholder farmers owned either one or no oxen. The average size of land holding possessed by sample households was 2 ha (at least more than the national holding level) during the survey was conducted. In addition, only 22% of sampled respondents own one or more non-farm enterprises income. The results of the survey confirm, mostly 43% the respondent’s labor shortage happened during harvesting, while 31% said occurred during threshing time. According to the time series between 1998 and 2008 crop year’s different implements distributed thorough the center were decreased and totally 67%, 55%, and 18% of respondent heard, seen and used(either by hire or own as an asset) either one or more improved implements respectively.

Cancer in an multifactorial disease that occurs due to the uncontrolled cell division which invades surrounding tissue replacing native cells and ultimately resulting into the disease leading to death. Development of high throughout cancer vaccine is the need of the century in order to control increasing incidence of death among cancer patients. The aim of cancer vaccines is to stimulate the immune system of the individual, to be able to recognize and differentiate cancer cells as abnormal and destroy them specifically. Current research in field of molecular biology and immunology has resulted in the development of a range of recombinant vaccines viz., antigen, tumor cell, anti-idiotype antibody-based, dendritic cell-, DNA-, and viral- vector based- vaccines. Although success of cancer vaccine appears to be limited, still one such mile stone treatment for cancer is giving hope to the people in order to get cure. Cancer vaccines have been exclusively studied all through the past decades, and have made exceptional achievements in cancer treatment. Few cancer vaccines have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Majorly, cancer vaccine research is in progress to develop universal as well as specific cancer vaccine. the present presentation briefly details about the recent developments in cancer therapy especially by empahising vaccine development against cancer.

Background: Hypermethylation of promoter regions of tumour suppressor genes is known to cause downregulation of tumour suppressor genes. We evaluated DNA methylation of two tumour suppressor genes p15 & E cadherin on histopathologically proven cases of head and neck cancers. Objectives: To study Methylation in the promoter region of p15 and E Cadherin genes from tissue samples of head & neck cancer and compare it with peripheral blood. Methodology: Forty three cases of head & neck cancer were taken as study subjects. DNA was extracted from HPE proven head & neck cancers. This DNA was bisulphite modified. Methylation Specific PCR was done on the modified DNA to detect methylation pattern. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of the same patients and the same procedure was followed on the modified DNA to compare the methylation patterns in head & neck cancer tissue as well as in the blood. Results: DNA methylation was detected in 49% tissue samples and 40% peripheral blood samples in p15 gene & 63% tissue samples and 44% peripheral blood samples in E cadherin gene. Kappa coefficient is 0.346 for p15 gene and 0.277 for E cadherin. Conclusion: DNA methylation of promoter region of E cadherin & p15 tumour suppressor genes which causes them to become downregulated may be one of the mechanisms of development of head & neck cancer. This is a reversible mechanism. Demethylating agents like Azacytidine and Decitabine can be exhibited to patients of Head & neck carcinoma who show evidence of DNA methylation.

The activity concentration of Naturally Occurring Radio-nuclides such as 238U, 232Th and 40K in the collected soil sample from the selected area were measured by using Gamma ray spectroscopy employed by HPGe detector to perform the measurements. The average activity concentration values was found to be 46.708, 97.54, 795.414 and 2.23Bq/Kg for 238U, 232Th,40K and 137Cs respectively. These values were higher than the world average values given by UNSCEAR (2000). The average associated radiological hazard parameters indices Raeq, Dr, Din, Dout, AEDE, Hin, Hex, and I of natural radio-nuclides were determined to be as follow 191.7643, 148.5117, 1.020513, 0.182235, 1.202748, 0.794464, 0.668224 and 1.817106 Bq/Kg respectively. Some results such as Dout, Din, AEDE and I were found to be higher than the recommended world average values UNSCEAR (2000) and others were Raeq, Hex and Hin below the standard. Accordingly, the investigated soil sites were not radiation hazard free.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the stress distribution on simulated anterior FPD models by using a fiber reinforced composite framework, modified with 2 types of fibers – polyethylene and glass fiber reinforced – and of standardized thickness. Materials and Methods: A three-unit FPD replacing the maxillary lateral incisor was constructed using finite element analysis software. A fiber framework of the pontic was designed with three variations: with the main framework curved labially (FRC1), located in the center (FRC2), or curved lingually (FRC3). Each framework was compared with a hybrid composite FPD without any fiber reinforcement. A lateral load was applied to the three different loading points of the pontic 0mm, 3mm, and 6mm from the incisal edge, each representing loading conditions 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Stress analysis was by using two dimensional finite element method. Results: Maximum principle stresses developed in both the crown as well as the dentin of glass fiber reinforced composite anterior FPD was seen to be lesser than that developed in the same of polyethylene reinforced composite anterior FPD for all three loading conditions. Conclusion: Tensile stresses in the crown of glass fiber reinforced composite is less than that observed in the crown of polyethylene reinforced composite. Hence glass reinforced composite has more strength against masticatory forces.

Background: Nocturnal enuresis has a significant psychological impact on both children and their parents. Parenteral attitudes and perceptions immensely affect the management and resolution of bedwetting in children. This study evaluates the parenteral attitudes and perceptions regarding nocturnal enuresis. Methods: A descriptive explorative study was carried out on parents of children studying in selected schools of Nashik. A survey was conducted to determine the students with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. Out of 127 enuretic children aged 6 to 12 years, parents of 50 children who met the inclusion criteria were selected for the study. Results: Majority of parents 12(24%) considered deep sleeping the main cause of nocturnal enuresis while 3 (6%) considered it is caused by a neurological problem. The results of parents emotional reactions on their child’s enuresis revealed majority 18 (36%) regarded their child’s bedwetting as troublesome while 7 (14%) felt angry. On basis of their perceptions about useful management strategies12 (24%) considered limiting fluid intake before bedtime while 8 (16%) considered punishing and scolding the child as a useful remedy. All 7 parents who react angrily for their child’s bedwetting had either primary or secondary education. Parenteral education level was also related to management of enuresis where all 8 parents who considered punishing belonged to parents with either primary or secondary education. Parents with a positive family history of bedwetting considered limiting fluid intake and praising the child as useful management strategies. Parents with children who wet their bed every night (26%) felt more worried and angry on child’s bedwetting habit. Conclusion: Parents’ educational status and positive family history of bedwetting has a major role in their attitude and perception regarding emotional reactions and management of nocturnal enuresis where as parents’ educational status was not related to their beliefs about nocturnal enuresis causes. The results emphasize the need for proper educational or bladder training programs for parents to help manage their children with nocturnal enuresis.

Background: Kidneys are bean shaped excretory organs found on either side of the vertebral column in the posterior abdominal wall. Anatomical knowledge regarding renal morphometry and hilar structural pattern are important during urological surgical procedures. They serve as important indicators in the progression of any disease in both nephrology and urology practice. The aim of this study was to analyze the morphometric features of both right and left kidneys and to compare it with the previous studies. The features analyzed were length, breadth, width and weight of both right and left kidneys. Shape of the kidneys, lobulations and variations in the hilar patterns were also noted. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore. A total of 60 (30 right and 30 left) adult human cadaveric kidneys were studied. Length, breadth, width and weight of all the kidneys were noted. The average valuewas noted for all parameters. Shape of the kidneys, Lobulations and variations in the hilar patterns were also observed. Results: The length of right kidney varied between 7 and 11cms with an average of 8.72cms whereas the length of left kidney ranged between 7.1and 11.7cms with an average of 9cms. The breadth of right kidney varied between 4 and 6cms with an average of 4.92cms. The breadth of left kidney ranged between 3.7 and 6.4cms with an average of 5cms. The width of right kidney varied between 2.9 and 4.4cms with an average of 3.53cms whereas the width of left kidney ranged between 2.4 and 5cms with an average of 3.76cms. The weight of right kidneys ranged from 60 to 140grams with an average of 88.44 grams. The weight of left kidneys ranged from 56 to 142 grams with an average of 90 grams. Lobulations were seen in both right and left kidneys along with variations in the hilar pattern. The hilar structural pattern arrangement were classified into six types. The antero-posterior arrangement of renal vein, artery and pelvis was the most predominant one. Conclusion: Knowledge regarding the variations in the morphological features and vascular patterns of kidneys are important in the field of renal transplantation and posterior abdominal wall surgeries. Hence, the detailed knowledge regarding these parameters are of great use for anatomists, surgeons, urologists and radiologists in their field of practice.

Objectives: To study the effect of stair gait training for dynamic balance and walking ability in stroke patients. To study the effect of varied over ground training for dynamic balance and walking ability in stroke patients. To compare the effect of stair gait training vs varied over ground training for dynamic balance and walking ability in stroke patients. Methods: Cross Sectional Study design assigned by convenient samplingwith30 Subjects in each group. Outcome Measure: BBS, 5 METER WALK TEST, TUG test LEFS. Results: stair gait training for dynamic component in BBS score42.73 – 51.40(8.67mean differences) and in varied over ground training BBS score is 38.35- 46.73 (8.37 mean differences) which mean differences shows the both are statistically significant and highly significant in stair gait training as well as in LEFS score. Conclusion: Stair gait training and varied over ground training shows significant improvement in dynamic balance, gait speed and lower limb function activity. Dynamic balance and lower limb functional activity shows more improvement in stair gait training. In gait speed for TUG Test, and 5 Meter Walk Test shows equally improvement in both the training group.

Objectives: To study the effect of stair gait training for dynamic balance and walking ability in stroke patients. To study the effect of varied over ground training for dynamic balance and walking ability in stroke patients. To compare the effect of stair gait training vs varied over ground training for dynamic balance and walking ability in stroke patients. Methods: Cross Sectional Study design assigned by convenient samplingwith30 Subjects in each group. Outcome Measure: BBS, 5 METER WALK TEST, TUG test LEFS. Results: stair gait training for dynamic component in BBS score42.73 – 51.40(8.67mean differences) and in varied over ground training BBS score is 38.35- 46.73 (8.37 mean differences) which mean differences shows the both are statistically significant and highly significant in stair gait training as well as in LEFS score. Conclusion: Stair gait training and varied over ground training shows significant improvement in dynamic balance, gait speed and lower limb function activity. Dynamic balance and lower limb functional activity shows more improvement in stair gait training. In gait speed for TUG Test, and 5 Meter Walk Test shows equally improvement in both the training group.

Background of the study: Student nurses have different types of stressors e.g. financial stress, academic pressure from teachers and parents, time and health-related issues. This stress leads to affective, cognitive, social and physical changes. Sometimes mild stress is beneficial for academic tasks and performance while progressive high stress leads to affective and cognitive Impairment. Changes in affective and cognitive functions is one of the common mental health related issue among nursing students studying in nursing colleges and Raj yoga Meditation may help in improving their quality of life in terms of improving affective and cognitive functions and it is a safe, non-pharmacological, non–invasive, cost effective method and easy to practice. Objectives of the study: The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of meditation on affective and cognitive functions of nursing students in selected nursing colleges of Punjab. Material and Methods: A quantitative research approach and a quasi- experimental research design was used. Non-probability convenient sampling technique was used to select 60 nursing students. Questionnaire method was used to collect data by using Subjective Happiness Scale and Modified Rey osterrieth complex figure test. Raj yoga Meditation was given to experimental group for 20 minutes once a day for 21 consecutive days. Results: The findings of the study revealed in the experimental group, the pre-interventional mean±S.D is 4.958±0.8229 and post-interventional mean±S.D is 6.113±0.7357, t=6.0511, in affective function. In experimental group, the pre-interventional mean±S.D is 31.7±2.046 and post-interventional mean±S.D is 34.2±1.750, in copy trial. In the experimental group, the pre-interventional mean±S.D is 21.30±3.72 and post-interventional mean±S.D is 27.3±3.08, t=7.9145, in memory trial. In control group, pre-interventional mean±S.D is 4.708±1.0988 and post-interventional mean±S.D is 4.996±0.5549 in affective function. In control group, pre-interventional mean±S.D is 31.0±1.896 and post- interventional mean±S.D is 30.7±0.8632 in copy trial. In control group, pre- interventional mean±S.D is 19.57±3.65 and post-interventional mean±S.D is 21.30±4.24 in memory trial. Conclusion: This study concluded that Raj yoga meditation was effective in improving the affective and cognitive functions of nursing students.

The objective of research work is to enhance the solubility and dissolution of allopurinol by solid dispersion using different concentration of sugar carriers (lactose and mannitol). The allopurinol solid dispersions were prepared by kneading method using lactose and mannitol with different ratio of drug and carrier such as 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 and after the formulation all the physiochemical properties were examined. All the formulations were found within the permissible pharmacopoeial limits for various physicochemical parameters. The pre-formulation studies, like Fourier, transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the absence of drug-excipient interactions. The solubility and dissolution profiles of the sample were increased with increasing the concentration of allopurinol solid dispersions. Kneading method was proved to be a successful technique for the development of stable solid dispersion of allopurinol. The dissolution amount percentage of allopurinol formulations was found between 89.43 to 98.43% within 60 min. Hence, from the all evaluation studies, it was evident that F5 formulation was the better formulation. F5 formulation (Allopurinol: Mannitol in the ratio of 1:3), 98.43% drug released within 60 min.

Background: Acute pancreatitis is a common disease having wide clinical variations. It may vary in severity from mild self-limiting pancreatic inflammation to pancreatic necrosis which is a life threatening condition causing to multi organ failure syndrome. Methodology: We conducted a retrospective study in Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Pilkhuwa, Hapur in the Department of surgery from April 2017 to April 2019.All the patients with the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis were included in this study. Results: The present study was done in the patients who were admitted in the surgery ward with the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis during April 2017 to 2019.Fifty nine patients of acute pancreatitis were there. Out of these female patients were more in number followed by male patients. The foremost cause of acute pancreatitis was gall stone diseases in female patients and alcoholism in male patients. The mean age was 45-55 years in both sexes. Most patients were managed conservatively in high dependency surgical intensive care unit. Severe acute pancreatitis had poor prognosis. Surgical outcome was also not good. Conclusion: Acute pancreatitis is more prevalent in female population followed by male. Gall stone pancreatitis was more common in females and alcohol abuse in males. Conservative management was more fruitful than surgical intervention.

The various traditional systems such as Unani, Ayurveda and Siddha use several plant species to treat different ailments. The Unani (Greco-Arab) system of medicine has been practiced since ancient times for the treatment of range of diseases. Mako (Solanum nigrum) is an important plant in traditional medicines belonging to the Solanaceae family. The plant is cultivated throughout the country in dry parts, quite common in cultivated lands, road sides and gardens. The Unani physicians have prescribed Mako in various ailments like Ascites, Piles, Chronic cirrhosis of the liver, Gonorrhoea, rheumatic and gouty joints and various skin disorders. Through this paper, an effort has been made to collect information on medicinal properties of Mako mentioned in Unani classical literature as well as those which have been validated in the light of recent scientific studies.

Introduction: The success of periapical surgery is dictated by elimination of infected tissues and adequate apical seal. Among the various materials tested, MTA has shown good sealing ability and biocompatibility in previous studies. Materials like Biodentine, ESBCRRM have been introduced with the aim of overcoming some of the disadvantages of the MTA. Hence the aim of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of Biodentine, MTA and Endosequence, as a root end filling material, using stereomicroscope. Aim: To Compare and evaluate the sealing ability of MTA, Endosequence and Biodentine as retrograde filling material. Methodology: Sixty extracted maxillary permanent incisors were selected and stored in normal saline. The coronal portion was sectioned at CEJ access cavities were prepared, The working length was determined, BMP was done. Obturation done with gutta-percha. All sample were stored at 37 ± 1°C and 100% relative humidity for 7 days in incubator. The obturated samples were randomly divided into 5 groups.12 samples each group 1-negative control, group 2- positive control, group 3- mta, group 4- endosequence, group 5- biodentine. The apical 3mm of each root were sectioned. Round bur was used to prepare a 3mm root end preparation in all teeth. Apical leakage was evaluated using Rhodamine B dye and measured stereomicroscope. Mean and standard deviation was performed using a one - way ANOVA analysis of variance. Result: There was significantly less microleakage in Group - IV (endosequence) when compared to Group - V (Biodentine) and Group - III (MTA), but there was no significant difference between Group - V (Biodentine) and Group - III (MTA). Conclusion: On comparative evaluation of results of this in vitro study, it was concluded that ES-BCRR, Biodentine& MTA exhibited microleakage with Group II (ES-BCRR) showing the least microleakage of all.

Purpose: To compare surgically induced astigmatism between 2.8 mm and 3.2 mm superotemporal clear corneal incision in phacoemulsification with foldable intraocular lens implantation. Material and methods: A prospective study of 100 eyes of 100 patients undergoing cataract surgery were randomly divided in two groups of 50 each Group1-underwent phacoemulsification through 2.8 mm clear corneal inscision. Group II- patients underwent phacoemulsification through 3.2 mm clear corneal incision. Postoperative assessment visual acuity and keratometry was done at Day 1, week 1, week 6 and 3rd month. Results: Surgically induced astigmatism at month 3 was found to be higher in group II(0.39D =/-0.16D) than in group I (0.32D ± 0.22D), but the difference was not found to be statistically significant (P=0.07). Conclusion: Reducing the size of superotemporal clear corneal incision incision from 3.2 mm to 2.8 mm in phacoemulsification does not significantly reduce amount of surgically induced astigmatism.

In 1898 Banti described a disorder characterized by splenomegaly and hypersplenism, resulting in portal hypertension and anemia in the absence of hematological disease. It usually occurs around 3rd to 4th decade of life. It is known as non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (NCPH) in India and Idiopathic Portal Hypertension (IPH) in Japan. Hepatoportal sclerosis seems to be its counterpart in the United States. Banti's syndrome is a disorder of unknown etiology. It has been reported from Indian subcontinent. We report a case of atypical presentation Banti's syndrome in 34-year old man presenting to us with perianal and scrotal swelling. He was subsequently diagnosed to have Banti’s syndrome.

Complexities of the root canal anatomy make it complex for dental practitioner to correctly diagnose. The c-shaped canal is one of the rare anatomic variation which is mostly seen in mandibular second molars because of the shape of the canal and root. A profound expertise of the tooth, root and root canal anatomy is essential for the success of the endodontic treatment. This case report presents a rare root canal system in a mandibular second molar tooth, a single root with a single canal. Shaped canals with varying configuration are commonly observed in single rooted mandibular second molars.

Horizantal gene transfer during which genes are inserted into a genome by viruses, plasmids, and other foreign agents at example of archaea and bacteria cells had been served a more important role in the formation of substrate - substance basis, leading to origin of species during bioevolutionary time, also leading to further creation of NCM medicine and integration of Traditional and Modern medicines, which lasted from October 06 was day (one day is equal to 42 million years) - 3,6 bya years ago until December 31-1:00 a.m (40 mya) first monkeys, 9:00 p.m (5-6 mya) first hominins, 10:30 p.m (2,5 mya) - first stone tools, 11:22 p.m (0,5 mya) -first use of fire, 11:59 p.m (30 000 ya) - Cave paintings, 11:59:35 p.m (12 000 ya) -farming, 11:59:55 p.m (2 000 ya) - common era begins, 11:59:59 p.m (500 ya) -Renaissance. The recent literature date, relating to that archaea and bacteria are the deepest branches of the tree of life, the two groups are similar in morphology and share some fundamental biochemistry, including the genetic code have been confirmed that the day of formation of substrate - substance basis leading to further creation of NCM medicine and integration of Traditional and Modern medicines is October 06 (3,6 bya years ago when life established, first fossils - accorting to a brief evolutionary time table, because in the interval of this day, which lasted 42 million years, had been created the basic elements of membrane - redoxy potentials three state line systems as one is unseparable part of the full 9 stepped cycle of proton, electron conductance inside human body, leading to formation of RNA, DNA, ribosome, genetic code. What about general features of bioevolutional events happened in the October 06, 3,6 bya years ago was the early forms of life establishment in the form of Archea owing to natural geochemically sustained proton gradients of LUCA had been existed in the geochemical origin - hydrothermal vent of this time, giving the fundaments of following appearance of Bacteria, facilitating ecological spread and divergence by Horizantal gene transfer during which genes are inserted into a genome by viruses, plasmids, and other foreign agents at example of archaea and bacteria. The formation of substrate - substance basis during bioevolutionary time, leading to further creation of NCM medicine and integration of Traditional and Modern medicines within October 06 - 3,6 bya years ago had been conducted owing to transformation- the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA. By us have been established that the day of formation of substrate- substance basis leading to further creation of NCM medicine after 3,59 bya years of these historical events and integration of Traditional and Modern medicines is October 06 (3,6 bya, life established, first fossils)- because in the interval of this day, which lasted 42 million years, had been created the basic elements of membrane - redoxy potentials three state line systems as one is unseparable part of the full 9 stepped cycle of proton, electron conductance inside human body, leading to formation of RNA, DNA, ribosome, genetic code. The membrane - redoxy potentials three state line systems formed during October 06 was day (one day is equal to 42 million years) - 3,6 bya years agoas one is unseparable part of the full 9 stepped cycle of proton, electron conductance inside human body, leading to formation of RNA, DNA, ribosome, genetic code had been coded 3000 years ago had been coded by abstract triple code as Khii, Shar, Badgan (K.S.B) in Traditional medicine, when intellectual capacity of humans was developed in high level to find the triple code as (K.S.B).

Background: The study aims the analysis of leadership in National Health System. The present study focused at exploring the leadership models based on the answers of Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire by medical and nursing staff at St. Panteleimon, General Hospital of Nicaea Greece. Methods: The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (M.L.Q) by Avolio & Bass was given and convenience sampling method was used on May 2018. The population of the study was 386 male and female, medical 179 and nursing staff 205. Results: The Transformational leadership and intellectual stimulator, followed by idealized influenced- behavior and idealized influence-attributed are the most common answers. The laisser-faire management seems that is less dominant. The nursing staff seems that prefers the Transformational leadership rather than medical and the female population adopts Transformational leadership rather than men. The PhD and MSc owners prefer less passive management and laisser-faire management rather than the rest of the population study. Population with more years of experience prefers Transformational leadership with idealized influenced- behavior or idealized influence-attributed or inspirational motivator or intellectual stimulator rather than the youngest group age of population. Conclusion: Finally, the Transformational Leadership and intellectual stimulator, followed by idealized influenced- behavior and idealized influence-attributed are the most common answers.

Arrangement on the regional government-private partnership pattern is indispensable. In line with that, the ways to overcome the norms that arise in regulating such partnership pattern are also needed. This article aims to analyze the arrangement on the regional government-private partnership pattern and to find ways to overcome the problem of norms that arise in the arrangement of such partnership pattern. This is a normative legal research that employs statute and conceptual approaches. The results show that regional government can carry out partnership with private party (third party) in terms of, among others, utilization of region-owned property which is not used to carry out the duties and functions of the Regional Work Unit (Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah) and/or optimization of region-owned property by not changing the ownership status in a number of forms already regulated in the statutory provisions.

University studentsare often viewed as being at higher risks to acquire STIs/HIV infection, and they are categorized under the ‘most at risk groups’. Hence, to tackle the problem of HIV/AIDS in university, designing HIV/AIDS prevention messages is mandatory. This study was made to assess Jimma’s University students HIV/AIDS prevention message framing preferences. To do that, out of total of 1290 third year students, 305 students were selected using Sloven’s sample size determination formula. Questionnaire and interview were used to get quantitative and qualitative data respectively. The results indicated that in terms of detection –related behaviors, both the survey and interview showed that students generally preferred loss-framed messages so that they would be influenced to get HIV testing. Similarly, regarding messages that have prevention-related themes, majorities of the students preferred negatively framed HIV/AIDS prevention messages. In conclusion, in relation to prevention behavior, the finding failed to meet what health message framing theory advocates i.e. prevention –related behaviors would be most effective when they are framed in gain-manner. On the other hand, in relation to detection behavior the finding conceded with the theory that advocates that detection related behaviors would be most effective when they are designed in loss frame. To recommend, other factors that influence students’ preferences of HIV/AIDS prevention message framing should be well studied.

School counselors use the available infrastructure to design, deliver and manage inclusive school counseling programs that are meant to promote student achievement. The counseling programs focus on academic, career, and social/emotional curriculum that is delivered through classroom lessons, small group, and individual consultation. Despite availability of Guidance and counseling programs and the available infrastructure students academic achievement has been unsatisfactory for a number of decades. Evidence shows that many students have emotional and behavioral problems which cause frustrations and despair. Guidance and counseling is a powerful means of giving students support and help to perform well in their academics. The objective of the study was to establish the effect of management of guidance and counseling infrastructure on students’ academic performance. This study was based on the principles of person-centered and social learning theory. The study established that there was a statistically significant and positive relationship between management of Guidance and counseling and students academic performance. The study recommended that management of guidance and counselling infrastructure be given more attention in school strategic development plan and budget with the support of School Management Boards.

Introduction: Otitis media with effusion OME, which refers to the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear cavity without any signs of acute infection. The aim of study is to determine the prevalence, the risk factors and treatment. Early detection of OME leads to obtain good result within short time and help children for retaining their normal hearing. Untreated OME leads to serious social complications to the child, school, teachers and society like loss of hearing, mental retardation behavioral abnormality, speech problem, learning problem and school performance. Treatment of OME was by eradication of risk factors, medical treatment, eustachian tube rehabilitation and surgical interference. Material and methods: 1812 children examined from the first and second grade in primary schools by pneumatic otoscope. 308 children positive OME send for assessment of hearing and measuring the middle ear pressure by pure tone audiometry and tympanometry. Medical treatment was given (local steroid as Mometazone for 8 weeks, systemic antibiotic for 10 days as Amoxacillin, and systemic decongestant for 8 weeks as Montelukast, loratadine). Results: OME prevalence was 17% in Mosul city. 308 from 1812 children have had OME, those children were given medical treatment, 66% cured completely and their regaining their hearing. Only 34% resist the medical treatment and they need further treatment, follow up and surgical interferences. 21 children underwent bilateral tympanostomy with insertion of ventilation tube, 8 children underwent bilateral adenotonsillectomy with bilateral insertion of ventilation tube. Conclusion: OME is a common health problem in pre and primary school children, need early detection and early treatment with eradication of risk factors to retain their hearing for improving their school work performance

OYO Hotels & Homes is one of the most exceptional hotel industry growth stories of recent years. OYO has raised massive funding from major players, namely Japanese conglomerate Soft Bank Group and the American company, Airbnb. The hotel chain now has over 1,70,000 rooms in India and claims it is witnessing a 3X growth in transactions year-on-year in the country. OYO rooms start at very affordable rates and the company earns a significant commission from hotel owners for the bookings done on its platform. By the end of FY 2018, its top line had scaled to Rs 415 crore. Year on year, OYO saw its revenues climb almost thrice year-on-year. OYO has an ambition of becoming a full-scale hospitality company, and today it leases or franchises over 18,000 buildings across 22 countries. The research study focuses on understanding the exponential growth of OYO rooms globally and its correlation with the investment made by the company. A key facet of this study is to analyse the increasing demand for affordable hotel services across the globe and understand the gap in the market.

Although the Government of Kenya and parents value primary school education, disparities have continued to exist in academic performance in each school. Academic achievement of pupils in Kisumu West Sub County had remained low in comparison with other neighboring sub counties for the period 2011 to 2014, yet studies linking poor performance with level of education status of parents in this particular area of study were limited. Between 2011 and 2014, Kisumu West’s mean score was 243.17; Kisumu East 256.19; Kisumu Central 278.14, Nyando 248.66 and Muhoroni 258.46. The purpose of this study was therefore to establish the influence of parental level of education on pupils’ academic achievement in public primary schools in Kisumu West Sub County. It was conceptualized in the study that pupils’ academic achievement depends on parental level of education and these variables helped to guide the study. The study established that Parental level of education had positive influence on pupils’ academic achievement. The influence was moderate as signified by r -value of .503 at a p-value of .000, and accounted for 25% of the variation in pupils’ academic achievement. The study concluded that parental level of education moderately influences pupils’ academic achievement in public primary schools. The study recommended that parents regardless of their level of education, should be encouraged to enhance their children’s education by instilling into them academic discipline.

The Government of Kenya provides trained teachers and free primary education funds for each pupil in public schools, disparities have continued to exist in academic performance in each school. Academic achievement of pupils in Kisumu West Sub County had remained low in comparison with other neighboring sub counties for the years 2011 to 2017 yet studies linking poor performance with socio economic status of parents in this particular area were limited. Between 2011 and 2014, Kisumu West’s mean was 243.17; Kisumu East 256.19; Kisumu Central 278.14, Nyando 248.66 and Muhoroni 258.46. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of parents’ income level on pupils’ academic achievement in public primary schools in Kisumu West Sub County. It was conceptualized in the study that pupils’ academic achievement depends on socio economic status of parents. The study established that parental level of income had positive influence on pupils’ academic achievement. The influence was moderate as signified by the r – value of .451 at a p-value of .000, accounting for 20% of the variation in pupils academic achievement. The study concluded that parental level of income influenced pupils academic achievement and recommended that parents should be encouraged to spend more of their income on the basic needs of their children in order to enhance their academic achievement in schools.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the major factors for the ineffective implementation of continuous assessment and poor performance of students. Hence, in order to realize this overriding purpose, all the 3rd year senior students from colleges of engineering, natural and computational sciences, and Health and Medicine, instructors of these colleges were used as target population. Samples of 60 students and 45 instructors were selected using simple random sampling technique and purposive sampling respectivel, and observation of documents on the student assessments were used for analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative methods for data collection were employed and also the descriptive survey was employed. Open-ended and close-ended questionnaire and documents were used for data collection. Frequency counts and percentages were employed for analysis of quantitative data and qualitative data through open-ended questionnaire were narrated and used to support that of the quantitative one. The findings showed that there was a high gap of knowledge regarding the importance of continuous assessment on the parts of majority of instructors, leaders and students, and lack of commitment on the part of leaders as well were some of the major problems. Moreover, there were no programs and plans on the part of leaders at different levels to follow-up the continuous assessment along with other reasons. Hence, it was concluded that there was both competence and commitment problems on the part of leaders, instructors, and students as well. Therefore, it was recommended that sufficient orientation from the outset should be given to instructors, leaders, and students as well about the importance of continuous assessment; and all the necessary facilities should be availed to both the learners and instructors. Moreover, the policy regarding mode of delivery of the modules and regarding the clarity of assessment weights should be revised and made clear for all.

Ly-Tran dynasty (1009 – 1400 A.D.) was the peak period of Vietnamese feudalism history. It was also known as the golden age of Vietnamese Buddhism. Therefore, the finding of study aim on the explore influence of Buddhist culture in Vietnam during Ly-Tran Dynasty (1009-1400 A.D.), that finds absorbed and deeply influenced in Vietnamese culture. This article addresses the main influences of Buddhist culture on the decisive ideology of this period, which is the premise to create a great landmark in the history of Vietnamese Buddhism finds the influence several aspects related the Vietnamese Buddhists 4 aspects as followed (1) influence on political - social thought, (2) influence on traditional and customs of Vietnamese, (3) influence on literature, and (4) influence on architecture and sculpture.

The present study highlights the bioaccumulation of heavy metal and subsequent changes in the estuarine fish Liza parsia from Ashtamudi lake. The results of the present study on the quality of water and various aspects of L. parsia proved the grave situation of the lake. Morphology, biological constituents and reproductive organs of the fishes are greatly affected due to the pollutants. It will directly as well as indirectly affect the human being through the food chain. If the quantum of pollution status of the lake persists like this or increases, the quality of water, fishes and other biota of the lake will get deteriorated at a greater magnitude, becoming a serious threat to mankind.

Introduction: Cancer is describes as the disease that results due to cellular changes and these changes cause the uncontrolled growth and division of cells. A cell receives instructions to die so that the body can replace it with a newer cell that functions better. Cancerous cells lack the components that instruct them to stop dividing and to die. Chemotherapeutic drugs (CDs) are the most widespread worldwide modality used in cancer treatment, and other autoimmune diseases. However, their non-selective mechanism of action affects both cancerous and non-cancerous cells, that resulting in well documented side effects. Nurses are at risk of suffering side effects. Little negligence or mistake may lead to adverse unpleasant effects for patients, staff and environment. This study was undertaken to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs among nursing personnel in tertiary care hospital, India. Aim: The aim is to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs among nursing personnel. Material & Methods: Non-experimental descriptive cross sectional survey approach was used. Through convenient sampling, 60 subjects were selected. The knowledge questionnaire to assess knowledge and Likert’s scale to assess attitude was used. Descriptive statistics, pearson corelation and ANOVA /t- tests were used to analysis data. Results: The result revealed that the majority of nursing personnel (55%) had poor knowledge and (46.7%) had mild positive attitude regarding safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs. The statistically significant association was found between knowledge regarding safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs and gender, education of nursing personnel. The statistically highly significant association was found between attitude regarding safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs and oncology work experience of nursing personnel. Conclusion: The results of the present study reveal that there is poor knowledge and mild positive attitude regarding safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs among nursing personnel of tertiary care hospital, India.