May 2016

This handbook is prepared to meet basicneeds of our laboratory and hopefully, it gives highlights onlaboratory procedures to work with a variety of importantgroups of bacteria. It provides comprehensive information and logically organized, instructive, and progresses through laboratory safety, sterilization and disinfection, use of the microscope, sampling techniques, manipulation of microbes, cultures, staining and observation of microorganisms, identification of unknown microbe, maintaining cultures. With this in mind, this handbook is prepared to meet basic needs of our laboratory and hopefully, it gives highlights on laboratory procedures to work with a variety of important groups of bacteria.

In this article we reviewed honeybee genetic resources and honey production in Ethiopia. Books, journals newspapers and fact sheets were used. In Ethiopia, honeybees are known for their roles in apiculture since the third AD. Honey and bees wax have been contributing to the national and local economies as well as human nutrition for centuries. Moreover, honeybees have been playing immense roles in the overall economic development of the country as agriculture is the driving economic sector and honeybees are one of the major primary agents of pollination thereby ensuring sustainability of the later. Ethiopia is endowed with diverse honeybees genetic resources, amazing ecological diversity and climatic variation that is favorable for apiculture. Attributed to various manmade and natural factors, however, their productivity has been by far below their potential. In order to tackle these challenges that contribute for lower productivity and decline in honey bees colonies, ecosystems and biodiversity friendly and sustainable solutions need to be designed.

Background: Many studies show a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency across various populations the world over. There is relative lack of prevalence data in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. This cross-sectional study is carried out to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Southern Punjab population of Pakistan. Study Design: Single centre, Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted from June 2014 to December 2015, at diagnostic labs of MINAR, Multan, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: 450 subjects were tested for vitamin D. About 3 ml bloods from all the study subjects were collected in EDTA tube and plasma was separated via centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 5 minutes. The test principle is based on chemiluminescent emission which is measured by photomultiplier. The reaction mixture is aspirated into the measuring cell where the microparticles are magnetically captured onto the surface of the electrode. Unbound substances are then removed with Procell. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square test. Results: Out of a total of 450 subjects tested for vitamin D, females were 386(85.77%) and males were 64(14.22%) of the total sample size. The mean age of respondents was 44.53 years (age range 10-90 years) .Levels of 25(OH)D level in ng/ml was measured in four categories. In total no’s (both males and females) the vitamin D deficient range (<10ng/ml) was 148(32.88%), the insufficient range(10-19.9ng/ml) was 173(38.44%), the inadequate range(20-29.9ng/ml) was 70(15.55%) and desirable range(30-100ng/ml) was 59(13.11%). A high overall prevalence (86.87%) of vitamin D deficiency was observed in the study subjects. In the total subjects the deficiency of vit D observed was 88.33% in females and 78.11% in males. A significant gender-specific difference was also recorded at the cut-off level of 25 (OH) D, with women showing higher prevalence of deficiency compared to men (P < 0.05). Vitamin D level in age wise distribution showed that deficiency was higher in persons in age ranging from 50-90years as compared to age ranging from 10-49 years (P=0.11) Conclusion: The study showed a high percentage of vitamin D deficient individuals. The frequency of vitamin D deficiency was greater in females as compared to males. The vit D deficiency was higher in people above 50y. There is a need to take immediate measures to tackle this growing public health problem.

Back-ground: Preeclampsia, a systemic illness of late pregnancy seen in approximately 6% of primigravid women, is an important cause of maternal & fetal morbidity. The levels of calcium and magnesium in pregnancy may implicate in their possible role in pregnancy induced hypertension. This study assessed serum Ca2+ , Mg2+, Na+ and K+ levels in women with PIH (pregnancy induced Hypertension) and Preeclampsia compared with normal pregnancy. Material & Methods: This study was conducted on 100 pregnant women as a control & 100 pre-eclamptic women as a study group. We evaluate the serum potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium levels in both the group. Result: The result of this study we found evaluated serum potassium level as compared to control it is significantly higher. Calcium, Sodium, Magnesium are significantly low. Conclusion: In the light of the above observations, it can be concluded that Pre-eclamptic pregnant women have higher levels of S. Potassium decreased level of S. Calcium & Magnesium and no significant difference in Sodium levels as compared to normotensive pregnant women in their IIIrd trimester pregnancy. Lowered plasma or serum Magnesium concentrations in pre-eclampsia may contribute to the development in hypertension in pregnancy. In addition, a disturbed Calcium homeostasis is observed in pre-eclampsia.

Exophytic gingival lesions represent some of the more frequently encountered lesions in the oral cavity. Pyogenic granuloma is a primarily reactive hyperplasia which appears in the oral cavity as an overgrowth of tissue due to physical trauma or hormonal factors and irritation. The growth is typically seen in young adults, it may occur in any age, especially in individuals with poor oral hygiene. The purpose of this article is to present a case report of pyogenic granuloma in male patient with mandible involvement.

Dental caries according to Center for Disease Control and Prevention is a chronic and preventive disease which is 32 times more likely to occur in infants of low socioeconomic status, whose mothers have a low education level, and who consume sugary foods (Alshehri et al., 2015). Oral health care therefore, in infancy itself is the foundation on which a life time of preventive education and dental care can be built up in order to help acquire optimal oral health. The first step of infant oral health care is the preventive oral health behavior of parents since they would influence their children’s behaviour in adapting to the preventive oral health practices as they grow along. Mothers are undoubtedly the primary source of early education in children with regard to a good oral health. It is also an important aspect of general health in infants and children as it impacts the quality of life and health outcomes. Hence, timely delivery of educational information to nursing mothers whose infants are at high risk for developing caries is the ultimate goal of early assessment aiding in implementation of preventive strategies. This study was done to assess the nursing mother’s knowledge and awareness about the oral health of their infants. The study was conducted at a local medical college and hospital through an 18-item questionnaire which was distributed among 150 nursing mothers of Hubli-Dharwad region by the researcher. Response was recorded by likert and multiple choice questions written in both English and Kannada. The results were analysed using Pearson chi-square test. The study showed that people lacked awareness about important oral hygiene measures. Although The parents with their lack of awareness about the pedodontist, had a fair idea about oral hygiene maintenance among infants. This knowledge can be further improved by conducting ‘oral health care awareness programs’. They are very important to secure healthy oral condition among infants. Therefore, acummulative effort by both the medical and dental health care professionals should be initiated towards achieving it.

Background and purpose: The presence of a spinal lesion, whether symptomatic or not, presents a diagnostic challenge as many a times clinicoradiological diagnosis differs from tissue diagnosis. Percutaneous transpedicular spinal biopsy (PTSB), along with advanced diagnostic methods in pathology, enable accurate diagnosis of pathological spinal lesions. Our goal was to determine the accuracy and clinical usefulness of this procedure in patients with suspected pathology of spine. Method: Image-guided PTSB was performed in 50 patients with osseous spinal lesions as a day care procedure. Basic blood investigations of all patients were obtained prior to procedure. All the biopsies were done in operating room under sterile conditions, under local anesthesia. In all patients biopsy was performed using 13-gauge Jamshidi needle. Biopsy specimens were sent for histolopathological/cytopathological analysis depending upon the nature of tissue retrieved. Haemorrhagic fluid obtained along with the specimens was sent for microbiological studies when clinically indicated. Results: The patients were between 10 years to 78 years, with a mean age of 49 years. 27 patients were male and 23 were female. The level of biopsy was thoracic in 22, lumbar in 27 and sacral in 1. In 46 patients, bone tissue was obtained and in the remaining 4, soft tissue was obtained. Haemorrhagic fluid was also aspirated along with biopsy specimens. In 38 patients, a clinicoradiological diagnosis of infective pathology was made. The biopsy report confirmed infective pathology in 16 patients, while in 2 patients the report suggested of neoplastic pathology. In the remaining 12 cases, clinicoradiological diagnosis was neoplastic pathology. The biopsy report confirmed neoplastic pathology in 8 patients, while in 1 patient report suggested of infective pathology. The remaining 17 reports suggested inflammatory pathology. Overall, the biopsy was positive in 44 (88%) cases, out of which diagnosis was confirmed in 27 cases (61.4%). In the remaining patients, 4 samples were suggestive of necrosis and 2 were inadequate to provide a diagnosis. Conclusion: Image-guided PTSB is an important tool in the evaluation of spinal lesions. It is technically easy, quick, reliable, safe, cost-effective, can be done as an outdoor procedure by any orthopaedic surgeon and can eliminate need for open biopsy of the spine. It should be done in all patients with suspected osseous spinal pathology to avoid mismanagement as in many cases the clinicoradiological diagnosis may differ from histological diagnosis.

Seed An improved and effective method for shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (L.) was established. Shoot-tip explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media fortified with different concentrations of benzyl amino purine (BAP), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and zeatin for efficient shoot induction. BAP at 1.0 mgl-1 was found most effective for initial shoot bud induction. About 76.67% explants responded, resulting in the highest (5.9 ±0.11) number of shoots per explant after 30 days of culture. A combination having 1.0 mgl-1 BAP with 0.3 mgl-1 NAA in MS medium, performed best as shoot multiplication medium with highest (10.33 ±0.09) number of shoots per explant with a mean shoot length of 3.81 ±0.09 cm after six weeks. For improving the shoot morphogenesis, different concentrations of putrescine (10-100 mgl-1) were tested as an ethylene modulator. Putrescine at a concentration of 50 mgl-1 had maximum promoting influence on percentage of culture response (93.33%) and number of shoots (12.67 ±0.13) regenerated per explants with a mean shoot length of 6.84 ±0.13cm. The in vitro rooted plantlets were hardened and finally successfully transplanted in natural soil with almost 92% field survival rate.

The State Phytosanitary Service of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (SFE, for its acronym in Spanish) declared national emergency in 2014 because of rising populations of mealybug Pseudococcus elisae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in banana plantations. Currently, there is a great concern due to the economic losses caused to farmers. To understand about the morphological and molecular relationship of these individuals, the present work was carried out with the aim of describing insects collected from 10 farms from the Atlantic region of Costa Rica and analyze three specific genes of mealybugs. The microscopy analysis was done in the Center for Research on Microscopic structures in 2012 and the molecular analysis was performed in the Molecular Phytophatology Laboratory ending in 2014, both at the University of Costa Rica. Morphological and molecular variations among mealybugs were identified; also discrepancies were noticed when comparing the results of the species among the three genes obtained from the study (18S ribosomal, E.F-1α and COXI), providing sequences that identified one of the species present in Costa Rica as Pseudococcus elisae, which was not previously described in the gene bank (NCBI). Resumen: El Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (SFE) declaró emergencia fitosanitaria nacional para el año 2014 a causa del aumento de poblaciones de la cochinilla harinosa Pseudococcus elisae (Hemipters: Pseudococcidae) en el cultivo de banano. Actualmente existe una gran preocupación por las pérdidas económicas generadas a los productores. Para entender a cerca de la relación morfológica y molecular de estos individuos el presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de describir a los insectos colectados en 10 fincas de la región Atlántica de Costa Rica y se analizaron tres genes específicos de la cochinilla harinosa. La descripción morfológica se realizó en el CIEMic de la UCR en el año 2012 y el análisis molecular en el Laboratorio de Técnicas Moleculares aplicadas a la Fitoprotección del CIPROC para finalizar en el año 2014. Se identificó variación morfológica y molecular entre las cochinillas harinosas, también se observó discrepancias al comparar los resultados de las especies obtenidas entre los tres genes del estudio (18S ribosomal, F.E-1α y COXI), aportando además secuencias que identifican a una de las especies presente en Costa Rica como Pseudococcus elisae, la cual anteriormente no estaba descrita en el banco de genes (NCBI).

Objective: To evaluate and compare the antifungal efficacy of Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Calcium enriched mixture (CEM) & Biodentine against Candida albicans by modified direct contact test (DCT) at 1, 3 and 7day intervals. Study design: The study materials selected were MTA (Group1), CEM (Group 2) and Biodentine (Group 3). The cements were mixed in strict compliance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. The modified DCT performed was based on turbidometric determination of fungal growth in 96-well microtiter plates. Sidewalls of the microtiter plate wells were coated with freshly mixed test material and a 10 μL fungal suspension was placed. After 1 hr of incubation at 37oC, Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) (245 μL) was added. These were designated as ‘Row A’ wells. 15 μL was then transferred from row A wells to an adjacent set of 4 wells containing fresh SDA medium (215 μL), designated as ‘Row B’ wells. Fungal outgrowth was monitored both in the presence (Row A wells) and in the absence (Row B wells) of the test materials. The plates were then placed in the spectrophotometer with optical density measured at 630 nm. The readings were taken hourly for 15 hours on the 1st day, 3rd day and the 7th day. Experiments were triplicated. Data was analysed using the Friedman’s test. Conclusion: All the cements showed antifungal activity against C.albicans on 1st day, which gradually declined over a period of 7 days. MTA exhibited the most efficient antifungal activity as compared to Biodentine and CEM over a period of 7 days.

The consumption of foodstuffs contaminated with aflatoxins may lead to hepatotoxic effect particularly in coexistence with chronic viral hepatitis B infection. In Sub-Saharan Africa, hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies. The aim of this study was to measure the level of exposure of aflatoxin and liver damage markers in adults with viral hepatitis B infection in Ghana. The study was conducted in the Ejura-Sekyedumase district, Ghana. Five hundred adults were screened for viral hepatitis B surface antigen. Spot urine and blood samples were collected. Analysis of AFM1 in the urine were measured using immunoaffinity column purification (AflaTest) followed by HPLC-fluorescence detection. Viral hepatitis B surface antigen and liver damage markers were detected using Clinogen rapid kit and automated calorimetric method respectively in the blood samples. Out of total number of 500 samples screened, only 43(8.6%) tested positive for HBsAg whiles 457 (91.4%) tested negative. Forty three controls (HBsAg negative) were selected. There was significant difference in the AFM1 levels between the HBsAg positive adults (5255.0±2757.9) and their controls (374.8± 227.7) (P=0.001). There was no significant difference in the ALT, AST, and GGT concentrations between the Hepatitis B surface antigen positive and their control group. Four adults (9.3%) tested positive for HBeAg with mean concentration of AFM1, ALT and AST of 6107.1 pg/dL 56.7 U/L and 78.8U/L respectively. Results from our study have demonstrated significant levels of aflatoxin in HBsAg positive subjects compared to HBsAg negative subjects. The observations emphasize the need for aflatoxin exposure intervention strategies in high-risk countries; possibly targeted at postharvest.

The pontic design in anterior edentulous region is primarily influenced by aesthetic and phonetic factors and secondarily by residual soft tissue contour. One of the most challenging issues in dental treatment plan is to preserve interproximal tissue after the loss of tooth,which is detrimental in terms of esthetic outcome. A valuable solution is ovate pontic which creates the illusion of the tooth growing out of the gingiva and thereby, provides with best aesthetic result adjuvant to creation andmaintenance of interdentalpapilla, ease of cleansibility with beneficiance for elimination of ‘black triangle’spaces.

Nearly 35% of general population associated with a number of health-problems like Parkinsonism, mental disability, motion sickness, allergic rhinitis, hypertension and cardiac failure. To overcome such problems, certain innovative drug delivery systems, like Mouth Dissolving Tablets (MDT) have been developed specially for geriatrics and paediatrics patients. Mouth dissolving tablets offers rapid disintegration so as it dissolve very fast in saliva & then easily swallowed without the need of water which is a major benefit over conventional dosage form. The popularity and usefulness of the formulation resulted in development of several mouth dissolving tablet technologies for preparation. In recent past, several manufacturing technologies such as sublimation technique, spray drying technique…etc. are employed to overcome the limitations of conventional tablet dosage forms. Once the mouth dissolving tablets are prepared they are required to be evaluated for various parameters so as to have long term stability and better therapeutic efficacy.

Anal fissure is a common painful condition affecting the anal canal. Chronic anal fissures are traditionally treated by manual anal dilatation or lateral internal sphincterotomy. There is a degree of anal incontinence with these procedures. Subcutaneous fissurectomy was performed in 20 cases with a control of 20 cases operated by lateral internal sphincterotomy. Results were evaluated for pain relief (p<0.01), incontinence (p= 0.03), and no. of work days lost (p< 0.01). Subcutaneous fissurectomy was found to yield superior results when compared to lateral internal sphincterotomy.

The availability of potent combination of antiretroviral regimens has resulted in a dramatic reduction in HIV-1 associated morbidity and mortality in the developed world. However, HIV infection and treatment has been associated with the development of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of emtricitabine (antiHIV drug) on pharmacodynamic activity of sitagliptin (antidiabetic drug) in normal and diabetic rats with respect to insulin levels. Alloxan-induced diabetic model in rats has been used in this study. In normal rats and diabetic rats the levels of insulin were calculated at 3 hr and 8 hr. The insulin levels were found to be similar in the groups of sitagliptin control and after single dose and multiple dose treatment of emtricitabine in normal rats. The insulin levels of diabetic rats did not reduce significantly in single and multiple dose treatment of emtricitabine when compared to sitagliptin control. The results confirm the absence of pharmacodynamic interaction of sitagliptin with acute and chronic administration of emtricitabine.

Background: There is a major concern all over the world regarding the rise in attempting suicide in certain population especially among the young. Wide variations have been found in suicidal attempt among different cultures, societies and countries. The rate of attempted suicide is 8-10 times more than the completed suicide. Coping is most often conceptualized as a response to the demands of specific stressful situations. Though deliberate self‑harm encompasses a wide variety of medical and social disciplines some of the important psychosocial variable such as social support, coping strategies, and quality of life has not yet been explored in depth in India. Aims: The aim was to analyze and compare the coping strategies, social support, and quality of life of suicide attempters versus matched normal controls, and to identify the risk factors leading to suicide. Settings and design: The study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry, Agartala Govt. Medical College & GBP Hospital, Agartala, Tripura. The samples for the study were recruited from different outpatient & indoor facilities of the GBP Hospital after application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria (n= 100) cases of suicide attempters and healthy controls (n=100) were included in the study. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 consecutive suicide attempters were compared with same number of age, sex, and marital status matched healthy controls using Social Support Questionnaire, Bengali version of ways of coping Quissionare (Susan Folkman and Richard S. Lazarus) and WHO QOL‑Bref. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS- 20, Results: Attempters experienced significantly less Social support than controls. Most common Coping strategies used by the suicide attempters were confronting coping (72.5%) followed by distancing (60%) and coping strategies used by the control groups were seeking social support (60%), accepting responsibility (52) and self-controlling (45%).Positive coping, and of QOL were significantly lower in attempters. Among all risk factors good education and good social support were protective against suicide. Conclusion: Suicide attempters were differentiated from healthy controls based on lower social support, less healthy coping, and poor QOL. However, it is difficult to pinpoint a single factor responsible for suicidal behavior. It is the complex interplay of various interrelated factors and the resultant buffering effect, which is protecting the individual against deliberate self‑harm.

Introduction: Plantar Fasciitis occurs because of micro trauma to the plantar fascia due to abnormal loading. Plantar fasciitis is considered as a self limiting condition. However the typical resolution time is anywhere from 6-18 months or sometimes longer. Conservative management is reportedly very successful. Therapeutic ultrasound with or without phonophoresis, electrical stimulation and administration of NSAIDS through iontophoresis are said to be effective. Methods: 30 patients were taken from OPD of Department of Orthopaedics, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital; Faridkot based upon inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were divided into two groups of 15 in each by simple random sampling. Group A was treated with Ultrasound for 3weeks, Group B was treated with Iontophoresis for 3 weeks. Total treatment duration was 3 weeks. Both groups were assessed for Pain (visual analogue scale) and disability (Foot Function Index). Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in VAS and FFI before the treatment had started at 0th week as p value was (0.851), (0.522). While there was a significant difference between the two groups after 3rd week of treatment as p value was (0.115), (0.000). The score of visual analogue scale (VAS) and foot functioning index (FFI) improved in both groups, though the decrease of intensity of pain and functional disability was more in Group B (p<0.01). Conclusion: This study concluded that both Ultrasound and Iontophoresis are effective in decreasing pain and functional disability. However, it is concluded that Iontophoresis is more effective than Ultrasound in Plantar Fasciitis.

Purpose: The surgical extraction of lower third molars is the most frequent intervention in oral surgery. Swelling, trismus and pain are normal phenomena induced after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar. The use of corticosteroids has gained wide acceptance to reduce postoperative complications. Many studies have used dexamethsone in dentoalveolar surgery to reduce facial swelling, pain and trismus but the comparative study on half an hour preoperative intramuscular and intravenous injection of dexamethasone has not been undertaken for studying its effect on postoperative sequlae of surgical removal of mandibular third molar which has been done in the present study. Methodology: Study was conducted on 15 patients with bilaterally impacted mandibular third molars with similar difficulty index. The patients were given single preoperative dose of 8mg intravenous and intramuscular dexamethasone for surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar with a minimum interval of 1 month between two surgeries. Pre operative and first, third and seventh postoperative day’s inter-incisal distance, facial swelling & pain was assessed based on VAS. The data was subjected for statistical analysis. Results: The significant lower values of pain score on VAS scale were noted with the intravenous route of administration of dexamethasone. Conclusion: This study reveals that the half an hour preoperative intravenous route of administration of dexamethasone is preferable over the intramuscular route to reduce the incidence of post operative pain on surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar.

Excessive consumption of sugar-sweetener beverages is a cause of chronic disease such as obesity and diabetes because of the impairment of postprandial state and enhancement of energy intake. Therefore, plant-derived sweetener as substitution of sugar is an alternative sweetener but the evidence in human is limited. We aimed to determine the effects of carbohydrate sugar (high fructose syrup, organic brown rice syrup, honey, and sucrose) or sweetener (stevia leaf extract and aspartame) beverage on postprandial plasma glucose level, plasma antioxidant status, appetite, and ad libitum in healthy men. Thirteen healthy men were included in six randomized, crossover study. Each participant received breakfast meal together with either 400 mL of carbohydrate sugar (570 kcal/ serving) or sweetener (406 kcal/ serving) beverage. Visual analogue scale ratings for appetite (fullness, hunger, desire to eat, and satiety) and repeated blood sampling for plasma glycemia and antioxidant status were assessed for 240 min. Then, they were allowed to choose and consume foods at an ad libitum as a buffet-like meal at 240 min. We found that BRS-containing beverage was positively associated with postprandial plasma glucose, FRAP and ORAC (P< 0.05) compared to other beverages. In addition, it also significantly increased satiety and fullness (P< 0.05) compared to others but no significant difference was found for energy intake ad libitum meal. However, increased satiety and fullness in healthy subjects was associated with reduced energy intake an ad libitum meal. Therefore, decreased energy intake ad libitum may decrease risk of weight gain and other chronic disease.

Background: Caesarean section rates are rising with possible negative impact on mother and baby. Methods: This was a prospective, case control study that was conducted in Omdurman maternity hospital during the period July 2013 to January 2014. 400 babies were included in the study, 200 were outcome of normal spontaneous vaginal delivery and the other 200 were outcome of elective caesarian section. Data was collected using a specifically designed questionnaire containing maternal and neonatal data, Neonatal outcome was compared between the two groups.. Data was analyzed by SPSS program, Chi square test was used to study the correlation between neonatal outcome and type of delivery. Results: The results showed that the majority of the women in the caesarean section group (87%) had regular antenatal care. There were 4(2%) babies with low birth weight (LBW) in the vaginal delivery group compared to no baby in the other group. There were 7(3.5%) babies in the vaginal delivery group with Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes and no baby in the caesarian section group had low Apgar score with significant association between low Apgar score and type of delivery (P=0.001).Elective caesarean delivery increased the rate of transfer to the neonatal intensive care unit and the risk for transient tachypnea of the newborn with significant association between transient tachypnea of the newborn and type of delivery (P= 0.04). Conclusion: There is an association between mode of delivery and neonatal outcome. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of limiting elective caesarean deliveries to cases with clear indications and proven benefit for the mother and baby.

The Study Objective: 1. To study the role of hysteroscopy in evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding. 2. To correlate accuracy of hysteroscopic findings with histopathologic findings. Material and methods Designs: A retrospective study was done from from March 2014 to March 2016. Setting: study was carried out in the Department of Gynecological endoscopy at Manchanda’s Endoscopic Center, PSRI, Delhi Patients: One hundred and two cases were selected for this study from patients of age group 18 and above, who were admitted with the history of abnormal uterine bleeding. After detailed menstrual history, both systemic and gynecological examination was done. USG pelvis was done to detect any structural abnormality and to see the endometrial thickness. Patients were admitted on D5-D10 of their menstrual cycle except patients with grossly irregular cycles. In case of post-menopausal woman, they were prepared and admitted when the bleeding decreased or stopped. Interventions: All patients underwent hysteroscopy post-menstrually, whenever possible, except in cases where menstrual cycles were grossly irregular.endometrial biopsy was taken at the same sitting during hysteroscopy and sent for histopathology. The correlation between findings on hysteroscopy and histopathological examination was tabulated and analyzed. Result: In our study we found that hysteroscopy serves as good tool with sensitivity of 87.5% in diagnosing intrauterine pathology. It also has high specificity of 91.3%. It has positive predictive value of 92.5% and negative predictive value of 85.7% .It was accurate in diagnosing pathology in 89.2% of patients with AUB with significant p value when compared to histopathology which is the gold standard. All the findings had significant p value. Conclusion: Hysteroscopy is highly sensitive and accurate tool for diagnosis in patients with AUB. Due to direct visualization, pathologies like endometrial polyp, submucous myoma, carcinoma endometrium, atrophic endometrium, retained products and hyperplasia can be diagnosed with great precision. Hysteroscopy with directed biopsies should be preferred over traditional dilatation and curettage for its advantages like direct visualization of pathology, reduced hospital stay, less surgical trauma and accuracy.

Background: We studied the effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine on characteristics of subarachnoid block with respect to sensory block, motor block, duration of postoperative analgesia and complications encountered. Materials and methods: Hundred patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade I or II (20 – 50 years) presenting for lower limb orthopaedic surgery were included in the study. All patients received 2.5 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine intrathecally followed by: Group D (n=50) - Loading dose of 1 µg kg-1dexmedetomidine over 10 minutes started 20 minutes after spinal block + maintenance dose of 0.4 µg kg-1 hr-1dexmedetomidine till the end of surgery; Group P (n=50) - same calculated volume of normal saline as loading dose over 10 minutes + maintenance till end of surgery. Data regarding the onset and regression of sensory and motor block, VAS score, duration of analgesia, sedation score, haemodynamic parameters and complications were recorded. Results: The time of two segment regression, regression to S2 dermatome and time of VAS ≥ 4 was more in group D than in group P (p< 0.001). Patients in group D had a significantly higher sedation score than group P (p< 0.001). Dexmedetomidine significantly reduced the post-op requirement of diclofenac injection (p< 0.001). No other complications were observed in the two groups. Conclusion: Intravenous dexmedetomidine after spinal block resulted in significant prolongation of time to two segment regression of sensory block, motor block and time to VAS 4; reduced postoperative analgesic requirement and good sedation levels with maintenance of haemodynamic parameters.

Nutrition and diet is now in the integral and the most essential component of healthy living in today’s world. Lack of awareness towards the advantages of nutritious diet and lifestyle pattern is becoming the major threat for human life. Proper and focused diet counselling plays a major preventive and curative role in various diseases. This correlational study was carried out in the time period of three months span amongst the OPD patients. Subjects were selected on the basis that the dietary modifications in their disease conditions played a very significant role. Inclusion criteria also included the condition that patient should be the regular visitor to the diet clinic of OPD and maintained their clinical and biochemical profiles record. Detailed pre dietary counselling and their eating pattern as an individual and family as unit were observed. During post counselling sessions efforts were made to encourage the patients and their family to explain and suggest about nutritional and lifestyle modifications by their own. In the present study it was observed that the respondents knew their food as one of the basic need but how food could be of therapeutic help was a new concept to them. Nutritional component of the food was totally missing as it was clearly indicated in their responses. The impact of the counselling was visible and could be identified by the responses of the respondent in the post counselling sessions. Another important factor observed was that their improved biochemical and anthropometric parameters helped to motivate them and reinforced the benefits of diet counselling amongst the patients and their families.

Sub acute or chronic upper limb ischemia is often non-atheromatous, especially in the young and is of multiple etiologies. Subclavian artery is affected the most in atheromatous/non atheromatous etiologies but brachial artery is most affected in fibro muscular dysplasia of upper limbs. Here we have a 58-year-old man presented with right upper limb claudication for the last 1 year and on investigation found to have bilateral brachial artery occlusions was treated successfully with Percutaneous balloon angioplasty. This is a very rare case of bilateral brachial artery occlusion with a classical beaded appearance of the renal arteries giving the only clue for etiology of fibro muscular dysplasia. Excellent response to balloon angioplasty without stenting was highlighted in this case.

Background: The abnormal growth and development of the oro-facial complex leads to disturbances of oro-facial functions. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the pharyngeal airway dimensions in different antero-posterior skeletal patterns i.e skeletal Class I & Class II. Methods & Materials: Sample size was calculated using Cohen’s Formula, consisted of 60 cephalogrmas from the Out-patient department of Post-Graduate department of Orthodontics & Dento facial Orthopaedics, Government Dental College & Hospital, Srinagar. Three parameters were used for comparison between male and female subjects and between skeletal Class I & Class II. Statistical analysis: All lateral cephalograms were traced and independent t-test was used for comparison and final analysis was done using SPSS software. Results: It was found that suerioe airway space, middle airway space and inferior airway space was more in Class I subjects when compared to Class II subjects. Conclusion: A significant positive correlation was established between the airway and the skeletal pattern.

Purpose: Autonomic dysfunction is an important cause of orthostatic hypotension. Patients of orthostatic hypotension may or may not be symptomatic. The study was conducted to evaluate cardiovascular autonomic status in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients of orthostatic hypotension. Methods: The study was conducted in 15 patients of orthostatic hypotension and 15 age matched subjects. On the basis of history the patients were grouped control groups symptomatic and asymptomatic. The heart rate variability was assessed from 5 min resting supine ECG. The parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic reactivity was assessed using Ewing's battery of tests. Results: The heart rate variability and measures of autonomic reactivity were lower in the patients with orthostatic hypotension as compared to control. However, they were similar between the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. The parasympathetic component of the heart rate variability and reactivity test was more affected in patients. The fall in the blood pressure on orthostasis was similar between the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Conclusion: Autonomic dysfunction is common in patients of orthostatic hypotension. The autonomic profile of symptomatic patients is not different from that of asymptomatic patients indicating that additional deficits of cerebral autoregulation may play a crucial in development of symptoms.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide problem. The incidence of diabetes is increasing globally. DM is known for its micro and macro vascular complications like retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular and peripheral vascular diseases. Diabetic foot complications are responsible for more than 50% of major limb amputations. Aims: to study the clinical pattern of foot infections in diabetic patients, analyze the risk factors, outcome of treatment modalities and to educate the patient about taking care of feet and preventive care. Results: Diabetic foot showed male to female ratio of 5:1 with age varying from 16 to >65 years. Occupation had statistical significant role in diabetic foot. Trivial trauma was associated with diabetic foot in more than 50% of cases. Debridement was the most common surgical intervention performed. Amputation was the last resort in saving patients life from diabetic foot complications. Conclusion: DM is one of the common metabolic disorders faced by surgeons. Diabetic foot a common entity in India due to complications of uncontrolled DM, can present as cellulitis, abscess, ulcer and even gangrene. Diabetic foot has high morbidity to patients. Even the diabetic foot is common complication of DM, it is preventable disorder with strict adherence of patients to foot care policies and aggressive approach of treating physician and surgeons.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of HiOra-GA gel with that of Hexigel for the management of patients with gingivitis. Methods: 60 patients of either sex aged more than 18 years and who are enrolled with diagnosis of gingivitis will be included in the study under 2 groups of 30 patients each and consecutive sampling will be done for the recruitment of patients. Group I patients will be given HiOra-GA gel and Group II patients will be given Hexigel which are to be taken over the index finger and applied over the gums twice daily for a period of four weeks. Thus, the efficacy of HiOra-GA gel in gingivitis will be compared with that of Hexigel. Results: On comparison of the mean differences between both the groups using unaired t test a mean value of 1.187±0.02 for group 1 and a mean value of 1.188±0.01 for group 2 was found, with t value of 0.260 and is insignificant (p>0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that HiOra-GA gel and Hexigel are equally effective in the treatment of gingivitis. Further studies should be carried out with larger sample sizes and longer follow-ups to compare the efficacies of both the drugs.

Tobacco Consumption & Alcohol Consumption is widely prevalent habit among Tribals. Awareness about it is important to reduce the number of users and its dependency in them. Study was conducted to find out the dependency status of Tobacco & alcohol Consumption among Tribals which was measured by KF SCORES & AUDIT SCORES respectively. A cross sectional study using Multi stage Sampling Method with house to house visits. Sample size came out 300. Study was conducted in Narayanganj block of Mandla District.182 (60.7%) of the tribals were consuming smokeless tobacco in various forms. The trend of Karl Fagersrom Score was shifted more towards tribals. 29.3% of the subjects consumed alcohol, higher AUDIT score in Tribal people & hence their dependence & high risk behaviour.Our study shows that the habit of Tobacco & Alcohol Consumption & its dependency is on the higher side among Tribals.

Background and Aim: Clinicians do prescribe antibiotics for either prophylactic or therapeutic reasons. Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics by health care professionals is a worldwide concern. The decision of when and what to prescribe leaves room for misuse and therefore it is imperative to continuously monitor knowledge and pattern of prescription. In recent years, dentists have reported a shift from narrow-spectrum to broad-spectrum antibiotic prescriptions due to increasing antibiotic resistance. Irrational prescription of antibiotics by clinicians might lead to drug resistance. The aim of this present study is to investigate the prescribing patterns of the therapeutic and prophylactic use for antibiotics in various dental situations by dental practitioners. Materials and Method: This study utilized a questionnaire which was designed to investigate the antibiotic prescribing patterns by dental practitioners in the North India region. A structured and pretested questionnaire was sent to 200 dental health care practitioners by post or physical delivery or by email. Result: A total of 200 dentists responding to the questionnaire, more than 70% would prescribe antibiotics for localized fluctuant swelling and for problems for which antibiotics are not required according to good practice guidelines (acute pulpitis, chronic apical infection, periodontal abscess, chronic gingivitis, chronic periodontitis, pericoronitis and dry socket). Amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic for all clinical conditions but there was a wide variation in dosage, frequency and duration for all antibiotics used Conclusion: The knowledge of dental health care practitioners in antibiotic use in this study was generally low so, this study concludes that there is a clear need for the development of prescribing guidelines, regular monitoring of antibiotic prescriptions by dental practitioners and educational initiatives to encourage the rational and appropriate use of the antibiotics

Background and Objective: Candida albicans a normal commensal of human mucosal surfaces and opportunistic pathogen in immune-compromised states, diabetes mellitus and iatrogenic factors like antibiotic use, indwelling devices, intravenous catheters, etc. Most infections are caused by C.albicans, the shift towards treatment resistant non albicans candida (NAC) species is evident in recent years. One of the important factors contributing to the virulence of Candida species is the formation of surface attached microbial communities known as “Biofilm”. Thus this study is undertaken to identify, isolate, speciate and to determine Biofilm production. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 Candida species isolated from various clinical samples were processed in the department of Microbiology, AIMS, B.G.Nagara for a period of 6 months from Oct 2014 to March 2015. Isolates were from vaginal swab (76%), urine (15.3%), exudates (6.7%) and endotracheal aspirate (2%). Samples were inoculated onto Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) & chrom agar (Himedia, Bombay). Growth on SDA was speciated by standard methods using Germ tube, Corn meal agar, slide culture, sugar fermentation and sugar assimilation tests. By the colour of colonies on chrom agar, isolates were speciated. Result: Out of 150 Candida species studied, 63 were C.albicans (42%) and 87 NAC (58%). A total of 78 (52%) candida species were biofilm producers and 72 (48%) non biofilm producers. Conclusion: The above results shows increasing isolation of NAC when compared to C.albicans and Biofilm production from candida species.

The investigation was aimed to carry out the antifungal activities of the hexane extract’s of Abutilon theophrasti against four fungal species, (Microsporum gypseum, Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp, Aspergillus spp). Disc-diffusion method was employed to carry out the antifungal activity against selected fungal species. Three concentrations (100µg/ml, 250 µg/ml, 500 µg/ml) were made to check the activity of crude extracts. Itraconazole was taken as standard reference drug, While as dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) served as negative control. Leaf extracts were found to show promising activity, followed by extracts of fruit body, stem and root. All crude extracts displayed their maximum inhibition against Fusarium species. Maximum inhibition (ZOI-11) was seen in crude extracts of leaves, followed by crude extracts of fruit body with inhibition zone of 10mm. Stem extracts displayed inhibition zone of 9mm while as root showed activity of 7mm. All inhibition activity was concentration dependent.

Rubella infection is normally of minor impact characterized by a mild, self-limited disease associated with a characteristic rash, but during pregnancy due to maternal infection many complications were seen in mother as well as in fetus as rubivirus has capability to pass through placenta and can affect organogenesis which cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). In study women suffering from Infertility (primrary and secondary) show highest percentage of infection i.e. 50% of them are found to be susceptible.

The increasing rate of agricultural wastes due to the large scale of urbanization and a consequence of economic development has become a problem that produces the huge quantities of waste in India and causes a serious environmental problem which is difficult for management. For the present research work, composting of paddy straw waste done along with various fungal strains such as Pleurotus sajor-caju, Trichoderma harzianum and Aspergillus niger and Chaetomium globosum in various combination for 40 days and followed by vermicomposting with Eisenia foetida for 30 days of period. As fungi helps in degradation of plant material quickly by secreting enzymes along with increase in number of earthworms and cocoons in the paddy straw vermicompost . As earthworm number increases from initial 15 to control 23 in control to 49 in final set up where as cocoons number in control was 8 to last set up were 23. As paddy straw supports more number of earthworms and cocoons when treated with various fungal strains.

This study presents results from a survey of helminth parasites of fishes in Manipur. The present investigation was undertaken between April, 2015 and September, 2015 with an aim to study the helminth parasites associated with different freshwater fishes in Imphal west district of Manipur. During study period total nine species of helminth parasites were identified belonging to four diverse groups comprising 4 species of nematodes, 3 species of trematodes, 1 species of cestodes and 1 species of acanthocephala. Out of thirty three freshwater fish species examined only nine species were found to infect with parasites.

Studies on the host plants, seasonality and distribution of a phytophagous, polyphagous and edible moth (Bunaeaalcinoe) of the Niger Delta were made. The seasonal population of the edible moth was assessed on its different host plants from 2013-2014. The moth was detected practically throughout the year with lowest populations during the harmattan and dry seasons (December-February) when the host plants shed their leaves. The populations of the emperor moths were highest during the rainy seasons (April - October) when the leaves of host plants were in abundance and blossoming. The females commenced oviposition at the onset of rains and deposited their cream-coloured eggs on the adaxial surfaces of leaves of host plants. Damage to the leaves and young stems of host plants was caused by the highly voracious larvae that underwent various stages of development until the last larval stage when it migrated from host plants and searched for pupating sites. Types of damage included defoliation and skeletonization of leaves. They were known to cause retardation of young plants; older plants were able to withstand damage by the larvae.

In the present study, isolation of post-harvest diseases of fruit banana and papaya was carried out such as Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Alternaria sp. based on the cultural and morphological test, the diseased pathogens were identified as Fusarium moniliforme and Colletotrichum musae from banana and Alternaria alternata from papaya. Commercially used Lactobacillus probiotic bacteria was found most effective against Fusarium moniliforme, Colletotrichum musae and Alternaria alternata. Lactobacillus was showed highest percent inhibition 37%, 42% and 48% against Fusarium moniliforme, Colletotrichum musae and Alternaria alternata respectively. In the in vivo study, the healthy Fruits of banana were infected with Fusarium moniliforme and Colletotrichum musae were remain uninfected and healthy up to 10 days when treated with Lactobacillus and in case of Alternaria alternata was infected to healthy papaya, remain in healthy condition up to 8 days when treated with Lactobacillus. A Probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus increases the shelf life of fruit such as Papaya and Banana.

The pygidial defense gland of the Pheropsophus hilaris consists of two big gland (g1 and g2), two small reservoirs (r1 and r2) sac like structures filled with secretion with associated secretary tissues and basal eversible membrane structures. The complex structure consisting of two sets of secretary lower collection canals, collector reservoir, one – way valve, sphincter muscles, exit taken and exit nozzle. The bombardier beetle has been the subject of much discussion by creationists and evolutionists alike. Resent reports demonstrate and sophistication and accuracy with which these carabid beetles deliver a spray of hot quinines and steam of ward off predators. In this study the pygidial gland is studied under scanning electron microscopy and are shown to be quite complex this complexity could suggest an origin by design.

In order to promote increased efficiency of cultivation techniques for higher yield of culture in a sustainable manner, the objective of this study was to evaluate alternative sources of lettuce fertilization in the north of Mato Grosso. The cultivar Marisa was used to obtain answers regarding the agronomic performance and physical characteristics. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were: T1 - control (without fertilizer); T2 - chemical fertilizer (NPK); T3 - chicken manure; T4 - Sheep manure and T5 - Cotton waste (by-products of cotton trees). These were evaluated: shoot diameter, fresh matter (without root), dry matter, leaf length, number of leaves, daily increment and commercial productivity. The fertilization with animal manure and vegetable waste presented better results in relation to chemical fertilizer (NPK). The incorporation of sheep manure provides greater shoot diameter, fresh matter, dry matter, leaf length, daily increment and commercial productivity.

This study aims to determine the effect of mycorrhiza fungi porpagules on growth of the pepper plant seedling and incidences of plant rot disease. Study was conducted in net house located in Sindang Kasih of village, District of Ranomeeto Barat, Regency of South Konawe, Province of Southeast Sulawesi and Laboratory of the Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Science Halu Oleo University Kendari, Indonesia. This research is compiled using a randomized design completelly (RDC) with two treatments combination: fungi mycorrhiza (FM) with four levels and Phytophthora capsici (Pc) with three levels. The variables observed for results were plant height, number of leaves, number of tendrils, dry plant weight, incidences of disease and percentage of mycorrhiza fungi infection on plant roots. Results of study revealed that mycorrhiza fungi inoculation 10 g polybag-1 and P.capsici inoculum 15 g polybag-1 (A2B1) can promote the growth of plant height, number of leaves, number of trindles in 70 DAT and dry plants weight. Mycorrhiza fungi inoculation 20 g polybag-1 and P.capsici inoculum 10 g polybag-1 (A3B2) cause disease incidences is lowest at 5th week is 24.30%. Mycorrhiza fungi inoculation 10 g polybag-1 and P.capsici inoculum 10 g polybag-1 (A1B1), mycorrhiza fungi 15 g polybag-1 and P.capsici inoculum 20 g polybag-1 (A2B2) constitute the highest percentage of mycorrhiza fungi infection in pepper plant roots respectively 80.00%.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of fungus Aspergillus niger M22 in phosphate solubilization in liquid medium and lettuce development. Both Araxá phosphate and rock residue were added at the dose of 3 g to 100 mL of culture medium yeast extract glucose. The phosphate treatments were inoculated with 1 mL of fungal culture containing 108 UFC mL-1 incubated at 28° C under 190-rpm shaking, for eight days. Both pH and P content were evaluated at the end of the incubation period. To evaluate the potential of M22 in solubilizing nutrients for lettuce plants, combinations of pellets of Aspergillus nigers isolate, of Araxá apatite rock and fertilizer were used as treatments. Isolate M22 presented a higher amount of P soluble in Araxá phosphate than in phosphate rock residue. M22 increased about four times the amount of P soluble in Araxá phosphate medium in relation to the control and about three times in the medium with phosphate rock residue. Isolate M22 demonstrated capacity of solubilizing phosphates. Araxá apatite rock possesses potential to be utilized as a source of phosphorus and potassium.

Background: Rapidly changing physical environment has led to socio-demographic mutilation among populations, increasing the prevalence of dual burden of malnutrition especially among school going children. Objective: The study aimed to assess the effect of dietary habits and parental history of chronic disease on prevalence of dual burden of malnutrition among school children. Design: Multistage cluster sampling technique was applied to select 10/113 public-private schools. Students of 4th to 9th standard (n= 6472) were enrolled under the study. Standard techniques were used to derive the anthropometric measurements. Information on the dietary habits and parental history of chronic degenerative diseases was elicited using structured questionnaire. Results: Eating habits were categorized under high, moderate and low risk based on the frequencies. Frequency of eating out of home was at moderate risk among 15% students. Moderately risky eating behavior prevailed among 13% - 21% students. Consumption of maggie noodles was maximum (21%), followed by ice-cream (18%), chips (17%) and soft drink (11%). Moreover consumption of junk food, fried food and sweets have shown a significant co-relation with the nutritional status of children at p value <0.05, 95% CI. Both father and mother of 8.2% children have reported to be suffering from either of the chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, stroke and heart disease. Parental history of obesity followed by heart disease significantly correlated with the current nutritional status of the children. Conclusion: Unhealthy eating habits and parental history of diseases determine the shift in nutritional status of children from a young age.

Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl¯) play an important role in osmoregulation and homeostasis. In the present study sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphate concentration in the blood of four Indian fresh water carps, Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhana mrigala and Labeo fimbriatus has been investigated in relation to a aquatic body. The results indicate that higher concentration of sodium in the blood of all the four types of carps has been noticed in comparison to other electrolytes. The degree of these concentration is as sodium>chloride>phosphate>potassium. The aquatic body in which these fishes are harbored has water with proper electrolyte concentration needed for physiological activities including osmoregulation and homeostatic mechanisms. Hence, the results of blood electrolytes found in these fishes are in normal levels indicating proper environmental conditions for their survival and are in healthy.

The opportunistic bacteria including P.aeruginosa are ubiquitous to a wide variety of aquatic environments including drinking water distribution systems. Concern over the survival and spread of opportunistic pathogens in public drinking water supplies has been expressed in recent years because of the public health risk associated with their presence in properly treated water. A municipal drinking water distribution system in Neemuch was monitored over a 12 month period to investigate population shifts of opportunistic bacteria at various sampling sites. Data generated during this study indicated that samples collected from storage reservoir, DS1, DS2 and end points contained P.aeruginosa in substantial amounts significantly higher than the health standards (P<0.05). However, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Moraxella and Flavobacterium were detected in negligible amounts with lower isolation rate. Differences in the concentration of opportunistic bacteria among the four sampling sites; Dam, Storage Reservoir, Distribution System and Point of use were significant throughout the year (P<0.05), except between the two sampling sites; DS1 and DS2 within the distribution system. Reductions in cell counts and isolation rate of opportunistic bacteria during the treatment method from surface raw water to finished water reflected an improvement in its trophic status, indicating that the treatment practices principally fulfilled their function. However, their presence in samples after chlorine disinfection during distribution presents potential threat to Neemuch community. Collectively, our results show the need to develop best management practices for municipal water to control bacterial regrowth and deterioration of water before it is utilized at the point of consumption.

The biochemical parameters such as protein, lipid, carbohydrate and ash besides water content in the muscle of Octopus aegina, O. membranaceus, O. dollfusi and Cystopus indicus have been conducted during October2009 to September, 2011 at Visakhapatnam. The percentage composition of protein, lipid, carbohydrate and ash ranges from 9.95 to 17.56, 3.98 to 9.01, 0.23 to 0.62 and 3.73 to 7.79 respectively in juveniles and adults of four species. There was no remarkable variation in the biochemical composition of four species. Seasonally highest protein and lipid contents were noticed in summer in four species. Variations in biochemical composition in present study may be governed by spawning cycle and feeding activity. The present study indicated that all the four species of Octopuses studied were nutritionally equal to any food fish and they could be used for food and for preparation of various fish by-products.

Indonesia is famous as an area highly rich in natural resources, both in terms of quantity and diversity. The government is striving to improve and promote the use of Indonesia’s indigenous sources of nutrients and the use of natural herbal medicines Indonesia. The use of herbal medicine is closely related to traditional medicine that is inherited across generations as well as the manufacture and sales made by shamans. Historically, the use of herbal medicine began in 5000 BC by the Sumerians who have been able to identify some of the plants. This study aims to identify estrone hormone in Gedi (Abelmoschus manihot, Jatropha multifida, euphorbiaceae) leaves, typical vegetable produces known to be useful to expedite the delivery process of pregnant women. Gedi leaves (Abelmoschus manihot Jatropha multifida, Euphorbiaceae) is a kind of leaves that become food such as vegetables by the people of Micronesia, including Indonesia, especially the eastern part of Indonesia such as Manado in North Sulawesi, Halmahera in North Maluku, and Papua. Papuans even make the leaves as the main vegetable to complement food. This research can make a valuable contribution to the development of the medical world associated with obstetrics and gynecology. The leaves containestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one,a compound that affects estrogen hormone in pregnant women, especially during the third trimester to expedite the delivery process, amounted to 3.48%. Empirically, people in eastern Indonesia have been using the leaves as a traditional medicine to expedite the delivery process for generations. The identification is done by a combination chromatography, i.e., Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS).

Over the decades our understanding of the pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease(CVD) has increased, and infections, including those caused by oral bacteria, are more likely involved in CVD progression than previously thought. The two disorders share several common risk factors, including cigarette smoking, age, and diabetes mellitus. The focus of this study is to assess whether available data support a causative relationship in systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Oral samples were collected from 19 patients with cardiovascular disease. The microbial flora was evaluated by drawing swab samples from the oral cavity by using sterile swabs and on Grams staining, both Gram Negative and positive organisms were found. Most of the patients had mostly gram positive organisms, only few patients showed both gram negative and positive organisms. Two cultures 3 and 5 showed coagulase and catalase positive. Biochemical tests of both 3 and 5 culture were performed and Culture 3 biochemical characteristics were little different from the normal Staphylococcal biochemical tests. Whereas Culture 5 showed similarities with the normal Staphylococcal biochemical tests. Culture 5 was taken and antibiotic sensitivity test was performed. Culture 5 was sensitive to Gentamicin followed by Linezolid, Penicillin G and Furoxone. This matches with the literature data wherein most of the CVD patients show Staph.non aureus organisms, which are responsible for them developing the CVD conditions.

Background: Acute Febrile illness (AFI) is a common cause of patients seeking healthcare in India, especially between June and September. Co-infections with two or more infectious agents are also becoming a major health problem and the similarity of symptoms further makes accurate clinical diagnosis and treatment difficult without laboratory confirmation. Material and methods: Total 3250 samples were tested for Dengue NS1 and IgM retrospectively from the patients with history of febrile illness between September to November 2015. Out of these, 251 positive Dengue NS1 and/or IgM samples requested for blood culture and/or Rapid Salmonella IgM test were studied for co-infection of Dengue and typhoid fever. Dengue NS1 and IgM antibodies were detected by Dengue NS1 and Dengue IgM antibody capture ELISA test. Diagnosis of Salmonella infection was done by blood culture and Rapid Salmonella IgM immunochromatography test in the laboratory. Result: In total of 251 positive Dengue samples, 9 samples were found co-infected with typhoid fever. 4 patients were blood culture positive and 5 were Rapid Salmonella IgM test positive. Maximum number of dengue positive cases was found in age group 20- 40 y. Conclusion: Acute febrile illnesses are highly prevalent during rainy season in endemic area like India and possibility of Dengue typhoid fever co infection cannot be ruled out. Meticulous history taking, careful clinical examination and right choice of laboratory tests for the diagnosis of these co-infections not only help in timely detection of the disease but also prevent from the fatal outcomes.

Marine debris includes all objects found in the marine and coastal environment. Any object which is discarded, disposed of or abandoned that enters the coastal or marine environment can also be classified as marine debris. Some of commonly occurring items are plastics, electronic material, glass pieces, metals, Rubber and many such objects. The typical character of marine debris is that they are non-degradable and buoyant. These two characters make them enter different realms of the marine environment where they remain for a very long period interfering with the life of biota. Human beings are the main source of marine debris. Marine debris poses threats to boaters and fishers and can affect important fish habitats, nursery and breeding grounds. It poses real threats to ocean ecosystems, marine life and human health and safety. The two primary problems which marine debris pose to marine life are entanglement and ingestion. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) is an international treaty which prohibits the disposal of plastics anywhere in the ocean and restricts the disposal of most other types of solid waste.

Gene flow from one population into another is facilitated by the migration of species resulting into genetic mix in the hybrids. The event of reproduction between different species is termed as hybridization which has been greatly reported in birds. The incorporation of species’ genetic material into the gene pool of another via hybridization is called “genetic introgression” or simply “introgression.” In the events where the genetic mix result in the exhibition of the characteristic of both parents is termed “symmetrical introgression” and when the characteristics of one parent is increasingly exhibited in the hybrids it is termed “asymmetrical introgression.” Collating the recent studies on asymmetric introgression and presenting thoughts on the methods and interpretation from these studies is the main aim of this paper. Major findings include evidences for differential introgression, hybrid zones are semipermeable tension zones, absence of correlation evidence of mating advantage between manipulated males and natural males in nature, hindrance to introgression of song with the permission of asymmetrical introgression of plumage by male behavioural responses, environmental variables providing adequate explanation for variation in morphometric traits despite differences in distance between sites, lack of adverse effects of hybridization on survival and reproductive character in first generation hybrids, evidence for species collapse via hybridization and evidence for rivers not being a complete barrier to hybridization across taxon pairs. I recommend the incorporation of ecological niche of the species into the models considered for avian hybridization in addition to development of tools to incorporate climatic fluctuations into reconstructions of genetic diversification by evolutionary ornithologists.

The study was conducted to determine the effects of different storage materials to protect the ground nut from the attack of groundnut seed beetle in stored condition. To provide protection few materials like polythene bag, gunny bag, polythene coated gunny bag, coal tar coated gunny bag, polythene & coal tar coated gunny bag, decis impregnated and malathion impregnated gunny bag were tried . The observations on pod damage was recorded upto 150 days of storage. The results after five months showed that maximum number of beetles i.e., 392 were counted from polythene bag followed by 351 on jute gunny bag and 330 in polythene + jute gunny bag. There were no pod damage or beetle found in Polythene - coal tar coated gunny bag, Decis impregnated gunny bag and Malathion impregnated gunny bag (0.01%).

Manual gestures have been used as a medium of communication since time immemorial. Speech-impaired individuals extensively use manual gestures for communication. In addition, human-machine interfaces based on manual gestures are much more intuitive than those presently in use such as keyboards and mice. A manual gesture decoder could therefore simplify communication for a speech-impaired individual as well as serve as the backbone for an intuitive human-machine interface. Here, we have developed a manual gesture decoder which relies on a grid of infrared sensors and a switch for detecting and decoding gestures.

In the present study, about 20 samples of soil were collected about 50 m away from Kasimpur Thermal Power Plant to investigate the effect of fly ash spread out from the plant on the nearby soil. Can technique using LR-115 type II solid state nuclear track detector has been employed for the measurement of radon activity and radon exhalation rate. Radon activity for soil samples from inside of the Kasimpur Thermal Power Plant, varies from 4657.14 to 4714.29 Bq m-3 with an average value of 4685.72 Bq m-3 ,exhalation rate varies from 1674.35 to 1694.90 mBq m-2 h-1 with an average value of 1684.63 mBq m-2 h-1 and effective dose equivalent varies from 197.44 to 199.86 µSv y-1 with an average value of 198.65 µSv y-1, while from a distance of 50m away from power plant, radon activity varies from 2148.57 Bq m-3 to 4905.71 Bq m-3 with an average value of 3840.75 Bq m-3 , exhalation rate varies from 772.46 mBq m-2 h-1 to 1763.72 mBq m-2 h-1 with an average value of 1380.84 mBq m-2 h-1 while effective dose equivalent varies from 91.09 µSv y-1 to 207.98 µSv y-1 with an average value of 162.83 µSv y-1.Natural radioactivity in soil samples collected from a distance of 50m from Kasimpur Thermal Power Plant has been measured by low level gamma ray spectrometer. Activity concentrations were found to vary from 24.82 ± 0.68 to 241.55 ± 3.39 Bq kg-1 with an average value of 72.19 ± 1.44 Bq kg-1 for 238U, from 37.97 ± 1.3 to 97.22 ±2.16 Bq kg-1 with an average value of 68.81 ± 1.73 Bq kg-1 for 232Th and 99.73 ± 1.53 to 710.72 ± 8.56 Bq kg-1 with an average value of 517.89 ± 6.54 Bq kg-1 for 40K. Radium equivalent activity (Raeq) due to the presence of radio nuclides varies from 86.09 to 415.68 Bq kg-1 with an average value of 206.84 Bq kg-1. Total absorbed gamma dose rates in the surrounding air are found to vary from 38.56 to 191.23 nGy h-1 with an average value of 96.51 nGy h-1. Indoor and outdoor annual effective dose rate from these soil samples changes from 0.19 to 0.94 mSv y-1 and 0.05 to 0.23 mSv y-1 respectively. External hazard index, Hex for the soil samples studied in this work range from 0.23 to 1.13 with mean a value of 0.57. Internal hazard index Hin varies from 0.3 to 1.79 with an average value of 0.76.

Brain tumor is a very critical problem of the human life. In recent years, brain tumor is one of the major causes for death in people. Manually identifying the tumor is difficult. The physicians may also take risk to identify the tumor because they used for computer programming to perform operation on image. The detection of brain tumor at its early stage with its accurate diagnosis is very important. The computerized method to be used for detection of tumor on early stage. The proposed strategies to detect the extract location of brain tumor using the MRI scan images. A magnetic resonance imaging which produces a single that can be detected and its enclosed spatially results in images of the body. These methods are incorporated with noise removal, edge detection, morphological operation, classification and tumor detection. MRI plays on vital role in identify accurate location and type of brain tumor.

Early detection of pest in bio-aggressor is a major challenge in agriculture field. Many effective measures should be taken to control the uses of pesticides. By using image processing techniques, image analysis can be applied to agricultural science; it can provide maximum cultivation of crops by protecting them from pest. This paper proposed a various software prototype system for pest detection on infected images. Infected images are collected through digital camera and processed using image enhancement; which can enhance and provide better than it original image by removing blur and rectify foggy image, image restoration; which can remove the unwanted noise and detect the edge. The Final process is image segmentation; in this techniques image is segmented using the clustering method which detects infected part of leaves. Then by establishing feature extraction pest densities in leaves can be detected. This proposed system provides an easy and effective solution to detect pest and control pesticides in plants.

Attempts on the occupation of particles (Frederick Reif., 2010; K.Huang. 2009: Mac Donald, 2006; R.K. Srivastava and J Ashok 2005; Avijith Lahiri, 2013; Landau and Lifshitz, 1969) relating to Bosons and Fermions that are indistinguishable particles is still attracting attention in comparison to ideal gas. These particles possess certain special characteristics relevant to its spin, indistinguishability, wave function, symmetry and its restriction. Sequential procedure is followed in obtaining equation for Bose gas and Fermi gas and comparison is implicated with ideal gas.

In a Human body the cell that grows out of control forms a tumour called cancer. The tumour found in the lungs is named after it as lung cancer which endangers the human life the early identification increase the patient’s survival in this world. For detection of lung nodules Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are the computer aided diagnosis techniques are used. This paper mainly discuss about the pre-processing and segmentation process. Pre-processing step focus to reduce the noises in CT images and segmentation refers to the process of partitioning the pre-processed CT image into multiple regions. Further this paper briefly explains feature extraction and classification.

Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is a vision of public key encryption that allows users to encrypt and decrypt messages based on user attributes. In a typical implementation, the size of the ciphertext is proportional to the number of attributes associated with it and the decryption time is proportional to the number of attributes used during decryption. To reduce the decryption time in outsourced encryption method the user provides a transformation key to the cloud to translate any ABE ciphertext into simple ciphertext and it only incurs a small computational overhead for the user to recover the plaintext from the transformed ciphertext. We cannot guarantee that the cloud server will perform the transformation correctly. The proposed system introduces the Verifiable Outsourced Encryption so that the user can check the correctness of the transformation performed by the cloud server.

One of the legally accepted methods of age estimation is dental age estimation. The differentiation of an adult and a child has been quiet easy. But determining the age of an individual with a mixed dentition has been challenging. This article enlighten on the advantages and pitfalls of few dental age assessment techniques.

A theoretical model of cosmic expansion has been formulated on an assumption of inter-conversion of matter and dark energy, in the framework of Brans-Dicke theory. An empirical scale factor has been used, which generates a signature flip of the deceleration parameter with time. To account for the non-conservation of matter, a function of time f(t) is incorporated into the equation representing the density of matter. Its value at any instant of time is proportional to the matter content of the universe. The functional form of f(t) has been determined from the field equations by using an empirical scalar field parameter expressed in terms of the scale factor. It is found to decrease with time almost monotonically, implying a conversion of matter into dark energy. Using this function f(t), the time variation of the density of matter has been determined and also the expressions regarding the proportions of matter and dark energy of the universe have been formulated. Time variation of gravitational constant, its fractional rate of change and the Brans-Dicke dimensionless parameter has been analyzed. The dependence of Brans-Dicke parameter upon the scalar field has been determined. The present study enables us to correlate the change of matter content with the change of deceleration parameter and gravitational constant without using any specific mechanism of interaction between matter and scalar field.

Diabetes is the most common disease currently affecting the more than 371 million people. Blood glucose irregulation is the main cause of diabetes. Many methods are currently available such as artificial pancreas which consist of the glucose sensors, insulin pump and controller. The process of testing blood glucose level was quite tedious in past days. But now a days glucose biosensors are used to test the blood glucose level. The currently available biosensors are electrochemical type. These glucose biosensors are very sensitive, easy to maintain and their cost is too low. Glucose biosensors are basically based upon the oxidation of glucose with molecular oxygen. But still many important challenges remaining to achieve a reliable glucose monitoring device.

This study aimed at assessing the current practices of educating students with visual impairment in the integrated primary schools of North and South Gondar. It employed qualitative research design. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews and participant- observation methods. Though students with visual impairment have good opportunities to learn and live together with the other students without disabilities; the findings revealed that the teachers have little knowledge, attitude and practice in teaching students with visual impairment in integrated education system. More specifically, teachers were not using their little knowledge of teaching in integrated classrooms. This is basically due to many challenges surrounding the integrated primary schools like scarcity of qualified special needs teachers, lack of commitment and motivation among the teachers and students, scarcity of teaching materials and equipments; and the availability of rigid curriculum. Finally, pertinent conclusions and recommendations were drawn from the findings of the study.

The present study was done to assess and to establish the norms of upper and lower pharyngeal width for Garhwali population and to determine sexual dimorphism among the population. Methodology: Sample of sixty Class I subject (30 male and 30 females) with well-balanced face were selected with age group of 18-24 years. Lateral cephalogram of the subjects were taken using natural head position and true vertical line.All reference points, landmarks and measurement were made according to McNamara airway analysis. Lateral cephalograms were digitized using Dolphin software and separate reading for male and female samples were recorded and sent for statistical analysis. The arithmetic mean and standard deviation of pharyngeal width were calculated. Student’s t-test was used to compare between pharyngeal width in males and females. Results: The mean upper pharyngeal width was 15.03+/- 3 mm and mean lower pharyngeal width was 10.7 +/- 2.5 mm. Significant difference exist in upper and lower pharyngeal width in males and females. Conclusion: Good compatibility of age and sex seen in pharyngeal width of Class I subjects. Males have higher upper and lower pharyngeal width than females.

Ethical conducts of public servants is reinforced by political commitment. This political commitment, difficult to benchmark, has been demonstrated by some policy and pronouncements. It is essential to the proper conduct and operation of government that public officials be independent and impartial and that public office not be used for private gain other than the remuneration provided by law. The public interest, therefore, requires that the law protect against any conflict of interest and establish standards for the conduct of elected officials and government employees in situations where conflicts may exist.

Husserl saw the crisis of the European science, their loss of significance for life in the advent of modern objectivism and its forgetfulness of the life-world. It was therefore necessary to recover this “ground” for the sciences, on which they, on the one hand, have historically grown up and which, on the other hand, forms their continuing foundation of phenomenology, if phenomenology is to satisfy its own requirmentradical sense-clarification of the subset taken as the transcendental guideline for questioning back into the constitutive achievement of subjectivity. Above all, it should not be over looked that Husserl wanted the crisis as a whole to be understood as a new “introduction” to transcendental phenomenology. The life-world became a theme for Husserl in two respects : First, he found in it the “ground of sense” of the objective sciences. Second, he took it as the “guiding clue” for a transcendental phenomenological return to “the ultimate life”. Thus Husserl’s requirement of a return to the foundations of the science can mean nothing but the sense-genetic reactivation of those past sense-bestowals which, through all their sediments, are currently in force in present scientific formation. This reactivation is to take place in such a way that the scientific arguments which find their place and their validity within the life-world and also change and transform the life-world through scientific inquiry, are “repeatable”

The study basically aimed at assessing the current practices of play based learning in the Early Childhood Care and Education program of North Gondar, Ethiopia. This issue is important because of the recent movement for a more academic focus in preschool education. Therefore, this study first examined the teachers perceived emotional and social developmental value of play based learning in the preschool education. Second it examined and discussed the role of teachers in implementing play based learning. This is because understanding the significance of play based learning could make teachers to be less worried while implementing it and enable them to answer questions regarding the value of play for social and emotional development of preschool children. Third, it assessed the physical learning environment including the indoor and outdoor play materials and equipment of the preschools. Besides this study has assessed the major challenges and opportunities of both the private and government owned KGs. Those things that were investigated by the study, may contribute their lions’ share in enhancing the effective implementation of play based learning in preschool education. As a means, mixed research method was employed to analyze both the collected qualitative and quantitative data. Comparative study was used to compare the government and private kindergartens (KGs). It involved, 32 preschool teachers drawn from 4 pre-schools (24 % of the study population) and 4 preschool coordinators, selected using simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques respectively. Data were collected by questionnaire from preschool teachers, interview guide from the preschool coordinators and observation check list of the preschool physical learning environment. Thematic data analysis techniques were used to analyze the gathered qualitative data; whereas the quantitative data were analysed by using statistical techniques of t-test .The study found out that most teachers do not fulfill some of the roles specified to them in implementing play based learning in the preschool education. Moreover, the result of the one sample t-test analysis displays that there was no appropriate integration of play based learning both in the private and government owned KGs. The study also revealed that there was better indoor outdoor materials and equipment in the private KGs than the government KGs. However, as the independent sample t-test result indicated, there is no statistically significant difference among the private and government owned KGs in implementing play based learning. Finally, pertinent recommendations were drawn from the findings and the conclusions of the study.

Economic growth, with all of its downsides, is clearly unsustainable in the 21st century. The positive, sustainable alternative is a Steady-State Economy. This study empirically analyze show far the Nigerian economy has converged towards or diverged from steady-state. Unit root, co integration, vector error correction, and Granger causality/block exogeneity Wald tests procedures are applied on annualdata set from 1970-2013.Themodel reveals having a self-adjusting apparatus for rectifying any deviance of the variables from equilibrium. The implication is that Gross Domestic Product will reach its steady-state in approximately 1.5years, interest rate in 20years, depreciation of capital and population will be converging back to their equilibrium in 27-28years, and in 63years respectively. The sluggish rate of the variables convergence can be explained by complex administrative and political processes, therefore, in avoiding afailed state situation, it is expected of government to build strong institutions and processes, while applying some transformative economic and social policies.

Working women are burdened with work and family commitments. Most of working women feel difficult in balancing their work and family life. In Health Care Sector, the employees have to perform shift duties. The nurses have to perform morning, evening and night shifts. The nurses at night shifts observe more stress than others; this shows a negative impact on their professional and personal lives. Research indicates that improper work scheduling and long working hours tend to cause adverse effect on employee’s health and well-being. This article highlights the issues connected to work life balance of female nurses and the factors that determine stress in work life balance of nurses working in Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh.

The beverages sector in India has undergone significant transformation in the past 10 years. The carbonated and non carbonated drinks industry in India is to grow near about 45 per cent annually and would triple or four times in size by 2014. Customer preferences are more complex and even more important for retailers today than in past. The primary purpose of this paper is to find out which company is leading the market. This study is conducted between two global beverage companies’ Coca cola and PepsiCo. This research is done to identify the various factors that influence the consumer preference towards these drinks. This intercept survey would be conducted in Vijayawada and Guntur. To accommodate this purpose survey method has been used. The data has been collected from people of all age groups. The consumer preferences were identified by a structure questionnaire. Today’s market scenario is quite different from traditional one. People have become more educated and always look for quality products. Their taste and preference’s keep changing from time to time. This research is mainly targeted to the objective where we can have the idea that what are those factors a customer or a consumer looks before purchase of a carbonated beverage, and if we will have a clear picture regarding the need of the customers then we can bring changes or add new features to the product to satisfy their needs. The study will help the retailers and manufacturers of soft drinks to understand the underlying consumer preferences factors and which factor mostly like by the customers and help them to craft their marketing strategies. Profiling customers by their choice of preferences provide more meaningful ways to identify and understand various customer segments and marketing strategies.

There is a quickening race to put men and machines on the planets as the technology rich countries speed towards a rendezvous with super industrialism. Every nation is attempting to rapidly accelerate towards the future. Yet as nations speed forward evidence mounts that the education sector in Nigeria is dangerously malfunctioning. The Nigerian Dream, if there is any, cannot be realized while the education sector is fast collapsing; though Boko Haram shares a contrary opinion. This paper argues that to mitigate against the shock young people are already facing in Nigeria as a result of lack of clear curriculum thrust, low quality preparation due to poor investments, continuous industrial disputes and lowering of standards through corruption and examination malpractice. The paper concludes that while young people in other nations are experiencing shocks as a result of the fast pace of innovations and technological breakthroughs, Nigerian children suffer the shock that they lack competitive ability in a knowledge age as ours.

The Country India with 6, 38,365 villages and more than 70% of the rural populationhas become a huge consumer goods market. FMCG has emerged as a major product category in rural consumption. Companies marketing FMCG to rural consumers cannot merely extend their general marketing strategies to rural markets. Instead, they need to devise rural specific strategies. In this process, they need to understand critical issues relating to rural consumer behavior and more specifically relating to different demographic variables. This research article focuses on understanding factors that affect the purchase stage in consumer decision making process for FMCG and influence of demographic variables in Keonjhar District of Odisha State. In this study, a sample 359 respondents were consulted using a self-administered questionnaire. The study emphasized that majority of the rural consumers gave least importance to the brands of the FMCGs (60.5%), they meet their FMCG needs from village shop (47.9%), with weekly purchase frequency (41.5%), in small quantities (51.6%) and cash as mode of payment (91.6%).The study also intends to identify the level of influence of various demographic factors using Chi Square test on the purchase of FMCG products, viz., soaps, shampoo, hair oil and facial cream.

The present study examined the level of aggression among bowlers and batsmen in cricket, for this purpose 120 cricketers were selected in Rewa city among with 60 was bowlers and 60 batsmen in each group 30 subjects was juniors and 30 was seniors. Further in each group 15 subjects was from rich families (R.F) and 15 were from poor families (P.F). The aggression level was measured by Aggression Questionnaire constructed and standardized by Dr. G. C. Pati. Results revealed that significant difference were between the levels of aggression among bowlers and batsmen. Also bowlers, junior bowlers and bowlers from poor families are more aggressive than batsmen, junior batsmen and batsmen from poor families respectively.

One of the main causes of defaults and disputes in the public construction projects of Saudi Arabia is attributed to the lack of adequate contractor prequalification and selection. Typically, contractor selection decisions are based merely on price,with absence of better selection criteria. The focus of this paper, therefore, is to identify essential criteria for contractor prequalification and selection processes at semi-government organizations in Saudi Arabia, under the design-bid-build approach for competitive tenders. At first, initial criteria were identified from the literature. Afterwards, three rounds of Delphi process were used to revise the initial criteria and to establish a consensus towards their acceptance. As a result, two sets of criteria were identified: 29 for prequalification and 40 for contractor selection. After the second and third round surveys, all levels of criteria were accepted except for some criteria with low level of importance. Once all the criteria were identified, their weights were determined based on consultation with expert professionals. The identified criteria and weights represent important steps towards improving the competitive tendering practices in Saudi Arabia and can be directly used to properly select contractors to avoid construction performance problems.

Make in India is a global promoting battling trademark started by the Prime Minister of India, NarendraModi to pull in organizations from around the globe to put and make in India. The battle has been concentrated to satisfy the motivation behind Job Creation, Enforcement to Secondary and Tertiary division, Boosting national economy, Converting India to an independent nation and to give the Indian economy worldwide acknowledgment. The study is aimed at the history of manufacturing sector of India during the era of 1990s-2000s. The reasons behind the launch of Make In India and how the launch has affected the Indian Economy. Also what challenges the campaign in facing?. According to the 12th five-year plan the target of manufacturing sector is to reach the growth of 10%. With the initiative of Make in India campaign. It aims as making India a manufacturing hub with focus on 25 sectors with target of creating employment and raising the contribution of manufacturing sector of India to 25% in the GDP.

Mössbauer absorption areas corresponding to 57Fe in olivine, pyroxene, troilite, and the metallic phase in ordinary chondrites exhibit certain systematic behavior. H chondrites occupy distinct regions on the plot of metallic phase absorption area versus silicate absorption area. While L/LL chondrites fall in separate region. The absorption area ratio of (olivine to troilite+kamacite) also show characteristic range in which H,L and LL chondrites fall. Based on these systematic, a fallen meteorite near Nathdwara, Rajasthan, India is suggested to be an L chondrite.

Background: The relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Transformational Leadership (TL) has been the subject of study by many authors. There have been very few studies of this relationship in Iraq. Al’Ikha industrial establishment is concerned with high technological industry and attempts to organize the relationship between the managers and staff according to scientifically studied research. Objectives: The objective of this study is to measure the impact of EI on TL in Al’Ikha establishment. The dimensions of EI are Self Awareness, Self-Regulation, Motivation, Empathy and Relations Management. The dimensions of TL are Idealized Influence, Intellectual Stimulation, Inspirational Motivation and Individualized Consideration. Methods: The study adopted the observational method, and the population consisted of the general managers, heads of departments and chairs of sections in Al’Ikha establishment. They totaled 30 persons. A self- administered questionnaire was distributed and collected from them. Results: The study showed high scores of the respondents on all dimensions of the independent variable (EI) and those of the dependent variable (TL).In addition, results indicated that EI has significant positive impact on TL. Conclusion: It is concluded that the results being as reported, it is of importance to develop and enhance the dimensions of both variables of the study in addition to carrying similar studies on other organizations.

In the present work, the composition Bi2Sr2Can-1CunOx were prepared by solid state reaction of more purity metals with Fe2O3 doping. The critical temperature Tc of the high temperature superconducting cuprate Bi¬2Sr4-xCaxFe3-yCuyOz were obtained 157K. On this temperature, The Resistance of the sample is going to zero. We have study in the paper about Electrical Resistant at 157K temperature of the samples.

In previous activities we identified misconceptions of pre-service teachers about the topic of percentages (Bassan-Cincinatus & Sheffet, 2016). Consequently, we built a teaching unit based on the constructivist approach and used the cognitive conflict method. Our main objective was to assist pre-service teachers to be aware of the fact that intuitions do not always lead to the correct solution of this issue. The teaching unit consisted of six stages. This paper will describe the various stages, present the way of experiencing, the findings as well as pre-service teachers' reflection and responses following the activity.

Carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, unburnt hydrocarbons and particulate matter are the principal air quality pollutant emission from automobiles. Number of automobiles are rocketed in recent years all over the world. Carbon monoxide it reduces the blood oxygen-carrying capacity which can reduce the availability of oxygen to key organs. Extreme level of exposure can be fatal. Maximum 8 hours average CO level allowed by WHO is 10mg/m3 Thus, it is very necessary to control exhaust emission from automotive source for environment. Catalytic converters are used for this purpose which converts carbon monoxide into less harmful carbon dioxide. Catalytic converters are not only useful for automobile but also in forklifts , mining equipments, generator sets, locomotives, motor cycles, airplanes etc. Three way oxidation- reduction catalytic converters are used in gasoline- powered vehicle for strict vehicle emission regulations. Research has been carried out and still going on for development of more economical and efficient catalyst. Originally very expensive metals Pt and Rh were used. Perovskites are one of these development but low surface area is its limitation. To overcome this limitation doped perovskite is the solution which reduces 70% decrease in precious metal usage. To develop doped perovskites using different material and different method to make catalyst more economical and efficient will be goal of the research work.

“Arbi leaves”, (also known as Taro) in its dry form has been known as a good source of Calcium. Scientifically known as Colocasia esculenta and belongs to Araceae. The present study was conducted on “organoleptic evaluation of dried Colocasia leaves incorporated in Palak Pakore and Kachori”. In the present study dried Colocasia leaves was incorporated in different ratios in Kachori (5%, 7% and 10%) and Palak Pakore (5%, 7% and 10%). A panel of 12 members was selected through Triangle Test for evaluation of the incorporated recipes. 9 Point Hedonic Rating Scale and Composite Scoring test was used for evaluation. Mean score, S.D, and p-value of t were used for statistical analysis of the scores of acceptability trials of all recipes. On the basis of scores two most acceptable recipes of kachori and palak pakore (5% dried colocasia leaves incorporated) from all the samples were selected and their nutritive value was calculated. The nutrient calculation showed a good increase in calcium with the incorporation of dried colocasia leaves as compared to standard recipe. On the basis of scores 5% dried colocasia leaves incorporated Kachori was most acceptable. It was concluded that dried colocasia leaves could be successfully incorporated in recipes as it is a very good source of calcium and could be very beneficial for women having calcium deficiency.

Investigation on “Influence of plant growth regulators on growth and yield of bitter gourd ecotype mithipagal in the rice fallow of cauvery delta region” was carried out in the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu The treatment schedule comprised five growth regulators in two levels such as GA3 (25 and 50 ppm), Ethrel (ethylene) (250 and 500 ppm), NAA (100 and 250 ppm), Triacantanol (5 and 10 ppm) and Brassinosteroid (0.5 and 1.0 ppm) sprayed on 15, 30 and 45 DAS and untreated control with twelve treatments laid in randomized block design with three replications. The observations viz., yield and quality parameters along were recorded. It was observed that the application of GA3 @ 25 ppm (T1) recorded the maximum values in number of fruits plant-1, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, volume, fruit yield plant-1 (1.77 kg) and fruit yield ha-1 (22.47 t) were recorded with the application of ethrel @ 250 ppm (T3). It was followed by T10 (brassinosteroid @ 1.0 ppm). Regarding the fruit quality characters, the ascorbic acid content and total soluble solids were found to be the maximum with the treatment T3 ethrel @ 250 ppm and it was followed by T7 (triacontanol @ 5 ppm).

Snake gourd (Trichosanthes Anguina L.) is an important Cucurbitaceous vegetable and has been traditionally grown due to its easy cultivation and short duration Performance of Snake Gourd (Trichosanthes Anguina L.) Varieties on Flowering and Fruiting Attributes. An experiment was conducted by Randomized block design to characterize and assess the growth and flowering attributes collected from different parts of South India at the Department of Horticulture, Annamalai University. Data were recorded for eight characters. Variations have been observed in different characters like days to first male flowering, days to first female flower opening, Number of fruits per plant, Fruit length(cm),Flesh thickness(cm), Fruit weight (g), Fruit yield (kg/plant) and Number of seeds per fruit. The range observed for days to first male flower opening (18.38 to 46.50), days to first female flower opening (28.88 to 57.33), Number of fruits per plant(7.00 to 27.50), Fruit length(34.73 to 175.99), Flesh thickness(0.40 to 1.17), Fruit weight(292.70 to 970.71), Fruit yield/plant(3.06 to 10.4g) and Number of seeds per fruit (22.18 to 90.75).

Background: Adjuvant radiotherapy has been given to many women with breast cancer for more than 50 years and it is currently recommended for a substantial proportion of such women. Long-term follow-up of these women has, however, revealed that some past radiotherapy techniques led to cardiac and pulmonary toxicity, because of unwanted irradiation of the cardiac structures and lungs by using traditional 2D techniques. Most of the breast cancer patients in our center traditionally treated with 2D technique and cobalt 60 machine up to 3 years ago. Therefore we present a study on cardiac and pulmonary dose-volume data of conventional 2D tangential breast irradiation achieved by three-dimensional conformal tangential irradiation. The result of this study may be beneficial to guide the radiation oncologists to improve treatment outcome by decreasing radiation toxicities in normal tissues. Material and Methods: Twenty consecutive patients with left-sided breast cancer who were irradiated with 2D- conventional tangential beams, entered to this study. For each patient (CT)-based three-dimensional treatment planning has been used to reconstruct conventional RT regimens. Then images were transferred to treatment planning system, then Contralateral breast, both lungs and heart were contoured after reconstruction of tangential fields by considering radio opaque markers located on field borders. Dose-volume histograms (DVH) for the heart, right breast and both lungs were calculated. Results: For individual women in the study, there was a wide range of cardiac doses of between 4.52 and 19.17Gy and between 9.86 and 24.75Gy mean left lung dose. Conclusion: We strongly advise 3D treatment planning or utilizing shielding system and techniques such as breath holding to reduce the dose irradiated to vital organs in 2D left breast cancer radiotherapy.

This study was conducted to estimate the fermentation characteristics and acceptability of some selected plant species using West African dwarf (WAD) goats in a completely randomized design. The experimental samples were incubated in vitro with rumen liquor taken from three WAD goats in 24 h fermentation. The volume of gas produced at the end of incubation was highest in ECA (27 ml/200mg DM.) and lowest in PRA (24 ml/200mg DM.). The methane ranged from 16 to 5.33 in ECA and PRA respectively. The cumulative gas produced and the nutrients composition of the forages were used to predict the Organic Matter digestibility (OMD), Metabolisable Energy (ME) and Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA). The values obtained for the OMD, ME and SCFA ranged from 37.44 to 51.95 %, 2.61to 6.80 MJ/Kg and 0.23 to 0.60µmol respectively. The forage acceptability revealed that the daily DM intake increased as the day progressed. Gliricidia sepium had the highest DM intake from the inception of experiment while Prosopis africana was the least. Coefficient of Preference (COP) varied from 2.20 in GLS to 0.93 in PRA. It was indicated that Gliricidia sepium was best accepted amongst the forages. The rank is as follows: GLS > DLO > PAB > ECA > FIC > FIP > PRA. In conclusion, the result in this study showed that in vitro gas production and acceptability trial may be useful methods of evaluating feed stuffs in ruminant production to avert feed scarcity experienced during the lean period of the year.

“Candida Overgrowth Syndrome” is an upcoming and more of common condition found particularly in youngsters who are on long term broad spectrum antibiotics for the treatment of acne and chronic sinusitis. Candidas are budding yeast cells which normally inhabit our gastrointestinal tract along with the other normal microbial flora. Overgrowth of Candida is made possible by overuse or misuse of antibiotics, a dysfunctional immune system or gastrointestinal distress. The striking feature is that the patients develop too many generalized, gastrointestinal and behavioral symptoms, with all their blood and other diagnostic tests negative. Timely and evidence based diagnosis of “Candida Overgrowth Syndrome” helps in accurate and timely treatment of the patient, thus avoiding unnecessary tests and medications. Here we present such a case of a young boy who landed up with “Candida Overgrowth Syndrome” after long-term intake of antibiotics taken for treating acne.

Background: Acute puerperal uterine inversion is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication in which the uterine fundus collapses within the endometrial cavity. Although the cause of uterine inversion is unclear, several predisposing factors have been described. Maternal mortality is extremely high unless the condition is recognized and corrected. Methods: This was a prospective observational study, conducted over a period of three years from March 2012 to June 2015. The study included all the patients who developed acute puerperal inversion in the hospital or outside the hospital and were referred as a case of acute puerperal inversion. Patients of chronic puerperal inversion and non-puerperal inversion were not included in the study. Thorough abdominal and pelvic examination was carried out to confirm diagnosis and the observations were recorded. Results: A total of 71125 deliveries took place which includes 11 cases of puerperal inversion, the incidence being 1 in 6466 deliveries. More than half of the patients (54.54%) were multigravida. Majority of patients(81.8%) presented with features of moderate to severe shock. out of 11 patients in 6 the uterus was reposited back by O’Sullivan Hydrostatic method, two patients had to undergo hysterectomy one for morbidly adherent placenta and another for atonic PPH. In two patients the placenta could be reposited back manually and in one patient laparotomy was required to get the uterus back to its anatomical position. There was one maternal death out of 11 cases.

Furan is produced during food processing and preservation techniques that involve heat treatment. Furan-exposed rats showed dose-dependent gross and histological changes in endocrine and reproductive organs. Aim: this work was carried out to investigate the effect of furan on the histological structure of adrenal cortex in adult male rats. Material and methods: twenty adult male albino rats (4 months old) were divided equally into two groups. Group I (control) and group II (Furan- treated) that was administered furan in a dose of 8 mg kg/ day orally by dissolving it in corn oil for 90 days. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. The suprarenal glands of the two groups were prepared for light and electron microscope examination. Blood samples from animals of all groups for estimation of serum corticosterone with statistical analysis of the levels were done. Morphometric study was also performed. Serum level of corticosterone showed significant decrease after furan administration. Results: The suprarenal cortex of the furan-treated group (group II) exhibited loss of architecture of both the zona glomerulosa and fasciculata with cellular infiltration. Areas of hyperplasia were found under the capsule. Also, the cells of zona fasciculata appeared with marked cytoplasmic vacuolation, whereas zona reticularis cells had condensed nuclei and congested blood sinusoids. Ultrastructurally, the cells of zona glomerulosa and fasciculata showed swollen mitochondria with disrupted cristae and many lipid droplets. Electron dense apoptotic nuclei were also seen.

The aim of this study was to describe the standard diagnostic procedure and the application of the Caldwell-Luc approach for the retrieval of a displaced root from the maxillary sinus and to share our experience in treating this complication. We Demonstrate a modified Reharmann flap that can be used for both retrieval of root as well as can be used to advance the buccal flap for closure of oroantral fistula that could be created because of the displaced root or the attempt by the dental surgeon to retrieve it.

Bowen’s disease is a clinical expression of squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the skin which presents as an asymptomatic well defined erythematous scaly plaque. (Weedon’s skin pathology, 2010) There is a predilection for both sun exposed areas like head and neck and non sun exposed areas like genitalia of both sexes, occurring in elderly people. A case of Bowen’s disease occurring over the right thumb, in a middle aged woman, who is a beedi maker, is being presented.

Introduction: Physical characteristics and the protection from the bone jaw preserve the dentition even when the bony structures of the body are destroyed. Due to this, the use of dental morphology to determine sexual dimorphism is a procedure established in anthropological and biological studies. Aim: This study aims to evaluate sexual dimorphism in crown width and cusp parameters of permanent maxillary first and second molars in Uttarakhand population. Materials and methods: A sample of 100 maxillary dental casts of Uttarakhand population (50 males, 50 females, and aged 15-25 years) was selected. Eight parameters were determined for each of the left maxillary first and second molars using a digital vernier caliper: four crown width measurements (buccolingual, mesiodistal, mesiobuccal–distolingual and distobuccal–mesiolingual) and four cusp measurements (hypocone, protocone, paracone and metacone) were taken. The percentage of sexual dimorphism for each parameter was computed. Results: BL width showed highest sexual dimorphism when compared all eight parameters in both first and second molars. The highest sexual dimorphism was shown by paracone in the first molar and hypocone in the second molar. Conclusion: Based on this study, odontometric measurements of maxillary molars provide low to moderate sexual dimorphism.

Background: Depression is a major public health problem as it can cause significant clinical distress. Major depression disorder (MDD) has been found to cause impairment of social, occupational or other areas of function. Antidepressant drugs being leading psycho tropics that are prescribed worldwide, their utilization in actual clinical practice, effectiveness and safety in real life situation need continuous study. Objective: Present study was carried out to evaluate the prescribing patterns of different antidepressants in psychiatry unit of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This prospective, observational and cross sectional study was conducted in the out-patient department (OPD) of General Psychiatry Unit of Sheri Maharaja Hari Singh (SMHS) hospital. A total of 600 cases were enrolled for the present study to investigate the prescribing pattern of antidepressants using a predesigned format out of which 543 subjects were taken for final results. Results: Depression was found to be the leading cause of psychiatric morbidity among the subjects accounting for 36% of the total study population. Females suffered from depression more than their male counterparts. The most common age group suffering from MDD was found to between 20-39 years comprising almost 50% of study population. Monotherapy was practiced more frequently than polytherapy with 2or more drugs. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) like escitalopram was found out to be the most preferred antidepressant chosen by the treating psychiatrists. Conclusion: Depression being the most common psychiatric disorder and this part of world is no exception to this. Among many other antidepressant groups, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are preferred over others because of their better side effect profile.

The incidence of sepsis is increasing globally, with high morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis of neonatal sepsis is still a clinical and laboratory challenge. Though blood culture is gold standard, it sometimes gives false negative result. So, judgement of clinical condition along with various investigations is important. Methodology: Blood culture, sepsis screen, biochemical markers, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) study, radiology, MRSA (methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus) surveillance were carried out in this study. Results: One seventy (65.9%) were culture positive and 88 (34.1%) were culture negative out of 258 clinically suspected cases. Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) 66 (38.82%) was the commonest organism. Among 88 culture negative cases, 38(43.2%) babies were two or more sepsis screen tests positive, 40(45.5%) culture negative babies were with risk factors and 5 (5.7%) had radiological evidence of pneumonia. Conclusion: The clinical diagnosis of it remains difficult as the symptoms are non-specific. So, blood culture is mandatory. Other diagnostic tests also help in this situation.

Introduction: Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common causative agent of nosocomial infections. Healthcare workers (HCW) have been shown to be the carriers and hence help in spread of the organism. Carriage by HCWs provides a very convenient niche for this organism to spread in the society, especially to susceptible patient population. Aim: This study was done to screen all the healthcare workers (doctors, nurses, technicians, group D workers) in our hospital in order to establish a baseline data for MRSA carrier rates and prevent outbreaks by initiating decolonization protocol. Material and method: A total of 226 HCWs were screened for nasal carriage of MRSA. Isolates were classified as coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) and Staphylococcus aureus based on cultural characteristics and biochemical reactions. Methicillin resistance was further tested based on antibiotic susceptibility testing and methicillin resistant organisms were denoted as methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) or methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Resistance was correlated with results from Biomérieux PBP-2a latex agglutination reaction. Results: MRSA nasal carriage rate in our hospital was 3.5%. Further, we found that 9% isolates were methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 61% were MRCoNS, remaining being CoNS. Conclusion: This study helped in identifying the carriers amongst the HCWs and take preventive actions. A comparatively lower prevalence of MRSA carrier rates as against certain other studies reflects the proper hand hygiene practices and incentivizes the staff to adhere to personal safety precautions.

The increasing tendency of deviations from the agro-climatic norms forces the search of alternative forage crops. The great variety of grain and sweet sorghum forms, sudangrass and their hybrids of the breeding program of Agricultural Institute – Shumen is a good basis for selection of adapted to the actual conditions genotypes, allowing harvest of green mass in different stages of the crops’ development during vegetation. The many years studies – breeding and technological, of the sudangrass, sorghum x sudangrass hybrids and sweet sorghum forms allows summarizing the field test results of Standard varieties and materials bred in the Institute for productivity of green and dry mass. It has been studied the genotype and the agro-climatic conditions’ influence on the productive potential of Standard varieties, populations and sorghum x sudangrass hybrids. Assessment is made for the effectiveness of harvesting the tested origins in four stages of development – brooming, flowering, milky-wax and technological maturity of seeds. The application of different schemes of harvesting diversifies the sources of green mass as rich forage for production of silage, haylage and hay.

Medicinal plants have been an integral part of life in various regional communities for food and drug. The use of medicinal plants to treat human diseases has its root in pre historical times. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ethnomedicinal uses of various plant species in three villages of Poovanur, Velukudi and Lakshmangudi from Needamagalam Taluk, Thiruvarur District. The present study reports a total number of 79 species used to cure various oilments like antidiabetics, diarrhoea and dysentery, Gastrointestinal order, Rheumatism, wounds and skin diseases. The findings provide support for the use of the plant in traditional medication.

Introduction: Thyroid hormone is one of the central regulator of body functions. The effect of thyroid hormones on electrolytes has not been well established and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Only few data on the association between thyroid function and electrolyte disorders exists. Thus our aim was to find out the electrolytes imbalance between hypo and hyperthyroidism and their correlation. Materials and Methods: 60 patients and 30 controls were included in this study. Thyroid hormones (T3, T4 and TSH) were measured by Beckman coulter Access-2 auto analyser and Serum sodium, potassium and chlorides were estimated using Ion Selective Electrodes. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 16. Results: Patients with hypothyroidism showed significant decrease in serum sodium, potassium and chloride levels (p<0.05) and Patients with hyperthyroidism showed significant increase in serum potassium levels (p<0.05). When correlated with TSH, Serum sodium and potassium showed negative correlation where it has positive for serum chloride in case of hypothyroidism. For hyperthyroid patients, correlation was negative for serum sodium and chloride whereas positive for serum potassium. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the serum electrolytes were significantly imbalanced in hypothyroid and hyperthyroidism patients. They should be regularly checked for serum electrolytes to prevent possible complications.

An experiment was conducted under Laboratory culture conditions for 120days to evaluate the nutritional values and acceptability of Lemna minor as component in the diets of Cirrhinus mrigala fry. By replacing fish meal with Lemna minor at 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% inclusion levels, four different fish feeds comprising of Lemna, fish meal, GNOC(Groundnut Oil Cake), rice bran, soybean, salt and vitamin were used to formulate compound diets. The fries were fed twice daily, morning and evening at 5% body weight. The three inclusion levels of duckweed supported the growth of Cirrhinus mrigala fry but growth performances weight gain and growth rate was favoured by low inclusion of duckweed meal. However, highest body weight gain (%) was recorded in the group of fish fed diet (0% inclusion of duckweed) which was not significantly different (P<0.05) from 15% level inclusion of duckweed. On the basis of the findings, the study revealed that although fish fry fed diet of 15% duckweed dietary inclusion performs best result but fish meal was completely non-replaceable however, can be supplemented with duckweed up to an optimum level to produce cost effective feed.

The collection of indigenous bacterial cultures was performed to estimate its ability to degrade harmful pollutants present in molasses spent wash (MSW) and to understand its degradation potential through natural attenuation for which bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) and fungal strain (Fusarium solani) was utilized. From the following results 1.2% glucose/peptone concentrations were considered to be the optimized source for carbon and nitrogen for the organisms. Further, the degradation potential of the consortia in different concentrations of MSW along with its application on potted wheat plant was studied.

The present work is aimed to isolate, identify and characterize the rare actinobaterial strains VJSY-1 and VJSY-14 from the mangrove soils of Gilakaladindi, Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. The soil samples were collected, pre treated with calcium carbonate and used for the isolation of rare actinobacterial strains. Identification of these strains was carried out by polyphasic taxonomical studies including morphological, cultural, physiological, biochemical characters along with 16S rRNA analysis. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis software (MEGA) version 6.0. Phylogenetic analysis by 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the strains VJSY-1 and VJSY-14 are closely related to the genus Nocardiopsis and the bioactive metabolites produced by the strains inhibited Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160), Bacillus megaterium (NCIM 2187), Bacillus subtilis, Gram negative bacteria Xanthomonas campestris (MTCC 2286), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218), and fungi like Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum and Candida albicans (MTCC 183). Attempts are being made to optimize the cultural conditions for enhanced production of bioactive metabolites by the strains as well as characterization of the bioactive compounds.

Safflower is primarily intended to produce oil for human consumption, having the potential for biodiesel production. This study aimed to evaluate macro and micronutrients omission effect on biometrics and visual diagnosis of nutritional deficiencies in safflower plants grown in nutrient solution. Research was conducted in a greenhouse. Nutrient solutions containing all nutrients and with individual omissions of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc were used. The design was completely randomized, with four repetitions. Visual diagnosis of nutrient deficiency symptoms and biometric characteristics were assessed. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Scott-Knott’s test was applied when significant, both up to 5% probability. Among primary macronutrients, nitrogen, followed by phosphorus, caused the highest reductions in all the analyzed variables in safflower plants. Among secondary macronutrients, calcium absence caused the highest reductions, and the need for these three nutrients did not allow for plants to complete their life cycle. Macronutrient omission showed the most severe symptoms in relation to micronutrients.

During present study on the helminth parasites of birds, a total of five Little Egret Egretta garzetta (Ciconiiformes: Ardeidea) were collected from different locations of river Indus at Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. During examination of gut contents and visceral organs, seven trematodes belonging to genus Pegosomum Ratz, 1903 were collected from liver of two host birds. Present species differs from its congeners by having 26 number of collar spines, sub-terminal oral sucker, pre-pharynx absent, longer, tubular esophagus, ventral sucker rounded located at mid- level of body, cirrus sac elongated and wider at its base overlapping acetabulum, ovary spherical, slightly sub-median, both testes have smooth margin, anterior testis overlaps ceca from right side, posterior testis overlaps ceca from both sides, vitellarria commencing from lower level of pharynx, overlapping ceca reaching upto anterior testis, ceca with regular smooth outline and other varying characters.

The present study was under-taken to assess the changes occurring during the decomposition of municipal solid waste, through the estimation of some typical physico-chemical, and biological characteristics. Changes in the composition characteristics of the compost over-time, included increased electrical conductivity, bulk density, water holding capacity and total soluble solids etc, during the decomposition process, where as the moisture content got reduced towards the end of composting (with final moisture content being around 27 %). The changes in these characteristics appeared to reflect the microbial activity and biomass present. The successive levels of composting process, pathogenic bacterial populations decreased, physico-chemical analysis of compost from the point of view moisture content, pH, chloride, organic matter, calcium, magnesium, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, sodium and potassium agreed with recommended standards and higher heavy metals concentrations was detected at all the decomposition stages of composting and were found to be within the permissible limits of Ohai- EPA standards. From the results, it can be concluded that, Turned windrow composting and Aerated static pile composting, could produce acceptable quality of compost, which can be used as fertilizer or soil amendment.

In this paper, modified Einstein’s field equations are solved in the presence of bulk viscous fluid for spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi Type-V cosmological model by using the average scale factor as which leads to the time varying deceleration parameter. We also use the barotropic equation of state for pressure and density. The physical aspects of this model have been discussed.

The main objective of the present work was investigated the self-magnetization for Iron filling samples. The experimental shown that the self-magnetization increasing dependent on size nanoparticles for the samples (x1,x2 and x3), which x1 denote the hard sample, x2 is the mid-size and x3 is soft one for Iron filling. The magnetization of sample x3 was greater than sample x2and sample x1.

In the present work various toxic and combustible gases such as CO and CH4 could be well discriminated using ZnO thin film gas sensors from statistical analysis of their conductance transients. ZnO thin films are grown using MOCVD technique. The gas sensing characteristics of the grown films are studied at different operating temperatures in presence of various gases. The first Fourier transformation (FFT) yield excellent results in discriminating the gases at different operating temperatures.

In recent years huge amounts of information has been collected in health based databases depicting patients’ health status (e.g., as laboratory results, treatment plans, medical reports). Thus, diagnosis of patient’s health has been considered as one of the vital processes in health care expert systems for the detection of acquired diseases from the given symptoms of the affected person. Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the dengue virus that in recent years has become a major public health concern because it can result in the death of the affected person if no action is taken. This disease is caused by the mosquito bite infected by one of the four dengue virus surrogates. It is one of those diseases whose symptoms are hard to detect. The main problem with the dengue fever detection is many people cannot depict whether they are infected by dengue fever or not which make them do nothing as they thought it is only a normal fever. However, early clinical diagnosis and careful clinical management by trained can increase survival of patients. In that case some reliable system is needed that can predict the disease and allow the user to take the necessary steps. This paper discusses the development of a wellness recommender system that would help users to detect dengue. Fuzzy systems are widely used in health care systems and are one of the most common subjects of today’s Medical Informatics. This paper has proposed a model that makes use of expert system based on fuzzy logic that analyzes symptoms introduced by the user and formulates a diagnosis using fuzzy sets to detect whether person is infected with dengue or not. Thus the proposed model uses rules of fuzzy logic in order to check whether person’s symptoms are to be qualified to be in infected category or not.

Land use and land cover is an important component in understanding the interactions of the human activities with the environment and thus it is necessary to be able to simulate changes. Empirical observation revealed a change in land use land cover classification in the parts of Pudukkottai District Tamil Nadu state. In this paper an attempt is made to study the changes in land use and land cover in the study area 10 years period (2003-2013). The land use/land cover prepared LANDSAT ETM+ satellite imageries data (Path153, Row053, acquired on 30 meter resolution image). The image characteristics like size, shape, shadow, tone/colors, texture, pattern and various associated features were considered for interpretation and to achieve it initial identification of different land use classes was pointed out on the image before carrying out the image classification and Geo-referencing of the image was also carried out. The satellite digital data was rectified using Survey of India (SOI) to posheets and field visits in the parts of Pudukkottai District accessibility is the main reason to exploitation of land resources. The land use was classified into nine classes. The two different year land use/land cover maps were integrated in GIS environment. In 2003, dense trees cover, agriculture and water bodies dominated the entire study area, covering a total of 1103.4 Km2 (74.85%). The fourth largest land cover corresponds to Land without Scrub, which occupied 8.8% of the landscape followed by current fallow land (5.8%), sandy area (4.2%), Land with Scrub (3.4%), Barren land (1.5%) and built up land (1.4%).

Enterprise development interventions refer to programs that provide business-focused solutions to help entrepreneurs in the developing world work their way out of poverty. They provide an intelligent mix of counselling, training and consultancy; financial interventions; infrastructural development and legal and regulatory framework helping people to work their way out of poverty. This paper examines the role of financial interventions in enhancing the growth of new venture start-ups based on a study of women- and youth-owned new enterprises in Baringo County, Kenya. The study adopted a survey research design targeting a population of 1049 respondents from which a sample of 281 was randomly selected. Data was collected using questionnaires and data sheet and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The research findings established that women and youth entrepreneurs accessed funds to start their businesses in form of loans, personal savings, grants, finance from leasing, and finance from Equity bank and other agents. Most of the entrepreneurs were, however, not aware of grant availability in the national and county governments. As a result, very few of them had ever applied for these grants. Moreover, most of those who had applied and gotten the loan said they were not satisfied by the loans because the amount of collateral required was high. Nevertheless, most of the respondents admitted that loan availability, status of the grace period on loans, reimbursement periods and the complexity of application procedures had improved over time. They nonetheless lamented that the interest rates had in fact deteriorated. The study established that there is a significant relationship between financial interventions and new venture start-ups (p=0.005). To mitigate the above challenges, the county government of Baringo should come up with interventions that address issues of access to finances by women and youth entrepreneurs. The county government should also give the women and youth business owners a favourable environment to enable them to undertake their business ventures successfully.

River Hindon is an important river catering the demand of highly populated and industrial cluster of western Uttar Pradesh, India. Water quality of river Hindon is constantly deteriorating at an alarming rate due to various industrial, municipal and agricultural activities taking place along the course of the river. The present study investigates the seasonal and spatial variation in the water quality parameters at eight different sites for two consecutive years (2013-2015) along the selected stretch of the river. The physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), total solids (TS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chloride, nitrate, phosphate and fecal Coliform were analyzed for the river water quality. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate the statistically considerable spatial and seasonal difference. Results of ANOVA suggest that there exist a statistically significant seasonal variation in the water quality of river with respect to pH, temperature, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate and DO. Whereas, the significant spatial variation was shown by TDS, TS, TH and chloride. Water quality index (WQI) was calculated for each site using the National sanitation foundation water quality index (NSFWQI) method. WQI results in the present study reveals that the water quality varies “bad” to “very bad” category at all sites in pre monsoon season. In post monsoon water quality comes under “bad” category at all sampling locations. The significant seasonal variation (p< 0.05) was recorded between the WQI of pre monsoon and post monsoon.

Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOs) play an essential role in economic development as part of the financial system. In Kenya, 63% of population benefit from SACCOs. SACCOs are now a vital instrument embraced by Kenyan Government towards increasing financial inclusion especially now that financial transactions are tending towards a cashless economy. In light of this, various scholars have conducted studies on financial performance within the SACCO movement and using various variables. However, none of the scholars adopted the CAMELS model in their studies. This study was thus different from the previous ones as it adopted the CAMELS model in evaluating the factors that influence the financial performance of SACCOs measured by the return on asset (ROA). The study was guided by the following research Objectives: To determine the extent to which capital adequacy influences financial performance of SACCOs in Kisumu County; to evaluate the extent to which asset quality influences financial performance of SACCOs in Kisumu County; to find out how corporate management influences financial performance of SACCOs in Kisumu County and; to examine how liquidity management influences financial performance of SACCOs in Kisumu County. Towards meeting these objectives, the study adopted a survey research design, using 62 managing directors and finance managers at the 31registered SACCOs in the County that are operational. The sample size of 53 respondents was derived using the Yamane model; pilot testing was done on 6 SACCOs to test reliability and validity of the research tools. In the study, both secondary and primary data were used. While secondary data was obtained from authoritative documentations from the target units, primary data was collected by use of semi-structured questionnaires administered to 31 managing directors and 22 finance managers of SACCOs in Kisumu County. Obtained data was analyzed by use of descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. For non-quantitative data, content analysis was adopted. The study results were presented in tabular and chart formats. The study concluded that financial performance of SACCOs in Kisumu County is influenced by capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, management efficiency and Liquidity management. As explained by adjusted R2 of 0.4211% implying that capital adequacy, Asset Quality, and Liquidity Management, holding other factors constant contributed 42.11% of the variation in the Return on Asset. The p- value of 0.05α obtained implied that the regression model was significant in predicting the extent to which Return on Asset is influenced by predictor variables as it was less than α= 0.05. The study established that Capital Adequacy plays a key role in determining the financial performance of SACCOs. With regard to management efficiency the study realized that there was a strong positive correlation with financial performance. The study recommended that the management of the SACCOs to take good care of the Assets as they play a major role in generating the finances. The SACCOs also needed to put in place a proper management team to ensure prudent management of finances.

This study assessed practical discussion on helping the faculty’s enhancement of various competencies. Further, the study conducted to examine the essential core competencies for training faculty in Competency Requirements under the Philippine Technical Vocational Education Training (TVET) in Trainers Qualification System (PTTQS) handling Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Technology at Cebu Technological University. The qualitative and quantitative data were collected through interviews and document analysis. Moreover, the importance of core competencies as rated by respondents and the mean rating were calculated for each competency. The quality of the results had to be applied for a systematic training enhancement for effective implementation and guidelines. Thus, enhance the competencies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCCs) is one of the most prevalent types of all oral neoplasms that highly require early diagnosis. Salivary evaluation is non-invasive, simple, and rapid.The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between salivary MMP-9 concentration and its tissue expression in patients with OSCC.Materials and Methods: Saliva samples were collected from 24 patients with primary diagnosis of OSCC and 24 healthy age-and-gender- matched. The unstipulated saliva was collected with spitting method. After saliva collection, the tissue samples were obtained by biopsy. Salivary concentration and tissue expression of MMP-9 were evaluated using ELISA and immune histochemistry assays, respectively. Data were analyzed using t-test, chi-square, and ANOVA tests with the confidence interval of 95%. Results: A significant increase in salivary concentration of MMP-9 was evident in OSCC patients in comparison to healthy individuals (P-value < 0.05).In addition, the MMP-9 salivary concentration was significantly higher in males in comparison with females (P-value < 0.05). There was a positive and significant correlation between salivary concentration of MMP-9 and its tissue expression (Pearson Correlation = 0.669, P-value< 0.05). Conclusion: Salivary evaluation of MMP-9 concentration could be a valuable tool to detect OSCC.

Objective: To know the role of USG and CT in pancreatitis, compare the findings of USG with CT, correlate USG and CT findings with biochemical parameters, evaluate the occurrence of complications, and predict the outcome of patients with pancreatitis Materials and Methods: Ultrasound and CT (plain and contrast) evaluation was done in 55 patients clinically suspected of pancreatitis of all age groups and both sexes. The Ultrasound and CT findings were compared and correlated with the biochemical parameters. Cases are evaluated for the occurrence and complications & outcome .Discrepancies found between ultrasonographic and CT findings were analysed. Results: 55 cases were studied and they were subjected to USG and CT (plain and contrast). Most of the patients were males with male to female ratio 13:1. Most common etiology was chronic alcohol consumption (42 cases, 76.33%) followed by idiopathic (11 cases, 20%) and trauma (2 cases, 3.66%). Multiple sites of involvement (35 cases, 63.65%) was more common than focal involvement of pancreas. Severe form of pancreatitis (37 cases, 67.27%) was the most common type according to MCTSI. The most common complication was ascites (36 cases, 65.45%) followed by pseudocyst (31 cases, 56.36%) and pleural effusion (16 cases, 29.09%). Conclusion: The sensitivity of USG in detecting acute pancreatitis was 41.8% .The sensitivity of CT (pain and contrast) in detecting pancreatitis was 100%.Modified CT severity index shows significant correlation between severity of pancreatitis and patient outcome. Serum lipase is more accurate in detecting acute pancreatitis than serum amylase. Thus, from the present study it can be concluded that CT (plain and contrast) is superior in detecting and evaluating pancreatitis. Hence, CT (plain and contrast) should be performed in all cases of clinically suspected pancreatitis especially with positive serological findings.

Background: Nowadays, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) has become a mainstay treatment option for the management of portal hypertension-related complications in liver cirrhosis. Accumulated evidence has shown that its indications are being gradually expanded. Notwithstanding, less attention has been paid for the selection of an appropriate stent during a TIPS procedure. Aim: To evaluate efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt stent for decreasing portal pressure and estimate stent diameter according to the classification and patient condition. Materials and Methods: We observed and surveyed 67 patients between 2002 and 2014, 67 patients with cirrhosis (60 males) with a mean age 51.08±12.574 years underwent TIPS in the Tashkent Medical Academy II clinic (18 patients) and Chonnam National University Hospital (49 patients) who underwent TIPS. 17 patients were infected with hepatitis B virus, 6 patients were with hepatitis C, 1 patient were diagnosed with both of HBV, HCV, and histiocytosis. In 2 patients developed cirrhosis cause of both alcohol and hepatitis B virus. The hepatic function status evaluated by Child-Pugh classification. Results: We compared patients’ condition and complications of the TIPS according to stent diameter. The first month mortality rate was higher in the 12-mm stent group than in the 10-mm stent group. The 10 mm stents were more effective than the 8 mm stents for reducing portosystemic pressure gradient after TIPS (6.5±2.7 mm Hg and 8.9±2.7 mm Hg, P=0.007). A 10-mm stent group was superior to the 8-mm stent group for decreasing the first year rate of remaining free of recurrence and/or persistence of complications due to portal hypertension (82.9% and 41.9%, P = 0.002, by Log-Rank test). Conclusion: The study showed that a 10-mm stent might be effective and brought less complication than an 8-mm or 12-mm stent for the management of PH and the development of shunt patency. Covered stents are better than bare stents for decreasing the shunt dysfunction. The placement of a stent in the left portal vein branch may enhance the hepatic perfusion and decrease the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy.

Reaction time study has been evaluated in many health and disease conditions. It reflects the alertness, calmness, concentration and cognitive abilities of an individual. Further study of choice reaction time for individual’s response of visual reaction time for red and green and auditory reaction time for low and high frequency sound helps in microanalysis of perception of central nervous system to wide variety of stimulus and response pattern in each of the exposed stimuli. Neurotoxic side effects such as mood fluctuations, impaired concentration abilities, memory deficit and cognitive dysfunction resulting from chronic exposure to formaldehyde fumes are well known. Our earlier study observation revealed increased auditory and visual reaction time. The above fact gave us an impetus to investigate the choice reaction time tasks for auditory and visual stimuli in those exposed to formaldehyde for duration of three to five years period. The Visual reaction time for red color was shortest and delayed for green color in the study and control groups. Similarly, the study group and control reacted faster for high frequency than low frequency sound. The student’s t test was employed to evaluate statistical significance. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be significant. Both visual and auditory choice reaction time was found to be delayed in study group as compared to control but this was not found to be statistically significant. Protective measures to prevent ill effects of formaldehyde exposure on human health are recommended.

Context: Health related problems of elderly in India needs special attention. There are no prescribed guidelines for elderly in India, various physiological and age related factors contribute to unwanted reactions in elderly. In clinical practice it is very difficult for choose an appropriate medication for them. Considering all this problems we need an appropriate prescription pattern for elderly. Objective: To analyze the prescription appropriateness in elderly using beers and STOPP criteria and to identify the mishaps in prescriptions. Materials and Methods: All patients having age ≥ 65 years admitted in general medicine department during the study period was observed. Prospective and retrospective data were collected from patient medication record. Results and Discussion: 43.7% prescriptions showed inappropriateness in prescriptions and beers criteria were identified in more prescriptions. Conclusion: Inappropriateness in prescriptions common in our hospital and this mishaps point out for careful attention to elderly prescription pattern. Inappropriateness can minimized by selection of appropriate medication and need a team effort also point out the need of a proper guidelines for elderly patients.

The present study was carried out to investigate possible antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial activities of methanolic extract of the flowering tops of Rosa damascena. Antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanolic extract of the flowering tops of Rosa damascena was tested by castor oil induced diarrhoea in mice, it increases mean latent period and decreased the frequency of defecation significantly and dose dependently at the doses of 250 mg/kg (P < 0.005) and 500 mg/kg (P < 0.001) body weight comparable to the standard drug loperamide at the doses of 50 mg/kg body weight. The antimicrobial activity was investigated against two Gram positive and nine Gram negative bacteria by using disc diffusion method. The methanolic extract showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram negative bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii, Shigella flexneri, Enterococci spp, and Samonella typhi in dose dependant manner. The present study clearly supports the medicinal value of this plant. The overall results indicate the possibility of presence of some active principles in the plant extract possessing antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial actions.

Background: Salivary Evidence in a crime scene is scaling revolutionary heights in Forensics. Saliva identification on a victim proves malicious contact, thus carrying more evidentiary weight. Salivary DNA is also a promising tool for epidemiological genomic studies. This study was conducted to investigate state of DNA in scenarios of delayed evidence collection in tropical climatic temperatures. Aim: To evaluate quality of genomic DNA extracted from saliva swabs obtained from bite imprints and to assess the genomic fidelity when the DNA from the dry evidence is preserved in favorable and unfavorable temperatures for a period of 60 days. Materials and Methods: 25 participants were recruited and 2 samples, the first comprising of 5ml of unstimulated saliva and second, bite imprints recorded on putty impression material were obtained. Swabs were taken from the bite imprint on the 1st day simulating early evidence collection and 3rd day simulating delayed evidence collection respectively; the 3 day interval during which bite imprints were left unprotected at room temperature. Single swabbing technique was employed in swab collection. DNA extraction was done from the collected saliva and the swabs to compare quantity and check quality. Extracted Trace DNA was preserved in a range of tropical temperatures and inspected for degradation by PCR once in 20 days, for 60 days. On the 60th day, DNA quality comparison was done. Results: The comparison between quantity of DNA in saliva and swab A showed statistical significance with P=0.0005 <0.001 with the mean±S.D of saliva (87.44±42.05 ) and Quantity of DNA from swab A being (1.53±0.72). Similarly the comparison of Quantity of DNA from saliva and swab B showed significance with P=0.0005<0.001 with swab B ( 0.65±0.30) and the comparison between swab A and Swab B also statistical significant with ( 1.53 ±0.72) and (0.65±0.30) respectively. The Trace genomic DNA which was obtained by portioning Swab B DNA into 3 parts and preserved in unfavorable temperatures exhibited reliable quality within study period which was demonstrated by DNA amplification pattern in Polymerase chain reaction. Conclusion: In delayed Evidence collection upto 3 days, tropical climatic temperature does not seem to hamper the quality of DNA and the genomic fidelity was found to be maintained. The study also proved that Trace Genomic DNA can be preserved in normal tropical temperatures for a minimum of 60 days without the threat of complete DNA degradation.

Pycnodysostosis is a rare clinical entity, first described in 1962 by Maroteaux and Lamy. It is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by osteosclerosis, brittle bones, short stature, delayed closure of the fontanels, wide lambdoidal sutures and premature synostosis of the coronal suture, clavicular dysplasia spondylolysis and acroosteolysis. This paper presents a very rare case of a patient with Pycnodysostosis, with concurrent osteomyelitis and review the relevant literature.

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a common childhood neuro- developmental disorder with early onset, affecting 5.4% and 8.7% of African children. Recent studies reveal that 30% to 70% of children continue to experience the problem in adulthood. In spite of high morbidity, a large majority of children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder remain undiagnosed or do not receive appropriate specialized services because of lack of technology. The disease causes impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. Even though studies in Africa show that large numbers of children are having the disease, there is paucity of information on the prevalence in Ethiopia. This study was aimed todetermine the prevalence of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among children in Jimma Zone, south west Ethiopia. Community based descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed among children aged between 6 to 16 years old. Simple random sampling was used to select 02 Woredas from 17 woredas in Jimma zone. Then 03 kebeles were randomly selected from each selected woredas; and in turn 406 study subjects were selected randomly from a household within each selected section, Multi stage cluster sampling. A validated an 18-items of the Disruptive Behaviour Disorder rating scale was used to investigate the presence of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms. Out of all, 95.3 %( n=387) of study participants were completed the interview and the prevalence of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder was found to be 13.7%, 95%CI (10.1, 17.3), with male to female ratio of nearly 1.3: 1. The prevalence was high in this study; that shows Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is significant public health issue that requires a great emphasis; affecting males more than females. So, early screening and intervention of the disease should be integrated in child care service settings and supported with high technology.

In examining the influence of the organizational structure and culture on the medical waste management practice (MWMP) among public hospitals in Libya, this paper depicts a theoretical view to develop several corresponding hypotheses, with the two organizational factors (structure and culture) proposed to draw their effect upon hospital groups who are in charge of medical waste. Therefore, this paper examines the direct relationship between independent variables (structure and culture) and the dependent variable (MWMP). In doing so, previous research noticed that certain organizational factors such as (structure and culture) do influence waste management at the hospitals. Our finding shows that there are some inconsistent findings. We used the questionnaire design to gather the data from the surveyed hospitals located in the southern part of Libya. A total of 210 questionnaires were distributed and 171 usable responses were received, yielding 70% response rate. The two dimensions of the structure examined in this research (centralization and formalization) are found to have a positive relationship and significant influence on the management practice of medical waste. Moreover, the relationship between the organizational culture and MWMP is positive. The findings obtained from this research suggest that in order to improve MWMP among the public hospitals in Libya, nurses and cleaners should consider the structure dimension such as formalization seriously. We seek for our findings to be able to enhance the way medical waste is handled in the Libyan hospitals and complement the existing body of knowledge as well as to contribute to future studies in regards.

This paper was conducted to evaluate the economic and productive efficiency of two layer breeds and their crossing in Egypt. The first breed is indigenous Fayoumi, and the second is exotic Rhode Island Red (RIR). Both breeds have their different performances, and each breed was preferred over the other for some particular traits. By crossing the two breeds, the crossbreds could benefit from the strengths of the purebreds. The economic efficiency measures are used to determine the economic value for various traits and to compare the performance of purebreds and crossbreds. 480 chicks were divided into 4 groups consisting of Fayoumi, Rhode Island Red (RIR), Rhode Island Red × Fayoumi crossbred and Fayoumi × Rhode Island Red crossbred. Each genotype was divided into 3 replicates, all housed in a litter floor house up to 28 weeks of age. Economic and productive efficiency measures were calculated. On the basis of our results, it would be concluded that, RIR purebred showed the highest body weight, average daily gain and relative growth rate at 0-8th, 8th-20th, 20th-28th weeks of age. Net profit was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for Fayoumi × RIR crossbred (L.E/chicken 27.37), followed by RIR purebred (L.E/chicken 26), then Fayoumi purebred (L.E/chicken 24.48) and the lowest was RIR×Fayoumi crossbred (L.E/chicken 20.6).

Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of mortality around the world (2). Identification of risk factors and early diagnosis are important as symptoms may indicate unexpected and serious consequences. In addition to genetic predisposition; obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and smoking are well established risk factors. The relationship between increased Serum Uric Acid level and development of CAD has been investigated for more than 50 years. Methods: The study is aimed to find out the significance of raised Serum Uric Acid level in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). In this study, we included forty CAD patients as test group and equal number of controls. Both test group and control group were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. All candidates were assessed for anthropometric and biochemical parameters. Lipid profiles and Serum Uric Acid was estimated by auto-analyser and IFCC approved methods. Results: The present study showed significant increased level of Total Cholesterol (p< 0.001) and elevated LDL-C (p<0.001) in CAD patients as compared to controls. Mean Uric Acid was also significantly higher in test group (7.83±1.83) as compared to control group (5.06±1.48). Conclusion: Serum Uric Acid, TC/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios could be regarded as objective markers in association with existing atherogenic dyslipidaemia in patients with CAD.

Introduction & objective: Acute Bacterial Meningitis (ABM) is a medical emergency which warrants early diagnosis. Pretreatment with antibiotic before lumbar puncture make interpretation of CSF culture difficult. Clinicians must rely on the other tests to determine the etiology of meningitis. Thus it is very important to ascertain the diagnostic efficacy of different tests employed. This study was aimed to evaluate Real Time PCR with other diagnostic methods in culture negative ABM in pediatric age group. Material & Method: 60 CSF samples from suspected cases of ABM were subjected to cytology, gram staining, biochemical analysis, culture as well as antigen detection by latex agglutination test (LAT) for S.pneumoniae, H.influenzae, N.meningitidis, E.coli, Gr.B Streptococcus and probe based Real Time PCR for S.pneumoniae, H.influenzae, N.meningitidis. Result: Among the five PCR positive samples for S. pneumoniae four were positive by LAT, of which only one was isolated by culture. Of the three PCR positive H.influenzae samples, two were positive by LAT but none yielded growth. All CSF samples demonstrating microorganism by any means (culture, LAT, RTPCR) had shown Polymorphonuclear leucocytosis & pus cells. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the need to subject pediatric CSF samples to Real Time PCR for identifying microorganism, showing polymorphonuclear leucocytosis & pus cells which may be missed on culture.

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) that cause a common end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Cytokines regulate inflammatory processes in response to the degree of inflammations. Overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α) and interlukin-6 (IL-6) play a role in the development and progression of DN. Aim: To evaluate the levels of TNF-α and IL-6, and their implication in diagnosis and progression of nephropathy in patients with type 2diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Subjects and Methods: Sixty subjects (45 patients, 15 normal) were selected from Suez city and general hospital in Suez, with mean age43.3±8.2years. They were classified into four groups, Group I:healthy subjects, Group II:T2DMpatients; GroupIII: Nephropathicpatients identified by high level of creatinine in blood and microalbuminurea; and Group IV: Nephropathic patients with T2DM as identified by high level of creatinine and glucose in blood and microalbuminurea. Blood and urine samples were collected and tested for fasting and postprandial blood glucose (PBG) level, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), liver and kidney function tests. In addition, serum TNF-α, and IL-6levels were measured by Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: The level of IL-6 was significantly increased (p<0.05) in nephropathy and DN groups compared to control and T2DM groups with a significant positive correlation between its level and the duration of diabetes in DN group and significant negative correlation between its level and duration of diabetes in T2DM group. On the other side, TNF-α levels were significantly decreased(p<0.05) in both nephropathy and DN groups compared with control and T2DM groups which was not correlate to the duration of diabetes in either T2DM or DN groups. Conclusion: Tracking the levels of IL-6 cytokine in T2DM patients could be used as a marker for progression to DN patients.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV|AIDS) has become the common deadly chronic disease. Provision of antiretroviral drugs is believed in reducing the effect of stigma and social discrimination. Previous studies verified the association between accesses of ART on stigma reduction. In this study, the urban data results confirmed with the previous study results. However, the rural data do not reflect the access of ART reduces the stigma of patients on ART. Most of patients in rural hospitals give up continuing on ART due to stigmatization. As a result the survival probabilities of rural patients on ART in Gidole (rural hospital) become 0.0997 in 104th survival month from 0.9956 in 17th survival month. For the same survival months, the survival probabilities of patients on ART in Arba Minch (urban hospital) become 0.5924 from 0.9936. To improve the survival probability of patient, we should improve CD4 count. It is the main determinant factor in patient survival modeling.

Background: Various changes in the educational system have evolved for educator leaders recently. However, negative impacts on leader’s emotional intelligence due to leadership behavior that arise problems in producing good quality of work can have significant effect on their performance. Objective: This study investigates the impact of an emotional intelligence on leadership behaviour as well as fitness of the suggested hypothetical model and the observed data. Method: Using a structured questionnaire derived from the literature, data were collected from 306 (89%) subjects from a 15 SBT (High Performance Schools) in Malaysia which were chosen by cluster sampling procedure. The data were then analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM); an acceptable level of model fit was found. Two sets of questionnaire to measure emotional intelligence (Emotional Competence Inventory)(ECI)and leadership behavior (Multi-factor leadership questionnaire)(MLQ) were administered. The inclusion criteria consisted of leaders in a school setting. Results: Three-hundred-and-six educator leaders from fifteen SBT schools in Malaysia were recruited into the study. Respondents were on average 41 years old (range= 26-60 years). The Majority were female (n=174), education level (degree; n=255), and working experience (range=11-20 years; n=107).In examining the relationship between emotional intelligence with leadership behavior, EQ was positively related to transformational leadership, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.61, and transactional leadership, p< 0.001, R2 = 0.77. The result shows that the model fit indices demonstrates TLI (Tucker-Lewis Index), NFI (Normed Fit Index), RFI (Relative Fit Index), IFI (Incremental Fit Index) and CFI (Comparative Fit Index) are more than .90 (from .932 until .975), RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) also shows 0.055 (RMSEA <. 08) (Byrne, 2001). These values indicate an adequate fit and it’s obviously met the basic requirement of model fit. The values of the Chi-Squared Roots Goodness of Fit also show 1.87, below 3. Therefore, the model is significantly fit and support to the data. Conclusion: On a practical note, the assessment of psychological constructs in school setting eg; EQ and leadership behavior could possibly assist in enhancing the work performances in delivering huge benefits to the society especially in the educational contexts.

Nanotechnology refers to the research and development of an applied science at the atomic or molecular level (i.e. molecular engineering, manufacturing). Although the nanoscale is small in size, its potential is vast. Almost every area of human activity will be affected by future nanotechnologies. Nanotechnology is based on the concept of creating functional structures by controlling atoms and molecules on a one-by-one basis. With developments in materials science and biotechnology, nanotechnology is especially anticipated to provide advances in dentistry and innovations in oral health-related diagnostic and therapeutic methods.

Condom Social Marketing is a means in which condom brands are developed and marketing with the promotional campaigns to be sold to specific target groups. Currently, more than two billion socially marketed condoms are distributed each year and present in 66 countries in the globe. The origin of Condom Social Marketing was in 1960’s when Government of India expanded it family planning methods with special focus on condoms. The efforts are further focused on condom promotion in 1980’s with discovery of HIV/AIDS. The article will provide in brief about the efforts of government and its implication on condom awareness in the country. The article states the two major campaigns by Department of Health and Family Welfare and National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), i.e. Social Marketing Scheme and Target Condom Social Marketing Programme (CSMP) respectively. The article analyzes the data regarding condom sales, distribution and usage. Further, the article examines the key findings and provides few suggestions followed by conclusion.

Despite availability of several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for the management of epilepsy the problems of inadequate seizure control and disturbing side effects with these drugs persist and hence, quest continues for newer agents with superior clinical efficacy and safety profile. Brivaracetam (BRV) is a new AED that is an analog of levetiracetam (LEV). Its mechanism of antiseizure action seemingly involves selective binding to synaptic vesicle protein 2A, akin to LEV. Its safety and efficacy as an add-on therapy have been studied primarily in adult epilepsy patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures. In addition, a few studies have involved patients with generalized seizures, and progressive myoclonic epilepsies. BRV has been found to be efficacious and well tolerated as add-on therapy in partial-onset seizures and generalized seizures. Side effects due to BRV tend to be non-serious, mild-to-moderate in intensity and transient in nature. This article has described the brief pharmacological and clinical profile of BRV.

Biggest challenge that a pediatric dentist has to face is the ever dynamic changes in a newborn and infant through childhood and adolescence. Being a pedodontist, and having to work exclusively on child patients, our foremost requirement is to be able to appreciate fully the massive difference in each and every aspect of biological and behavioural spheres between a child and an adult through adolescence. A thorough knowledge of this significant difference between the two age groups will not only help in better understanding of the patient’s present condition and its clinical significance in pediatric dentistry but will also guide a pedodontist to take age appropriate measures in treatment of an individual. The overall management of patients by a pedodontist is not just limited to the care of oral cavity but should also include the consideration of the other body systems like gastrointestinal system, renal system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, muscular system, immune system, as these systems in themselves effect the treatment protocols.

Gynecological specimens form a major bulk of histopathology laboratory. Aim of this study was to determine the frequency and histomorphological patterns of lesions of the cervix. This was a 2 year retrospective study done in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 600 cases were retrieved from histopathology department and evaluated. The age group of the patients was between 20-75 years. It was concluded that about 79% cases were non –neoplastic and 21% were neoplastic. The most common of all these lesions was chronic non-specific cervicitis. All the lesions of cervix were common in age group of 41-50 years followed by 31-40 years. Large cell non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma was the most common carcinoma.

Background: Balance is a component of basic needs for daily activities and it plays an important role in static and dynamic activities. Core stabilization training is thought to improve balance, postural control, and reduce the risk of lower extremity injuries. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of core stabilizing program on balance in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy children. Subjects and Methods: Thirty hemiplegic cerebral palsy children from both sexes ranged in age from six to eight years participated in this study. They were assigned randomly into two groups of equal numbers, control group (A) children were received selective therapeutic exercises and study group (B) children were received selective therapeutic exercises plus core stabilizing program for eight weeks. Each patient of the two groups was evaluated before and after treatment by Biodex Balance System in laboratory of balance in faculty of physical therapy (antero posterior, medio lateral and overall stability). Patients in both groups received traditional physical therapy program for one hour per day and three sessions per week and group (B) were received core stabilizing program for eight weeks three times per week. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in all measured variables before wearing the orthosis (p>0.05), while there was significant difference when comparing pre and post mean values of all measured variables in each group (p<0.01).When comparing post mean values between both groups, the results revealed significant improvement in favor of group (B) (p<0.01). Conclusion: Core stabilizing program is an effective therapeutic exercise to improve balance in hemiplegic cerebral palsy children.

Background: Angiotensine converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) are commonly used drugs for treatment of hypertension and heart failure. Cough is most common side effect occurring in 0.7-35% according to various reports. Objective: To estimate the incidence of ACE-I induced cough in IRAQI patients. Method: 2800 Iraqi patients using different ACE-I drugs (captopril, Enalpril, Lisinipril and Ramipril) visiting hypertension and Out-patient –Clinic at ALKARAMA and AL-ZAHRA teaching hospitals at Wasit Governorate / IRAQ, these patients were interviewed for cough related to ACE-I use , patients having cough were underwent investigations to other causes of cough and re-evaluated 4-weeks after changing their medication. Result: 925 patients have ACE-I induced cough (502 (54.27%) females Vs. 423(45.72%) males) so cough occur in 33% of total patients, more common in females , it occur most frequently with Enalipril users (44.75%) and least in Captopril group (25%). Conclusion: ACE-I induced cough is common and underestimated problem in Iraq , genetics and environmental factors are playing important role in the determination of difference incidence around the world.

Ectodermal dysplasias is a rare hereditary disorder that results due to disturbances in the ectoderm of the developing embryo. The classic features that define this condition are partial or complete tooth agenesis which is a congenital lack of one or more teeth of primary and or permanent teeth, sparse hair, dystrophies of nails and lack of sweat glands. Since the pediatric dentists are the first to be consulted in case of loss of teeth, this article is a sincere effort to spread awareness about this rare entity. A case of eleven year old girl child is reported hereby who presented with a complaint of missing teeth, dry skin and brittle nails.

Background and Aims: Leakage rates from colonic anastomoses continue to be significant. The effect of luminal butyrate on the healing of colonic anastomoses in the ascending and descending colon was investigated in rats. Methods: Colonic resection and anastomosis was performed in the proximal and distal colon of adult Wistar rats. Daily enemas of butyrate (40 mM) or saline were administered to case and control rats respectively. Animals were sacrificed on the 6th day and colonic segments of 4 cm including the anastomoses were excised from both the ascending and descending colons. Bursting pressure for the anastomotic line was measured for each colonic segment. Results: The mean bursting pressure was significantly higher (131.96±20.11 mm Hg, mean+SD) in the group receiving butyrate enemas as compared to the control group receiving saline enemas (91.29±15.91) (P<0.001). The effect of butyrate on bursting wall tension was higher in the proximal colon than in the distal colon. Conclusion: Butyrate facilitates colonic anastomotic healing and results in significantly stronger anastomoses judged by the bursting pressure. There may be a role for local butyrate instillation in healing of colonic anastomoses.

Background: Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) found in the normal skin flora and mucous membranes have recently got attention as a potential pathogen, specifically for nosocomial infections. Recent reports suggest coagulase negative Staphylococci as the most common pathogens of blood stream infections. Aims: To identify and speciate various species of coagulase negative Staphylococci isolated from bloodstream infection and determine their antimicrobial resistance pattern. Materials and methods: We collected 224 strains of different CoNS species from positive blood cultures obtained from paediatric patients aged less than 6 years during a period of three years-from January 2012 to December 2014.Isolates were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by MicroScan Walkaway SI system (Siemens). Results: Among the 224 pediatric patients enrolled, 120 were male and 104 were female babies. Of the 224 clinical isolates, Staphylococcus hominis was the most common species found 89(39.7%). The overall drug resistance among the species ranged from 8.5% to 87% to all the drugs tested except to Vancomycin, Linezolid and Streptogramins which were 100% sensitive. The highest drug resistance was exhibited towards Penicillin and Ampicillin (86.6%) and Oxacillin (69.7%). The minimum drug resistance was shown towards Gentamicin (12.3%) and Rifampicin (8.5%). S.hyicus, S.cohnii, S.xylosus, S.saprophyticus, S.warneri, S.capitis were 100% sensitive to Gentamicin. Conclusions: CoNS have emerged as one of the important cause of blood stream infections. High rate of resistance is exhibited against commonly used antibiotics like Penicillins and Cephalosporins. Hence empirical use of antibiotics has to be avoided to prevent development of multidrug resistant strains.

Objective: To evaluate the association of verbal memory scores of similar and dissimilar pairs with their Hb concentration in elderly population. Methods: From an urban health centre, 60 healthy elderly subjects (aged between 50 to 60 years) who had participated in a health camp were selected. Their verbal retention memory levels were evaluated using PGIMS. The Hb concentration was collected from their haematology report. Then values of verbal memory was analysed against their Hb concentration. Result: The R values of similar and dissimilar pair of verbal memory (0.26 & 0.35 respectively) showed weak positive linear association with Hb concentration. But still both the values showed significant correlation coefficient (P<0.05) with Hb concentration. Conclusion: Using PGI memory scale, the verbal retention memory is associated with Hb concentration for elderly and the association was relatively more for dissimilar word pairs than similar word pairs.

Objective: 1) To estimate the prevalence of primary infertility in the study population. 2) To describe the socio demographic characteristics prevailing among couples with primary infertility in the study population. 3) To identify the probable medical conditions associated with primary infertility. Design: Cross- sectional descriptive study. Setting: Rural field practice area of tertiary hospital, Bangalore. Sample: Complete enumeration of entire Kumbalgodu Primary Health center area covering 26, 190 populations. Methods: In depth interview using a pretested pre-structured questionnaire was conducted for a period of 18 months (January 2012 to August 2013) to enumerate all couples with primary infertility in the entire Kumbalgodu Primary Health Centre area. Review of investigation reports available with couples at the time of study. Results: In the present study area, prevalence of primary infertility was 4.5%. The most common cause of primary infertility among females was pelvic inflammatory disease followed by polycystic ovarian disease and among males it was oligospermia. Conclusion: This study has yielded important information regarding the prevalence and risk factors influencing primary infertility. Efforts to raise awareness in the population about the causes of primary infertility are needed and facilities should be made available for early diagnosis and treatment.

Background: Age estimation in the living is one of the most important tasks of a forensic practitioner especially in developing countries where birth records are often not well-maintained. Objective: Prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in Wad Medani Teaching Hospital, Wad Medani orthopedic Center and Gezira National Center for Pediatric Surgery with the objective to assess the bone age by epiphyseal fusion of the distal end of the femur by using radiographs of Sudanese subject at Gezira State. Methods: A total of 113 Subjects comprising of 62 females and 51 males, free from any musculoskeletal, nutritional and endocrinal disorder and confirmed dates of births were enrolled in the current study, The Subjects were divided into 12 groups on the basis of their age. Radiographs of knee joint were taken and a classification into four group on fusion base was applied, Stage I: No fusion; Stage II: Partial fusion; Stage III: Recent fusion; Stage IV: Complete fusion. Results: It was found that the lower end of femur united completely with shaft in age group of 19- 20 years in males and 17- 18 years in females. The epiphysis average age of fusion is higher in males as compared to females. Conclusion: The sequence of fusion of distal end of femur was almost similar with other workers.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant infectious disease in many parts of the world, which is of great concern. Prompt detection, isolation, identification and susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical specimens is essential for appropriate management of patients with tuberculosis. This study aims to compare the sensitivity of BACTEC MGIT method in detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among various clinical samples and to detect the drug resistance pattern to 1st line drugs among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Materials and Methods: A three year cross sectional study was done among 300 patients in the department of Microbiology, KIMS, Bangalore. Study group included cases with clinical or radiological evidence suggestive of tuberculosis. Specimens were subjected to direct microscopy by Ziehl-Neelsen staining and fluorescent staining. Culture was done by semi automated BACTEC MGIT system. Rapid antigen detection by SD TBAg MPT64 kit was performed to confirm the positive isolates. Isolates confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis were subjected to drug susceptibility testing using MGIT method for 1st line drugs ie Streptomycin, Isoniazid, Rifampicin and Ethambutol. Results: The sensitivity of direct microscopy was 12.33% by Ziehl-Neelsen staining and 14.33% by fluorescent staining .Overall culture positivity was 18.6% (56). 55 isolates were Mycobacterium tuberculosis and one was nontuberculous mycobacterium. The mean detection time was 20.75 days by MGIT method. A sensitivity of 96.3% for streptomycin, 89% for isoniazid, 98.1% for rifampicin and 96.3% for ethambutol was noticed. Discussion and Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of culturing the suspected tuberculosis cases prior to empirical therapy. Newer automated culture methods aids in earlier detection of cases and drug susceptibility testing of isolates and helps in selection of appropriate treatment for tuberculosis.

Emollients have been part of human life for centuries. It softens and smoothes the skin. They improve the skin barrier function by decreasing the Transepidermal water loss. Leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Azadirachta indica as well as peel of Aloe vera have been principle ingredients in emollient creams. They were subjected to qualitative tests and quantitative total phenolic content assay. It was found that the ethanolic extracts of the sample had high phenolic content and it had a good correlation with DPPH free radical scavenging assay. GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extracts of the samples gave several compounds and of which Thymol, Methylparaben, Vitamin E, 1-acetyl pyrrolidine and n-Hexadecanoic acid were selected for the study. It was docked against Human Retinoic Acid Receptor (RXR)-Gamma. In silico docking studies showed that n-Hexadecanoic acid as an active compound with high emollient activity with a fitness score of 33.05. This paves way for treating Eczema and photodamaged skin at molecular level.

Biotransformation processes are defined as the use of complete biological systems or its parts to make structural funcionalizations to xenobiotics compounds. Microbial transformations are characterized by versatility, efficiency, regioselectivity, chemoselectivity and enantioselectivity of the enzymatic processes involved. In a single process one or more products can be obtained and they occur under mild conditions considered environmentally friendly and can be placed in the field of white biotechnology and green chemistry. The microorganisms are capable of transforming a wide variety of organic compounds, in especial phytopatogenic fungi are an interesting group because of the large number of genera and species that form and the variety of enzymatic processes that can be achieved by them. In this article, it is described the biotransformation of many sesquiterpenes by different fungal species applied towards the obtaining of derivatives. The transformation of these compounds can result in compounds with enhanced biological activities with potential applications in various industrial sectors such as the pharmaceutical, agricultural, food, etc.

Natural convective MHD flow of a viscous incompressible fluid along a vertical plate is discussed with the effect of variable electrical conductivity and heat generation under the action of transverse magnetic field in porous medium. It is supposed that there is an internal heat generation along the plate that decays exponentially while electrical conductivity of the fluid is a function of fluid temperature. The process of similarity transformation is used to transform the partial governing equations into ordinary. Considering fluid flow of low Prandlt Number {Pr << 1}, numerical solutions and results are obtained using Runge-Kutta method while Shooting method is used to find the missing initial conditions. The results are used to plot velocity and temperature profile near the plate, and variation of skin-friction and heat transfer at the plate for various values of physical parameters used. The results show significant effects of fluid electrical conductivity and medium porosity on the flow and heat transfer in presence of transverse magnetic field and heat generation.

Wireless technology has been gaining rapid popularity over the years. Nowadays, security is considered as one of the most critical parameter for the acceptance of any wireless networking technology. Although implementation of technological solutions is the most common way to respond to threats of wireless security systems and susceptibility, wireless security is basically a management issue. Effective management planned after analyzing current threats will help to sort out issues in a better way. In this paper, we analyze the security related protocol (WEP, WPA, WPA2) and current scenario of the wireless network security systems. We also figure out various issues that allow hackers to monitor and even change the integrity of transmitted data and discuss a number of available solutions to counter those threats.

Pregnancy is a special time during a woman’s reproductive life as a result of the unique physiology and the presence of a developing fetus. Despite an impressive amount of effort and extensive research over the past century, our knowledge of the development, physiology and pathophysiology of the fetus and its environment remains limited. Thus, study of amniotic fluid (AF) provides unique as well as vital information about the understanding of the biochemistry and physiology of AF and to foresee ways in which the fluid might be used in other diagnostic problems. AF is a complex and dynamic biological fluid that surrounds the fetus in the amniotic cavity which protects the fetus from mechanical as well as thermal shock and also contains nutrients and growth factors that facilitate fetal growth. AF is known to contain large amounts of proteins whose expression profile reflects the genotypic constitution of the fetus and regulates feto-maternal physiological interaction. An intricate balance of proteins is required throughout pregnancy and in cases of pregnancy complications or fetal genetic abnormalities, the balance may be disturbed. So, identification of these changes therefore, may be used for the detection of a particular type of pathology. Proteomics have additional relevance in understanding pathophysiology and the development of molecularly targeted therapeutics. Comparison of normal human AF proteome with that coming from pregnancies carrying fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities facilitated the detection of panels of potential biomarkers for prenatal detection of fetal aneuploidies. The discovery of novel protein biomarkers in either drug development or the study of disease in AF is often hindered by certain particular proteins present at relatively high concentrations. The ability to deplete these proteins specifically, reproducibly and high selectivity is increasingly important in proteomic studies and success in this procedure is leading to an ever-increasing list of low abundant proteins being identified in AF. AF proved to be a promising target for biomarker discovery of pre-mature rupture of amnion, intra-amniotic infection, diseases like DS (Down syndrome) and to distinguish pre-eclampsia from chronic hypertension and normotensic controls.

In this paper, a configuration of a five-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter that can integrate solar PV with battery storage and it is connected to the induction motor and vlf speed control is also proposed. This paper illustrates the design of three-port dc–dc converter for stand-alone PV systems based on an improved Flyback-Forward topology. It provides a compact single-unit solution with a combined feature of optimized maximum power point tracking (MPPT), high step-up ratio, galvanic isolation, and multiple operating modes for domestic, aerospace and for industrial applications.

At present condition both type of capacitor high and low voltage capacitors are made up of using All Polypropylene Film (APP) and Low tension capacitors made up of using Metalized Polypropylene Film (MPP).APP film capacitor having less dielectric losses and high voltage stress. It also have long life hence generally used in high voltage and low voltage capacitor. But the cost of low voltage capacitor is increased due to use of All Polypropylene film. So due the high, the use of this type of capacitor is less. Most important disadvantage of this type of capacitor non-self-healing property means if fault occur in capacitor large amount of capacitance value decreases or may be damage of capacitor takes place. On the other hand, MPP Film capacitor having self-healing property. This is heart of MPP type of capacitor. For increasing the current economy of the power system and to manufacture efficient and economical capacitors, in this thesis we worked on the loss angle or called dissipation factor, the cost of capacitor and voltage stress. By using Metalized film the size and weight of the capacitor also reduces. Due to metalized film the time required for production of capacitor will reduces. Similarly the material required for capacitor for same rating as of APP is reduces, so weight and size will be decreases. Hence the cost of capacitor decreases.

Two- wheeler riding calls for constant attention. The moment you become unmindful of speed, applying sudden brakes to avoid obstacle may lead to accident. An over-speed alarm can be of great help to avoid such situations. It acts like a watchful friend that warns you whenever you drive faster than the set limit speed. Over speed indicator is a device that tells the driver if he is exceeding the particular speed limit. With the over speed indicator in your car you can be sure that you are not going get yourself booked for over speeding. The system has a computer which stores the speed limits of different areas. The GPS in the system feeds the exact location of the car to the computer which looks up in its database to determine the permissible speed for the area and limits the car within the allowable speed.

The aim of this system is to track person of interest in real time based on scenes obtained from camera modules. This system avoids potential human errors as we are using automatic monitoring. It is a histogram based real time tracking system. Moving objects are detected using background subtraction. Moving object detection, recognition and tracking are basic steps in processing video frames.

The project ‘Inverter uses switch mode power supply’ is use to convert direct current into alternating current using IC LM 324 and IC CD4047. This project is designed to meet up with power demand in home and office in the absence of power supply. It is designed in such a way that it will take 12v DC from the battery and convert it into 220v, 50hz AC. The circuit is capable of charging the battery that is 12v source in case of power is present.

The Calcium oxalate (CaOx), a biomineral occurs in both plant and the animal kingdom. Calcium oxalate also has a commercial importance; it is used as filler and a pigment in coated paper and the cardboard industry to impart brightness. Three hydrate forms of Calcium oxalate which are crystallized in different morphologies and the natural occurrence is connected with the three minerals whewellite as monoclinic monohydrate (COM), weddilite as orthorhombic dehydrate (COD) and caoxite as triclinic trihydrate. A study based on homogeneous precipitation indicates that many parameters like relative super saturation, pH, precipitation time, stirring affect the calcium oxalate hydrate forms and their morphology.

A problem for container tillers is managing container substrate and plant fertility. A comparative study in nurseries on the effects of soil quantity in pot and nitrogen fertilizer on the chemical properties of residual soil and the nutriments uptake by cocoa seedlings were led in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Two types of pots with different capacities (1055 cm3 and 2021 cm3) without any contribution and four nitrogen doses applied in pots of 2021 cm3, were used. The two nurseries were managed under the same conditions. Data were collected on the soil samples at the beginning and the end of experiment then analysed. The results showed that the cocoa seedlings effectively used the soil nutriments reserves but there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the seedlings nutrition in the two types of sachets, nor with the nitrogen application. The major nutriments budget showed that the sold of N, K and Mg were negative whereas those of P and Ca were positive. Calcium profits were so stable whereas P profits were gradual according to the increasing amount of N. Thus, it is possible to grow cocoa seedlings on soil contained in pots of 1055 cm3 (coffee pot) while ensuring a balanced nutrition of the seedlings.

A field experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Madhira for two consecutive seasons of kharif, 2012 and 2013 on clay soils to study the effect of different sowing dates on tillering behavior, growth and yield of rice varieties under aerobic culture. The results indicated that, the crop sown early i.e on 18 June produced more number of total and effective tillers, grain and straw yields and decreases with every successive 15 days delay in sowing from 7 July to 18 August during both the years. Among the cultivars medium and long duration cultivars viz., JGL 11470 and MTU 1061 took more number of days to reach maximum tillering and produced more number of tillers, grain and straw yields over short and extra short duration cultivars viz., JGL 17004 and MTU 1010. Therefore, under assured irrigation and well distributed rainfall condition early sowing of long and medium duration cultivars would produce more yields under aerobic culture in Central Telangana Zone of Telangana State, India.

In India there is a practice of using plants in traditional medicines from the time immemorial. Among many other problems, infertility is a major problem taunting the modern society. With increasing pollution at all levels and stress factors in the present day situations, infertility is mushrooming like an epidemic and creating havoc for couples and their families causing lot of turmoil in their lives. To overcome the problem of infertility the traditional practitioners are using various plant products to treat infertility one among them is stem bark of Syzygium cumini (jamun). Though it is administered to treat infertility by traditional practitioners, the scientific literature about its effect on the fertility is lacking and less research work is done on this aspect. The female Wistar rats weighing about 190 – 210 grams were used for the study. The oral administration of fresh extract of stem bark was done by utilizing a curved ball-tipped intubation needle affixed to a 2 ml syringe. In the present study treated group showed slight increase in body and uterine weight. The microscopic structure of uterus showed unaltered histo-architecture with respect to myometrial and perimetrial thickness in treated and control groups while the endometrial thickness was found to be more in the treated group. We can conclude from the present study that the fresh extract of stem bark of Syzygium cumini exerted a profertility effect. Further studies are required with Syzygium cumini stem bark to determine the mechanism of action that leads to endometrial thickness increase.

The present investigation was carried out on an important ornamental plant Jasminum sambac L. Aiton. belonging to family Oleaceae. The different vegetative parts i.e. nodal explants, shoot apices, stem and leaves were used to standardize the protocol through in vitro.The explants excised from field grown mature plant and thereafter planted on variously supplemented Murashige and Skoog’s medium for multiple shoot proliferation and callus induction. Early bud break (25-26 days) and maximum percentage of bud break (83.7) was observed in Jasminum sambac when MS medium supplemented with BAP (2.0 mg/l), Kn (1.0 mg/l), Ads (50 mg/l). Maximum percentage of multiple shoots was observed in Jasminum sambac on MS medium fortified with 2 mg/l BAP, 1.0 mg/l Kn and 50 mg/l Ads. Callus induction from leaf and meristem explants were achieved using different concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. Maximum percentage of cultures showing callus proliferation from leaf explants was observed in the media containing MS basal salts supplemented with 3.0mg/l BAP and 2.0 mg/l IAA in leaf explants. The percentage of cultures showing callus was similar in the media containing MS basal salts supplemented with 5.0 mg/l BAP and 2.0 mg/l NAA in leaf explants. However, white and friable callus were obtained in the media containing MS basal salts supplemented with 2.0mg/l BAP, 2.0 mg/l Kn and 2.0 mg/l IAA from meristem explants.

The major problem faced by current period is water pollution. Due to this pollution the physicochemical properties of water are highly influenced. The parameters show different values at upstream and downstream level, the value of parameters also fluctuate with changing locations. This problem is created by man itself either through industrialization, or discharge of sewage or chemicals in water bodies which affect the life of aquatic flora and fauna and becomes unsafe for agricultural and drinking purpose.

Passiflora L. belonging to the family Passifloraceae includes more than 465 species, of which 12 are cultivated with worldwide distribution. A breeding program of the genus for developing new cultivars has therefore become much important, and diversity analysis has become a necessity to screen the elite germplasm. The present study thus aims at determining the genetic variability in the genus Passiflora with a view to identify the superior germplasm for the improvement of the fruit crop. Eight wild and two cultivated species of Passiflora L. from the state of Kerala were analysed for the phenological (onset of flowering, end of flowering, flowering period and harvesting date) and pomological (fruit size, fruit color, fruit juice aroma, and fruit juice taste) characters. Statistical analysis of the qualitative and quantitative traits revealed wide variations in the size, shape and color of the fruits and in the taste and content of juice. Phenological and pomological differentiation suggests the inter and intra specific variations in the wild and the cultivated species of Passiflora L. It was observed that the number of flowering times was higher (three or four times per year) in the varieties of the wild species, P.foetida. The study identified the cultivar, Passiflora edulis cv. Panamared and the wild species, P.subpeltata and P.foetida as the elite germplasm for the improvement of this fruit crop.

Identification, classification and the prevalence rate of intestinal parasites of different fish species found in Afikpo North Local Government Area fresh waters were carried out. A total of 58 fishes were collected at random locations in Afikpo North Local Government Area of Ebonyi state. They were sampled, identified and classified into 28 species. Seven (7) common fishes among them were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. A total of twenty one (21) parasites of Seven (7) species were isolated from the fishes which comprising of Six (6) Diphyllobothrium spp, Four (4) Contracaecium spp, Three (3) Acanthocephalan, One (1) Ornithodiplostoniummetacoracariae, Three (3) Polyonchobothriumclariae, Three (3) Procamallusspp and One (1) Anisakis simples. Those whose standard length falls between the range of 18.4-19.5cm have the prevalence rate of 47.62% and those that falls between the range of 23.5-34.7cm have the prevalence rate of 52.38%. Among the parasites isolated, Diphyllobothriumspp recorded the highest prevalence rate of 28.6% while Anisakis simples and Ornithodiplostonium metacoracariae recorded lowest rate of 4.76%.

This study conducted in the semi-arid lands of central Sudan, aimed at investigating and analyzing the coping mechanisms that have been adopted by the traditional farmers on the main staple food (sorghum and millet) to cope with rainfall variability. Primary and secondary sources were used in the study. Five hundred (500) headed households were randomly selected from eight sample sites and questionnaire interviews were conducted focusing on the adopted coping mechanisms. Coefficient of variation and descriptive analytical methods were used in the data analysis. The results showed medium coefficient of variation for rainfall ranges (0.3 to 0.37) for the period 1972 to 2013. Similarly, high coefficient of variation for sorghum and millet production ranges (0.61 to 0.92) was found. A significant relationship between education and intercropping (P ≤ 0.05) and between education and Ramil mechanism (P ≤ 0.01) was found. The results showed that the coping mechanisms were adopted with no regards to the demographic variables. The efficiency and productivity of these mechanisms was found to be low except for the shift to quick maturing varieties under existing rainfall variability and crop's production uncertainty which represents the major constraints for the resilience of local communities.

The present effort has been made to characterize the arecanut accessions based on total phenolic content and native protein profiles. The study showed significant variations for total phenolic content in the mature fruits among the arecanut accessions. Accessions VTL-26 (Fiji), VTL-11 (Indonesia) and VTL-60 (West Bengal) recorded higher phenolic content while low content was noticed in VTL-56 (Hirehalli Dwarf). The study indicated that protein profiles could be used for identification of individual accession of arecanut and cluster analysis also did not show any correlation between geographic affinity and genetic affinity of arecanut accessions in the cluster diagram.

Changes in micronuclei frequency of fish captured from stressed environments may represent a reliable tool in revealing sub lethal effects of the pollutants found in aquatic ecosystems. The response patterns of peripheral erythrocyte micronuclei were assessed in fish caught at Dal Lake and Mansbal Lake which have different pollution levels with the aim to evaluate the suitability of the MN, for the Halics detection of mutagens in freshwaters. As indicator species, Cyprinid fish (Cyprinus carpio and Carassius carassius L.) were used because of their ecological significance. Blood samplings were performed on fish immediately after capture and repeated at different time intervals (15, 30, 45 and 60 days) on the same fish individuals after transfer to clean environment (aquariums) in the laboratory. The MN formation in the peripheral erythrocytes, authenticated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), was found significantly higher (p < 0.01) in both species of fish caught from Dal Lake in comparison to fish from Mansbal Lake and also from the positive control (EMS, 5mg/L). Cyprinid fish examined after 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of maintenance after capture presented a remarkable decrease resulting in recovery up in MN frequency in comparison with the frequency observed at capture. Results suggested the suitability of the test species used as tools in environmental monitoring programs of risk assessment in fresh water environments.

IMNCI is a key evidence based strategy for reducing neonatal and infant mortality through systematic approach. The focus is on overall well being of the child. The aim of IMNCI is to train, and provide preventative and home-based care through, India’s network of frontline health workers and supervisors. ASHA occupies a major position and perform as important element in health system networking. Supportive supervision and timely monitoring of any program is of utmost importance to make the program a success. Objective: To assess the impact of monitoring and supportive supervision on performance of IMNCI trained ASHA. Method: The present study is a longitudinal study of Baran district of Rajasthan, India. A total number of 382 IMNCI trained ASHAs selected by random sampling technique. An interview schedule was used for collection of data regarding the skills of ASHA, the health worker for her skills on IMNCI protocol with respect to skill in identifying the sick child, grade him, and refer him/her if required and on recording and reporting of the program. Data analysis was done using SPSS 16.0. Results: The improvement in the overall IMNCI skills from visit first to third visit was highly significant statistically. Conclusion: Close monitoring, supportive supervision and re-strengthening of the program had a positive impact on the overall performance of ASHAs.

Swarna is high yielding and widely grown indica rice cultivar covering a substantial portion of rice area in India and in the Asian countries such as Bangladesh, Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia, but it is highly susceptible to blast disease. The donor selected for the resistant gene is C101LAC carrying blast resistance gene Pi-1 derived from LAC23. The Pi-1 gene was done introgressed into Swarna by using Marker assisted backcross breeding method. Foreground selection was using RM224 linked marker to identify plants possessing resistance alleles in the segregating generations along with stringent phenotypic selection for faster recovery of the recurrent parent genome (RPG). Foreground selection coupled with stringent phenotypic selection identified plants homozygous for Pi-1, which was advanced to BC2F4 through pedigree selection. Marker-assisted selection for Pi-1 in BC2F4 using flanking markers identified five homozygous families. Background analysis with parental SSR markers was used to estimate the recovery of RPG in improved lines and it revealed that RPG recovery was up to 94.7% (# SL-10-3-7-63-45-7). Screening with highly virulent isolate SPI-28 showed that the improved lines were resistant to blast disease and were on a par with swarna for yield, and grain quality. These introgressed lines provide valuable material for resistant breeding program.

Rice is a major component of the agricultural sector in particular and the overall economy in general. Flooded paddy is often sold at low price causing economical loss to the farmers. Therefore, the present study was conducted to study the physical quality properties of flood affected paddy and rice in comparison with normal paddy and rice to find the quality of various physical parameters. Statistically significant difference (P <0.05) in the physical properties such as grain hardness (N: 4.20 Kg and F: 2.91 Kg), bulk density (N: 0.85 g/ml and F: 0.82 g/ml), 1000 kernel weight (N: 15.55 g and F: 14.53 g), kernel length (N: 5.71 mm and F: 5.19 mm), L/B ratio (N: 3.59 mm and F: 3.32 mm)was found between the normal rice and flood affected rice. However, no significant difference was observed in the breadth (N: 1.59 mm and F: 1.56 mm) between the samples. Statistically significant difference was observed in the L* a* b* values in paddy, unpolished rice and polished rice except a* (Hue) value for paddy and b* (brightness) value for unpolished rice, between control and experimental samples. Therefore, further extensive research is needed for the utilization of paddy for the production of more feasible and convenient products in order to minimize the economic losses to the farmers.

Background and Methods: The majorities of young people have no healthy life style or dietary habits. In the current study, we investigated the associations between hypertension and smoking among Hail University students in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among university students. Randomly, 100 male young students between the ages of 18- 24 years were selected. Data were collected on a self-completed questionnaire in order to record smoking behavior and dietary habits. Body mass index (BMI) and the systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured three times with10–15-min intervals in the sitting position and at the resting state. Results: The numbers of Participants were 100 students from male university campus aged 18–23years. 48% of participant was within normal weight, 28% overweight and 24% obese. The prevalence of current percentage of smokers in the student population is 32%. Smokers had significantly higher blood pressure and heart rate values than non-smokers. Both university student smokers and non-smokers with history of hypertension in the family had significantly higher values of blood pressure than those without history of hypertension in the family. Conclusion: A significant elevation of blood pressure and heart rate was observed among young smokers.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the importance of math Manipulative. For decades, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics has encouraged school districts nationwide to use Manipulative in mathematical instruction. The value of Manipulative has been recognized for many years, but some teachers are reluctant to use them in their lessons. Throughout this paper, a discussion of the positive results of several research studies that strongly suggest the use of Manipulative will be mentioned. The history and advancement of Manipulative with also be discussed. Defining Manipulative and explaining the correct way to use them will be highlighted in this paper.

Soil pollution is mostlyrelated to human activities such as industry, agriculture, burning of fossil fuels, mining and metallurgical processes and their waste disposal. A work was undertaken to study the physico- chemical characteristics of soil at three villages like Raika, Bansapani and Kalinga near the mining area of Keonjhar District, Odisha. The physico- chemical parameters like pH, conductivity, organic carbon, and organic matter, N, P, K, Zn, Fe and Mn were analyzed following the standard methods. It was observed that, parameters like pH, conductivity, organic carbon and organic matter content did not show any significant difference between the three sampling stations. The minimum and maximum values for different parameters at all the three stations are; pH 6.43-6.7, conductivity 75.6–96.6, OC (%) 0.32-0.53 and OM (%) 0.82-0.98. However, the major soil nutrient like Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium content of soil in the three stations showed significant difference. Further, the micro- nutrient like Zn, Fe and Mn content of soil were also analyzed in the above three stations. There was no significant difference of Zn and Fe concentration between the stations however the manganese content of soil showed a significant difference. Abanti Pradhan and HimanshuSekhar Patra

The present investigation was carried out to isolate the Bacillus species. From clinical and subclinical Bovine mastitis milk and to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. The samples were collected from mannargudi Taluk, Thiruvarur (Dt) Tamilnadu.from January 2016 to March 2016. A total of 41 Milk samples suffering from mastitis were screened and a total 9 Bacillus species. Were recovered. The isolated were subjected to the antibiotics resistance screening. The antibiotic resistance test showed that the isolated Bacillus species were resistant Methicillin (100%) followed by Penicillin G (91.40%), Oxacillin (80.54%), Cefixime (54.75%), Ampicillin (50.67%), Ceftriaxone (35.29) , Streptomycin (28.50%), Erythromycin (20.36%), Amikacin (17.64%), Gentamicin (12.21%), Cefpodoxime (8.59%), (12.21%), Tetracycline (7.69%), Chloramphenicol (6.33%), Azithromycin (5.42%), Ciprofloxacin (4.07%), Ofloxacin (2.26%) and all Bacillus specie were susceptible to vancomycin. The present study demonstrated the presence of alarming level of resistance of frequently and commonly used antimicrobial agents to the isolated bacteria. Therefore , an examination of the antibiotics resistance profiles of the isolated must be done earlier to the use of antibiotics in both to choose appropriate antibiotic for treatment and prevention of Bovine mastitis.

The study was carried out to assess the water quality parameters of the Agniyar estuary, Tamil Nadu, India from August 2015 to April 2016. The monthly variations showed minimum and maximum value water temperature (24.52 – 32.15˚C), turbidity (47.75 – 59.15 cm), pH (7.62 – 8.4 ppm), dissolved oxygen (3.35 to 6.19 mg/L), salinity (18.27 - 25.57 ppt), calcium (95.15 – 146.9 mg/L, nitrate (0.32 – 0.51 mg/L) and ammonia (0.13 – 0.24 mg/L) respectively.. The minimum and maximum values of above parameters were observed during the study period of August 2015 to April 2016 in the Agniyar estuary.

The present study deals with the analysis of macro and micronutrients and microbial diversity of soils from Thanjavur Taluk, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu. Soil samples were collected at various seasons (Monsoon, Pre monsoon, Summer, Post monsoon) from three villages namely Thanjavur, Sengipatti and Sadayarkovil. The physico chemical parameters of soils were analysed. The physical parameter includes the analysis of pH, moisture content and temperature of the soils. The chemical parameter includes the analysis of macronutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, pottasium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and micronutrients such as zinc, iron, manganese and copper present in three crop land soils of three different villages. Totally 21 different species of soil bacteria were observed from the soil samples in three villages namely Thanjavur, Sengipatti, Sadayarkovil. Among the bacterial species identified, Staphylococcus spp, E.coli, Bacillus Spp and Entrobacter spp were dominant in bacteria. Totally 19 different species of soil fungi were observed. Among the fungal species identified, Rhizopus spp, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus spp, and Gliocladium spp were predominant in fungi. The chemical parameters and microbial population of rhizosphere soils of crop plant have suggested as future course work.

Presidential inaugural speeches have witnessed a rapid proliferation of research in the 21st century in the field of political discourse. This paper focuses on how presidential inaugural speech is used as a vital vehicle for setting social agenda as well as prioritize policies both local and international as a roadmap to a new democratically elected government. The paper uses Agenda setting Theory to highlight how issues gain prominence in media coverages. CDA is also harnessed to portray the connection of language and power in political discourse. Thus, the paper examines Muhammadu Buhari’s inaugural speech as the unit of its analysis. The findings of the paper demonstrate that inaugural speeches provide means for politicians to project their government policies as well as their main priorities. On the other hand, the presidential speeches also form a vital instrument the media harness for setting agenda at a given political dispensation.

At the national level the first ever coalition government was formed under the Prime Minister ship of Late Shri Morarji Desai Ji which existed from 24th March 1977 to 15th July 1979. Country India is a geographically vast with varied dialect divided in 28 states and 7 union territories has blessed with predominance of the regional and sub regional issues and problems. Within these issues and concerns the birth of regional political parties is inevitable and resulted in to more politically sharp focused regional parties. Ever since 1989 India has been through the phase of governance which is obviously the coalition government. The initiation of coalition government at the center level can be traced to the parliamentary election of 1969 when the Congress Party first reduced to minority due to split of it. To evaluate whether coalition governance make good or bad veil cover over democracy needs to study in an uncertainty situation. Under the coalition governance where ruling people are not from the single party, the prime motive of political policy will vary in time and space and result in certainty with high risk or sometimes into uncertainty. The Time-period of India from 2004 -2014 records the countries march in time on the roads of coalition led policy governance. Though the Country has recorded commendable growth till 2009, and slowdown along with global scenario of recession, the economic events with government policies in various areas of industry and human needs served, have carried the stigma of the corruption charges on some of the ruling people in coalition intertwine network.

Maternal lifestyle is a key determinant of maternal health in the global world. Maternal health has become the top most priorities for the United Nations, the World Health Organization, Governments and institutions around the world. As a result many attempts have been made in order to improve maternal health by educating the pregnant women on their way of life, nature of diet and the kind of activities they engage themselves in during the period of pregnancy. World including, Sub- Saharan African countries specifically, Ghana has worked harder in order to achieve the millennium development goal target of improving maternal health, thereby reducing maternal mortality ratio by ¾ in 2015 (Report from Ghana Millennium Development Goals, 2008). The researched work was a quantitative study; with the helped of probit model the field data was analyzed. The study used a sample size of 200 pregnant women. The study employed both purposive and random sampling technique in taking the data. Purposively the area under study was selected in order to get the required respondents at Kwabre East District: Asonomaso Government Hospital. But in selecting the pregnant women in the study area a simple random sampling techniques was used. The study found out that, there was a negative effects of the number of period females spend on education (i.e. knowledge or absent of ignorance) and age of the pregnant women on drinking lifestyle, smoking lifestyle but exhibited a positive effect on the use of mosquito net, regular exercise and visitation of antenatal care among pregnant women. The study recommended that the Government of Ghana and all other stakeholders which include NGOs, Ghana Health service should educate the pregnant women on the use of treated mosquito net and the need to do regular exercises as well as visiting the antenatal for care. Thus, all stakeholders should engage the mass media (i.e. radio stations, television and internet) massively, to campaign and promote education for females and also inform the public to widen their knowledge on the relevance of prenatal care, post natal care, and hospital delivery, in order to reduce maternal death during delivery. Again, the study recommended that, the Government of Ghana together with all stakeholders should institute affirmative measures and actions that will encourage ladies (i.e. girls) to attend school.

Literacy is an important indicator for all round development of an individual as well as a nation. It eradicates the poverty and unemployment, cultural and social advancement, economic growth and political maturity, generates peace, international relationship and brotherhood and free demographic processes. There is a wide disparity of literacy between SC and ST population of Goalpara district. The main objectives of the paper are to study the circle wise disparity between SC and ST population and to compare the gender disparity of SC and ST population of Goalpara district. The required data has been collected from secondary source and comparative method is used for data analysis. The study concluded that highest SC and ST literacy is recorded in Balijana (16.12%) and Dudhnai (87.39%) block in 2011 respectively. Rangjuli (16.69%) and Dudhnai (82.48%) are recorded highest SC and ST male literacy in 2011 and lowest SC and ST male literacy is recorded in Lakhipur (5.79%) and Lakhipur (3.08%) respectively. On other than Balijana (17.03%) and Dudhnai (92.25%) showing highest SC and ST female literacy in 2011 and lowest female SC and ST literacy is recorded in Lakhipur and Balijana Block respectively.

The luxurious consumption of China increased fast in recent years and got much concern. At least for several years, China consumed the most part of the luxurious goods. In Europe, some thinkers gave the riveting evaluations for luxury. Wemer Sombart’s famous work Luxury and Capitalism describes and analyses luxury, and believes that luxury is the origin of capitalism. There were also some Chinese thinkers assessed the luxury phenomenon, and literary works described that. According to the opinion of Wemer Sombart, the luxurious consumption of China could accelerate the economic development. If China consumed more luxurious goods, the economy of China would develop faster. However, the reality seems not coincident with his theory. The paper compares the luxurious consumptions and the attitudes toward luxury in China and Europe respectively to the problem. There were luxury tides in the history of both ancient China and Europe, especially around 17th century. However, the attitudes of China and Europe toward luxury were different, especially after 17th century. The consumption pattern were different after 17th century accordingly. The differences derive from the different economic basis in China and Europe. Luxury is the result of the development of commerce, instead of the contrary. The current luxurious consumption condition seems not last long.

The tribal population in India constitutes 8.6% of the country’s population (Census, 2011) and is considered as socially and economically backward and disadvantaged. Tribal poverty has come into sharp focus since their food sources from the forest have started dwindling. Also, widespread poverty, illiteracy, under nutrition, absence of safe drinking water and sanitary living conditions, poor maternal and child health services and ineffective coverage of national health and developmental services have been identified by several studies, as possible contributing factors to the dismal health conditions prevailing among the tribal population in India. In this article, the author focuses on certain interacting factors like the infant mortality rate, life expectancy, genetic disorders, sexually transmitted diseases, nutritional status, child health and health care practices which are generally responsible for determining the health status and health behavior of tribal communities.

Muslim population is the highest minority in India by occupying a modest equivalent status as others in the society but it has been degrading due to the uneven opportunities in the fields of education, economic participation, health etc. This manuscript is an attempt to assess the socio-economic conditions of Muslim population in urban areas. A cross sectional investigative survey among the 150 migrant Muslims residing in Okhla Vihar, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, was conducted in the month of March 2015. The outcome of this survey was very surprising which represents a different level of socio-economic phenomena. About 2/3rd Muslim are having very low income i.e. Rs. 35000 per month and rest of them earn more than Rs 35,000 per month. So, low income and high income definitely lead to worst and better living conditions respectively. The reasons for such conditions have been discussed in the following in-depth analysis.

The Dermatoglyphic features may be used as a suggestive diagnostic tool to the persons who are at risk of some ailments and to check the performance. The ‘‘atd’’ angle is the most widely used method in Dermatoglyphics. The present study aims to examine the dermatoglyphic ‘atd’ angle among different pace runners of all India varsity track runners. The study was confined on 88 athletes, who are participated in the 75th All India Inter University Athletic Championship held at Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka during 16 to 20 January 2015. The subjects who are qualified for finals in the events of sprint n=40 (100m, 200m, 400m, 110m Hurdles, 400m Hurdles), Middle Distance n=16 (800m, 1500m) and long distance n=32 (3000m, 5000m, 10000m, 20km walk) athletes were selected and grouped accordingly. The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 28 years. The ‘atd’ angle (in degrees) was selected as dependent variable and measured by using Cummins ink method. The collected data was analyzed statistically by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to find out the significance among groups. Further, the Scheffe’s post hoc test was applied to know the paired mean difference if any between groups. The independent‘t’ test was employed to find out the difference between right hand and left hand ‘atd’ angle of total population. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05. The present investigation revived that there was no significant difference between the right hand and left hand ‘atd’’ angle among different pace runners.

Capital market provides a variety of investment opportunity to the investors which help them to invest. Mutual fund ensures the minimum risks and maximum return to the investors among various financial alternatives. Consequently, close surveillance and evaluation of mutual funds has become crucial. For that reason, choosing profitable mutual funds for investment is a very important issue. This study is deals with the performance evaluation of selected large-cap mutual funds in India based on risk-return and risk-adjusted return performance measurements. To evaluate risk-return performance, return, Beta and Standard deviation have been considered. To evaluate risk-adjusted Performance, widely used performance measure indexes like Sharpe’s performance Index, Treynor’s performance Index and Sortino’s performance Index have been used. Period during five years of 2011-12 to 2015-16 has been considered. Total nine mutual funds have been taken for the study. From the analysis, it has been concluded that performance of selected large-cap mutual funds in India remains better in comparison than that of the category return.

The paper has tried to review the progress towards EFA goals, MDGs related to education and NEP (2009) objectives and targets pertaining to universal primary education and literacy and to identify issues and challenges. Some progress has been made for achieving universal primary education and literacy targets, however, the pace of progress is very slow and Pakistan has missed most of the targets set under EFA, MDSs and NEP (2009). Pakistan is still facing multifaceted challenges in education sector which include low access to education, low retention and high dropout rates, gender disparity, high adult illiteracy rate, poor quality of education, and poor physical infrastructure. Other influencing factors which hinder the progress towards achieving these goals are low budgetary provision for education in terms of GNP, political interference in administrative affairs, poor governance, poverty, high population growth and lack of proper coordination and monitoring mechanism within provinces and at federal level. The Provincial and area governments lack institutional capacity to plan, manage and monitor education system properly in their respective areas especially after 18th Constitutional Amendment. After devolution, the provinces have allocated a significant portion of their budget for education, however a major chunk of budget is spent on salaries and allowances whereas a meager amount is left for development expenditure. Increasing financing for education especially development budget for primary education, capacity building of education managers and teachers, political support for education, school infrastructure improvement, good quality teaching and learning materials and proper implementation and monitoring mechanism are the key ingredients responsible to produce the desired results.

This paper proposes an Adaptive Volterra Series Filter with a lattice structure and delayed element for reducing noise from nonlinear system. Based on the lattice-channel structure, the Adaptive Second Order Volterra Series Filter Least Mean Square (ASVF-LMS) algorithms have been derived. In order to reduce the computational complexity and the nonlinear distortion with no need of solving the nonlinear acoustic equation, the ASVF-LMS algorithm with a lattice structure and least means square algorithm is proposed. MATLAB simulations demonstrate the control performance improvement using the proposed algorithms.

Social institutions such as family and schools have a leading role in gender role socialization of boys and girls. Observation of role plays of children was undertaken to analyse the patterns of gender identities and extent of role differentiation among primary school children. The sample consisted of boys and girls in the third standards of six primary schools each in Malappuram and Thrissur districts of Kerala State. Role plays were done by 12 boys’ groups and 12 girls’ groups, each with 4 to 6 members. An inventoryon gender attributes was also used to collect data regarding the extent of gender identity formation among 120 girls and 120 boys. The results of the study reveal that girls and boys show behavioral patterns appropriate for the concerned gender with regard to responsibilities; styles of communication and adherence to the gender hierarchy implying the formulation of gender identities in the early childhood itself. Both boys and girls were ready to take up the roles appropriate for their gender and while the boys showed reluctance to take up opposite gender roles, girls expressed more interest and happiness to do the roles of boys and men. The role of family rather than the school in developing gendered identities and role differentiation in primary school children is highlighted by the findings of the study.

The infectious diseases are common now days. We catch these infections easily because of unbalanced diets that human being takes. Once person catches infectionthere are several ways by which that infection is spread to multiple persons. When infection is considered then there must be some infection agent and population. The infection agent will be responsible for passing the infection to the population. The infection separations will also depend upon the immune system of the human within the population. In the proposed paper we will study the rate at which the recovery of the human from the infection takes place and also the rate at which infection spread.If the rate of infection spreading is higher than whole of the population will be infected. So the proposed paper studies the rate at which recovery must happen so that population can recover from the infection. This paper present the comparison among various techniques used to detect the disjoint communities in epidemic networks.

It is well established through studies of diverse parameters that there are a number of palaeochannels exist in the Thar Desert of western Rajasthan. These palaeochannels are good sites for plantation. Plants through their transpiration process increases in content of water vapour in the atmosphere leading to precipitation in form of rain. The rain will reduce frequency and intensity of draught and will convert dry land into greenery which will check further extension of the desert. Other then wood we will get a number of products from plants too. The primary aim of the present study is to find out the possible cause of the contribution of palaeochannels for well being of local residents of the area.

Teacher education is being challenged in the last decades on every front by fundamental changes in the concepts about the nature of knowledge, the phenomenal speed at which knowledge is created, the emerging knowledge- driven economy, the paradigm shift in the theories of learning, rapid developments in the information technology and globalization. In the turmoil, the teachers are being held accountable for the failure of schooling and teacher education held accountable for the quality of teachers. From the positive perspective, teachers are being regarded as the key change agent in the education reform and reform of teacher education is seen by the policy makers and educators as mandatory for the nation to face up the many challenges in the new century. Thus, there are compelling reasons for teachers to approach a ‘culture of innovation’ from the perspective of the knowledge economy, that is, to see innovation as a driving force for the kinds of knowledge needed in the knowledge society. The present paper highlights the constructivism approach of teaching learning process.

Water is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human health, economic development and ecological diversity. Because of its several inherent qualities (Eg., consistent temperature, wider spread and continuous availability, excellent natural quality, limited vulnerability, low development cost, drought reliability etc.). It has become an immensely important and dependable source of water supplies in all climate regions including both urban and rural areas of development and developing countries. Major portion of the surface water and ground water is being consumed by agriculture and the left over portion is used for industrial and domestic requirements Trichy has located in centre of Tamilnadu (India). Its border populated upto Perambalur district. The people in the 40 villagers use kollidam river water and the ground water for drinking. Lot of work has been done and published already on the ground water quality of many villages in trichy district. But there is a need to undertake the study to assess the drinking water quality. Hence water samples of twenty five villages were subjected to physio-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Potasium (K), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO4) were analyzed and were compared with standard prescribed by WHO and suitable suggestion were made. The correlation coefficients were calculated for water quality assessment.