October 2017

Background: Work related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD’S) is a term used to describe a painful or disabling injury to the muscles, tenders or nerves aggravated by work. WMSD’S are preventable or at least can be delayed. To date, no systematic review of the literature on WMSD’S in pharmaceutical factory workers has been conducted. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to identify the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among workers in a pharmaceutical factory to assess the associated risk factors & also to investigate which Body areas among low back, neck and upper extremity are more prevalent sites of WMSD’S among workers in a pharmaceutical factory.

The World Health Organization defines an adverse drug reaction (ADR) as “a response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in man for the prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the modification of physiological function.” The fact that drugs might have effects on humans other than the ones intended has been known for many years. The first remarkable adverse drug reaction (ADR) reported in Japan was anaphylactic shock caused by penicillin. The malformation of limbs, etc. caused by thalidomide was a global problem, and thalidomide was withdrawn from the market. Teratogenicity testing during new drug development has been implemented since 1963. During the six month study period, a total 192 patients visited Dermatology department. Highest number of patients from the age group of 21-30 i.e. 35.1%. Majority of the CADRs from the drug class antibiotics 12 (22.2%). According to Naranjo’s causality assessment scale, out of 54 CADRs the dechallenge was done in all cases, out of which 28 cases (51.8%) were probable and 14 cases (25.9%) were possible where as remaining 12 cases (22.2%) were fall into unlikely category. We also assessed the severity by using Hartwigand Siegelseverity assessment scale; it shows that highest number of 32 (59.2%) cases fall into moderate type and 10 (18.5%) cases were mild type whereas 12 (22.2%) cases fall into severe CADRs.

This report and review of literature aimed to report a rare case of Familial Crouzon syndrome with primary optic nerve atrophy. . It is characterized by premature closure of cranial sutures, cranial deformities, midface hypoplasia, relative mandibular prognathism, hypertelorism, proptosis, strabismus and short upper lip, crowding of teeth and primary optic atrophy. We hereby report a familial case of a 16yr old girl and her father along with pedigree analysis of the trait. Our patient showed characteristic features of Crouzon syndrome and was reported very late though had signs of raised intracranial pressure with primary optic atrophy.

Background: One of long-term complication of diabetes mellitus is diabetic nephropathy, which affect kidney and other organs. Suggestion and evaluation of its early diagnostic markers is a goal of many researches to help in providing highly efficient biomarkers. Objectives: This study aimed to assess cystatin c as early biomarker for diabetic nephropathy in Sudanese with type2 diabetes, in comparison with ACR Methodology: It is a Descriptive cross sectional study, conducted during the period from March to July 2015 in 72 patients with type2 diabetes mellitus, the serum cystatin c, serum creatinine and spot unrine for ACR tested. Then, the Generated data analyzed using the statistical package (SPSS). Result: Plasma cystatin c level higher in albuminuric than normal urine group. It is directly proportional to ACR and it is early raise than creatinine, also it positively correlate to duration of diabetes. Conclusion: Cystatin c has diagnostic efficiency similar to that of ACR in detecting albuminuria. Furthermore it can detect nephropathy earlier than ACR.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to discuss ways in which dentistry can be efficiently integrated with the general health care system to improve quality of care and save costs. Design/Methodology/Approach: The authors evaluated a possibility of improving patients’ outcomes and reducing costs via employing cell a phone technology-based approach to integration between dental care and the hospital-based health care system. Findings: Despite the huge implications of oral health on general health, the field of dentistry has remained somewhat isolated from the larger health care network. For the past thirty-five years, health care spending in the U.S. has skyrocketed to costs nearing 3.2 trillion dollars. However, the access and outcomes of care lag far behind those of other developed nations despite this spike. Finding an efficient way to connect dental care and general care would greatly aid in alleviating the fiscal and structural challenges faced by the US health care system by uniting two of the most important aspects of health. Originality/Value: The authors find that involvement of dental “physicians” in providing community-based health care with robust ties to hospitals has potential to substantially reduce costs for the treatment of a number of chronic conditions.

Objective: Short-term evaluation of the changes in the position of permanent upper central incisors after rapid maxillary expansion. Method: This researchstudy comprised 33 mouth-breather patients with maxillary atresia, 9.51year-old average age, 2.32 standard deviation and age ranging from 6.5 to 14.7years of age. Patients underwent computed tomography in twostages: (T1) before rapid maxillary expansion and (T2) three months after rapidmaxillary expansion. Five linear variables (1-NA, 1-N, 1-Cli, 1-ENP, (ENA-N)-1) and five angular variables (SN.1, N-S.Cli-1, SN.(axis)1, N.ENA.ENP, Rhi-1.ENA-ENP) were analyzed, all of them coming out from the incisal edge of thebuccal inclined upper central incisor. With the data collected through the OsirixMD imaging program, the evaluations of individual changes, before and afterrapid maxillary expansion procedures, were performed accordingly. Results: Significant increase was found in the 1-N (+0.96mm, +1.3%, p=0.003) and inthe 1-Clinoid (+1.26mm, +1.3%, p<0.001) linear variables and a decrease wasfound in the SN.1 (-1.61mm, -1.5%, p=0.034) angular variable. The remainingvariables have not shown significant variables between stages T1 and T2. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is significant protrusion and lingualinclination of the permanent upper central incisor teeth after rapid maxillaryexpansion in a short-term evaluation analysis.

Background: The appropriate identification and treatment of mental disorders in adolescence provide teenagers with immediate positive benefits, and serve to counteract consequences such as poor academic performance, substance abuse and suicidal behavior. Objective: To screen for symptoms of negative emotional states among Saudi secondary school students in Jizan City. Subjects and Methods: Four secondary schools (two for boys and two for girls) were randomly selected. A total of 772 students were included (350 boys and 402 for girls). A personal characteristics questionnaire and the Arabic version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale were used for data collection. Results: Half of students had symptoms of depression 59.7% had symptoms of anxiety, while 39% had symptoms of stress (39%). Mean scores for depression, anxiety and stress were higher among older than younger students. Female students had significantly higher mean scores for depression, anxiety and stress (p=0.002, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Mean scores for depression, anxiety and stress were higher among smokers than nonsmokers. Students with a present history of chronic diseases had significantly higher scores for negative emotional status (p<0.001, for all). Mothers’ higher educational status was significantly associated with higher scores of anxiety (p=0.034). Students whose mothers were employed had significantly higher scores for anxiety and stress (p=0.001 and p=0.004, respectively). Students with a positive family history of psychiatric problems had significantly higher mean scores for negative emotional states. There were significantly positive correlation among the studied three negative emotional states (p<0.001 for all). Conclusions: Prevalence rates for negative emotional states are high among secondary schools students in Jizan City; Anxiety is the most prevalent negative emotional state among secondary school students followed by depression and then stress; Prevalence rates of negative emotional syndromes are significantly higher among older students, female students, students with chronic diseases and students with positive family history of psychiatric diseases. Mothers’ personal characteristics have significant impact on their son’s and daughter’s emotional status. School health care providers should be trained to screen students for negative emotions.

Neurosyphilis can have varied clinical manifestations. New generation physicians and neurologists may not be aware of the clinical manifestations of neurosyphilis. Here we report a case of neurosyphilis with optic atrophy and nystagmus misdiagnosed as spinocerebellar ataxia. This case underscores the importance of Serum VDRL test in patients with optic atrophy, nystagmus and cognitive decline.

Background and Objectives: in Sudan, it is estimated that about 7 million people are infected with Schistosoma parasites, distributed all over the Sudan including even Khartoum state, the capital of Sudan. This retrospective hospital-based study aimed to examine immunohistochemical expression of p53 in urinary bladder mucosa associated with Schistosomiasis in Sudanese patients. Material and Methods: Thirty-five paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed archival tissue blocks of bilharzia-associated bladder lesions were included in this study. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out using monoclonal antibody for P53. Results: All the 30 malignant cases (86%) were of squamous cell carcinoma type. The P53 showed positive staining reaction in 25 cases (71%) while 10 cases (29%) were of negative staining reaction. Relation between tumor grades and P53 were as follows G I = 6, G II= 9, and G III= 10 cases. Conclusion: immunohistochemical expression of p53 in squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is important for prognosis and better management

Introduction: This study was undertaken to identify the maternal and fetal factors associated with intrauterine fetal death and its complications. This will be helpful in counselling of parents as well as formatting preventing measures. Material and Method: This is a retrospective study carried out over a period of one year at a tertiary care hospital. 50 cases of IUFD were studied and their details were collected from the hospital records. Inclusion criteria was all IUFD greater than 20 weeks of gestation. Results: It was observed that 36 (72%) were Emergency admission and 14 (28%) were booked cases from the total 50 cases. The incidence was maximum, 22 cases (44%) in the 26-32 gestational weeks. In 16 (32%) number of cases no identifiable cause of IUFD was found. IUFD occurred in 9 (18%) cases APH and 8 (16%) PIH. Other causes IUFD were GCA (12%), oligohydramnios (8%), diabetes (4%), fever (4%) and MSL (4%). Vaginal delivery occurred in 42 (84%) and LSCS required in 8 (16%).The most common complications associated with IUFD is psychological upset (22%). DIC, ARF, sepsis and PPH are rare but serious complications and majority of them occurred because of associated medical comorbidities. Conclusions: A significant proportion of IUFD can be preventable by proper antenatal care, health education to community about warning signs.PIH and APH accounted for most common causes of IUFD. In cases where cause is not identifiable, there should be some easily available and convenient investigations to find the cause.Proper counselling of parents is of root value in IUFD.

Introduction: Health care workers are occupationally vulnerable to many infectious diseases and accidents. Amongst the several infections, respiratory illnesses are more common, and also are responsible for sickness absenteeism and transmission of infections to patients. This study was done to estimate the prevalence of respiratory illnesses among nurses in a tertiary hospital. Methodology: The study was done on 514 nurses in the tertiary care hospital. All the nursing students were included in the study. A physical examination was done and all of them were evaluated for respiratory and cardiac illnesses by Mass Miniature Radiography. Results: It was observed that the overall prevalence of respiratory illnesses in this study was 7.6%. The prevalence of tuberculosis was 0.194%. This study also effectively evaluated the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension and cardiomegaly among the study participants. Conclusion: The prevalence of respiratory illnesses is a serious public health problem. The preventive measures must be aimed at sensitization, screening during pre-placement examination, and periodic evaluation. Non pharmacological and non invasive preventive strategies must be used as a mandatory method of preventing this occupational hazard.

A one year old Sahiwal male calf was presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Mizoram with a history of accidently consumption of lentena camara plant and showed the symptoms of dullness, depression, anorexia, lethargy, icteric mucous membrane and sluffing skin which was diagnosed as hepatogenous photosensitization. Haemato-biochemical analysis revealed anaemia, jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia. The animal was treated with Dextrose 5% with liver injection, antibiotic, antihistaminic and external antiseptic solution application for skin lesions. The duration of therapy for the complete clinical recovery was 30days.

Nano Technology is a potential tool that could help detect the molecular changes and assist in focusing on preventive efforts. Nanodentistry is an emerging field with significant potential to yield new generation of technologically advanced clinical tools and devices for oral healthcare. The growing interest in this field is giving emergence to new field called Nanomedicine, a science & technology of diagnosing, treating and preventing diseases and preserving & improving oral health using nanoscale structured materials.

Frontal sinuses are paired lobulated cavities located posterior to the superciliary arches in the frontal bone and each frontal sinus opens in to the corresponding middle meatus via the infundibulum. Aims and objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the sizes and patterns of frontal sinus in both genders which can be used for personal identification. Materials and methods: This study was conducted retrospectively on the paranasal CT scans of 2 mm thickness in the axial and coronal planes of 60 cases (30 male and 30 female) taken by a Siemens Emotion Tomography Machine in the Gandhi medical college and Hospital. The mean age range of the cases was 20- 67. All evaluations and measurements were done together by two radiologists. The measurements of widths, heights and total width of the two sinuses were performed on coronal plane. Antero posterior length was measured on axial plane. Measurements of both sides were compared with each other for total population and each gender. Cases were divided in to 2 subgroups according to age as 20- 40, 40-70 for each gender and each measurement parameter was also compared among the subgroups. Results: Bilateral absence of frontal sinus was observed in one case (female). There were four cases with unilateral absence of frontal sinus. The values of the measurements were higher for male in elderly age group (40-70) and also in young age group except height (left and right) and length (right). In males, anteroposterior length on left side is significantly higher (p< 0.05). In females, height on left side and anteroposterior length on right side is highly significant. (p< 0.05).

Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune and neurological disorder. The disease can be identified by some early signs and symptoms like numbness, confusion and many others. If neglected can lead to progressive development of disease where based on the stage the disease is classified into four stages. Pathology and pathogenesis of the disease is discussed. Certain drugs which are approved by FDA are used in treating MS. Other than these drugs few monoclonal antibodies are also used. Use of stem cells in treatment of MS is found to be successful in animal models. We mainly discuss about the treatment methods which are available in market and also of those under trials.

Condylar hypoplasia is a multifactorial bone disease characterized by underdevelopment or incomplete development of the mandibular condyle. Eagle’s syndrome refers to symptomatic elongation of the styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament with an unknown etiology. Hereby presenting a rare case of bilateral condylar hypoplasia with Eagle’s syndrome in a 31 year old male patient who reported with trismus and tenderness in the temporomandibular joint. Clinical examination and radiological investigations revealed hypoplasia of the condyles with elongation of the styloid process seen bilaterally. Early diagnosis by thorough clinical and radiographic examination helps to achieve a pertinent management for the current scenario.

Aims and Objective:The impact of dengue on the communities affected largely depends on the presence of complicated cases requiring hospitalization and special care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a rapid intravenous infusion of methylprednisolone (MPDN) on mortality, complications, days of hospital stay, and recovery from thrombocytopenia in patients with type B dengue according WHO criteria (with warning signs) during an epidemic outbreak in Colima, Mexico. Materials and Methods: A random controlled clinical trial was conducted in which 10 patients received MPDN and 20 controls received saline solution as a placebo. Results: The mean hospital stay was 1.2 fewer days in the group treated with MPDN than in the control group (p<0.02), the recovery speed of pulse pressure was faster in the MPDN group (p = 0.03), and there were no differences in the platelet recovery rate or inthe appearance of complications or deaths. Conclusions: MPDN can be useful in the management of patients with dengue with warning signs and possibly in patients with severe forms reducing the hospital stay without undesirable effects.

Aim of this study was carried out to determine the concentration of ambient air quality of Karachi city in terms of Air Quality index (AQI). The data of air pollutants were collected from ten different parks and play grounds in residential, industrial and commercial areas of the city. The survey was carried out to evaluate the concentrations of atmospheric trace gases: sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM10) by sampling for a period of 24 hours in winter season of the year, 2014. Sampling was done at ten different Parks and play ground i.e. PIB colony park(R-1), Nazimabad Cricket ground(R-2), Taleemi bagh (R-3) in residential areas, paramount cricket ground (I-1), Qyyum park (I-2), Naurus green belt(I-3), Siemens green belt (I-4) in industrial areas, Hill park (C-1), F.C area Cricket ground (C-2) and Zoological Garden(C-3) in commercial areas of Karachi city. Pollutants concentrations were used to calculate the Air Quality Index (AQI). Air quality index are used for local and regional air quality management in many cities of the world. The experimental results in this study obtained from different air quality categories according to national ambient air quality standard at different parks and play grounds, as Taleemi Bagh (R-3) in residential area though looks a clean area, falls under Good AQI category regarding the trace gases and moderate category regarding the PM10 pollution, as this is purely residential area with low traffic density whereas PIB colony park (R-1) and Nazimabad Cricket ground (R-2) shows moderate pollution AQI category regarding the trace gases pollution and unhealthy pollution, regarding the PM10 pollution with moderate traffic density. In commercial areas parks Zoological garden (C-3) falls under high pollution AQI category. This garden is situated in extremely congested commercial area with high traffic density and high commercial activities, F.C area Cricket ground (C-2) also falls under unhealthy AQI category, whereas Hill park (C-1) falls under moderate pollution level. In industrial areas parks and play grounds Paramount cricket ground (I-1), Qayyum park(I-2), Naurus green belt (I-3) show moderate pollution AQI values whereas, Siemens green belt (I-4) falls under unhealthy category may be due to industrial activities and high traffic density.

The present study is an attempt to investigate the action of supplementary feed on morphometry and digestive tract enzymes of Catla catla. Juveniles of healthy fish, Catla catla were collected from Fish farm. Fish artificial nutrients were clearly mixed in right proportion and allowed to dry for 24 hrs. Using a standard scale and measuring board, the morphometric characters were analysed. Digestive enzymes such as amylase, protease, invertase, lipase and maltase in both control and treated fish samples were tested adopting the standard methods. The present study showed high digestive enzyme activity in control compared to fishes exposed to all other treatment. Enzyme activity of control fish showed in the following order Protease > Lipase > amylase > Maltase >Invertase. On the other hand, amylase activity of tank C fish sample was increased 50% compared to control tank fish sample. Lipase activity is slightly higher in stomach and mid – gut region of control fish sample, but no activity in the foregut and hindgut sample (all group). Combination food supplement such as soya meal, groundnut cake and wheat show remarkable changes in fish Morphometry and digestive tract enzymes. In this combination of food supplement to be improve growth of fish as well as their routine physiological metabolism.

Uranium (U) tolerance potential of locally cultivated six legume crop species namely groundnut, greengram, bengalgram, redgram, cowpea and horsegram grown on U mill tailings was assessed to understand the impact of uranium on plant germination. Percent germination of seeds, plant growth parameters and protein profiles were analyzed using biometry and Electrophoresis methods. Plants were grown on U mill tailings for 30 days under controlled environmental conditions before the analysis. The U mill tailings showed negative impact on morphological parameters such as percent germination of seeds, plant growth, etc. in all the six legume plants grown on U mill tailings. During the study, greengram, showed best tolerance, redgram showed moderate to leranceand horsegram showed least tolerance under U stress among the six legume crop species studied. Protein profiles of the three legume species (greengram, redgram and horsegram) grown on U mill tailings were studied by SDS-PAGE.

The present paper reports such medicinal plants which are usually practiced by the Korku tribe from the southern Melghat of Buldana district in the treatment of hepatic disorders. The tribal communities inhabiting in southern Melghat of Buldana district rely mostly on the ethno-medicinal plants for curing common as well as chronic diseases. Now a days, the medicinal plants offers genuine plant materials for using it in the formulation of drugs and also alterative for traditional medicines. It is necessary to document the information blocked with local practitioners with correct identification of plant species.

This paper focuses on the application of the usual approach for the environmental assessment of sites which are the subject of a real estate transaction or which are brownfields. The existing Romanian legislation in this field must to be completed with other available regulations.In addition, the success of the approach is provided by a rich professional experience of the environmental assessors involved. The case study presented in this paper refers to the approach taken to investigate and quantify their potential historical pollution for a former industrial land with an area of 8840 m2. In this respect, both the international and Romanian standards were applied.

Zingiber Officinale is a used in the regular diet in many asian countries. Chemical analysis of ginger shows that it consist of more than 400 different compounds. In the present study, antimicrobial activity of aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts of Zingiber Officinalewere evaluated against S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and E.coli (ATCC25922). Ethanol extract demonstrated a higher antibacterial activity than the acetone and aqueous extract. These extracts were prepared from fresh Ginger rhizomes. These extracts were evaluated for their part in increasing antibacterial activity of streptomycin and tetracyclin against S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and E.coli (ATCC25922). The antibacterial activity of streptomycin and tetracyclin were enhanced against the test organism in the presence of these extracts. Phytochemical analysis gave positive results for steroids, triterpenoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins.Zingiber Officinalecontains pharmacologically bioactive constituents that may be responsible for its activity against test organisms.

The livestock plays an important role in the economy of farmers. The farmers in India maintain mixed farming system i.e. a combination of crop and livestock where the output of one enterprise becomes the input of another enterprise thereby realize the resource efficiency. The livestock serve the farmers in different ways-income, employment, food, social security, draft and dung. Cattle rearing is an important economic activity in India. Milk and milk products (butter, ghee etc) meat, eggs, leather, and silk are raw materials for industries. Its for our children, milk is a good food. Dairy farming is a good option to replace alcohol brewing. India is leading producer of milk in the world. It is due to initiative taken by government through ‘Operation Flood’. Under this program good breeds of cows and buffaloes, which yield more milk, have been introduced. Co-operative societies in this field were encouraged. Though there are several problems still existing. Therefore, the present study emphasized on the following objective-to identify the major problems faced by milch cow growers in their enterprise and possible suggestions provided to mitigate those.The study was conducted in Midnapur West district of the state of West Bengal. Multistage random sampling technique was used for selection of the area and respondents of the present investigation. A sample of 100 respondents was randomly selected from the five selected villages (20 respondents from each selected village) according to convenience. The study revealed that-there are several problems but the most important ones are- (1) Price of cow is more at the time of purchasing (100%), (2) At the time of selling cow, price is less (100%), (3) Cow feed (Mess) price is so high (100%), (4) Regular bathing of cows is a problem (100%), (5) Cross breed cows have more problems than deshi cows (100%), (6) Insect-pests problems are there (100%), (7) Diseases problems are there (100%), (8) Worm problem is there (100%), (9) Doctors availability in time is a problem (80%), (10) Visit fee of Doctor is high (73%), (11) Price of medicine is high (100%), (12) Milk price is less in market (89%), (13) Mosquitoes and flies everyday suck the blood of cows so much(100%), and (14) Ration for cow is not available (100%). The main suggestions of respondents were (1) price of feed will be less (100%) (2) shallow tube-well should be established for providing water for cattle rearing (100%), (3) short term training should be organized for controlling insect-pests(100%) (4) short term training should be organized for controlling diseases (100%) (5) short term training should be organized for controlling worms (100%) (6) doctor will be available in time (80%), (7)price of medicine will be less(100%) (8)price of milk will be high (89%) (9) using mosquito net at night time is a solution(100%) and (10)animal ration should be provided by the government (100%). Therefore, the extension agencies who are working at base level should take proper measures to promote the milch cow rearing, especially, there is needed more awareness programmes mainly on insect-pests and diseases control measures, maintaining proper diet for growing cows, awareness on suitable breeds, artificial insemination and others.

A study was conducted on physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal contents of water from the selected area of Buriganga and Balu River of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Four physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electric conductivity (EC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and six heavy metals like Fe, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb were investigated to assess water quality of these rivers on April-May, 2016. The pH, EC, BOD, COD of Buriganga River were found 7.57-7.64, 1096-1117 μS/cm, 109-163 mg/L, 185-381 mg/L whereas 7.58-8.35, 996-1099 μS/cm, 102-149 mg/L, and 204.8-307.2 mg/L respectively found in Balu river water. The concentration of heavy metals in water samples were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The amount of Fe, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb in Buriganga and Balu River were 0.47-2.83 ppm, 0.95-2.759 ppm; 0.47-0.90 ppm, 0.47-0.83 ppm; 0.959-8.003 ppb, 0.563-1.296 ppb; 270-556 ppb, 200-485 ppb; 0.62-2.23 ppb, 1.44-2.34 ppb and 22.1-60.6 ppb, 7.5-38.1 ppb respectively. The obtained results revealed that the COD, BOD and heavy metal concentration of both the river water were higher than Bangladesh standard where as pH and EC values were within the permissible limit. The measured physico-chemical properties and heavy metal concentration of study area shows that Buriganga River is more polluted than Balu River.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a well-structured method usedto estimate the environmental impacts associated with the full life cycle of product, service, or system. To effectively analyze products, a cradle-to-grave approach is used, from the acquisition of the raw materials to final disposal. LCA studies offer an overview of the associated environmental impacts, which can be used for sustainable improvements, policy making and marketing purposes.This LCA study compares two renewable energy technologies, a 2.0-MWwind turbine and a 570 kWp photovoltaic system. For comparative purposes, the systems were analyzed based on an annual electricity consumption of 47,410 MWh for a periodof 60 years. The two systems were modeled in the LCA software, SimaPro 8.0.4.26, using the European impact assessment ReCiPe. The results are presented based on characterization, damage assessment, normalization, weighting and single score elements. The assessment resulted indemonstrable environmental impacts associated with the implementation of wind turbines compared tophotovoltaic plants. Wind turbine contributed to greater impact in 12 out of the 17 midpoint impact categories. The single score of total environmental damage were found to be 35.9 MPt for wind turbines and 23.8 MPt for photovoltaic systems.

As the digital world is growing with various kind of data like text file, image, video. Out of those image plays an important role in different field such as remote sensing, social media, etc. So the image quality is maintained by Digital image processing on various issues. This paper gives a brief survey of image data hiding techniques for various environmental scenes. Image analysis features are described in this paper with there requirements. As hiding data is data hiding but it goes under some kind of attacks which are also covered in this paper as they are the best measure for comparing different techniques of data hiding.

Web semantic metadata rules-based harvesting became is an important challenge due to validation of the semantic metadata and the amount of web sites that are rich knowledge sources. Indeed, extracting useful information from the web is the most significant issue of concern for the realization of semantic web; this may be achieved by several ways among which web usage mining, web crawling and scrapping and semantic annotation plays an important role. In this paper, a semantic web metadata harvesting and enrichment model, called Semantic Universal Knowledge Model (SUKM). It goal is to make an enriched semantic encyclopedia. SUKM has to support multi-platform metadata driven applications and interoperability. It may be defined as a structure and rich version of DBpedia in order to increase the usability of various user web knowledge experiences. SUKM aggregates and enriches metadata to create a semantic master metadata catalogue. More specifically, a harvesting modelconsisting of five phases is proposed. This model takes into account sources classification, type of source contents and semantic relationships. SUKM model includes metadata cleaning to remove duplication from different source and semantic metadata enrichments. Semantic Metadata Enrichments consist to identify and enrich topic and emotion metadata hidden within the text or multimedia structure. Enrichment processes use a hybrid machine learning model to propose a topic detection and emotion analysis algorithms. SUKM rules-based harvesting prototype has been implemented using a Java program and more than 10 million metadata hybrid documents have been integrated to the semantic master metadata catalogue.

The mixed polycrystalline ferrites 〖Li〗_0.5(1-x) 〖Zn〗_x 〖Fe〗_(2.5-0.5x) O_4 were prepared by the conventional solid state method using high purity metal oxides ZnO,〖Fe〗_2 O_3 and LiCO_3for different concentration of Zn2+ions. Double probe electrode method was used to study the AC properties: the AC electrical conductivity (σ), the dielectric constant: real(ε'), imaginary (ε'') and complex (ε*), and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) over therange of the appliedfrequency (f=1 KHz-5 MHz)at room temperature. σincreased exponentially with the increasing f where the maximum value was for the sample 〖Li〗_0.3 〖Zn〗_0.4 〖Fe〗_2.3 O_4. The obtained results of the dielectric parameter (ε', ε'', ε* andtan δ), also, decreased exponentially with increasing f, which confirmsthe normal spinel ferrite behavior. The behavior of AC propertiescan be elucidated on the basis of the exchanged electrons between . The obtained results reveal that the AC properties change by substitution of the Zn2+ionsin Li-spinel ferrite matrix.

In the manufacturing world now we need some ‘Intelligent’ or Smart materials which can change their property according to our requirement. Smart materials are one of the unique material and the general characteristics of all these materials are common that is their behaviour or significant property can be altered, reversed or controlled under the influence of external impetus. Their smartness can be characterized by its self-adaptability, self-sensing and self-healing in response to any external stimuli. In the list of these kind of materials, we are about to brief studyof the application of Shape Memory Alloys. Shape memory alloys are the material that have property to regain its original shape when subjected to external stimulisuch as stress, temperature, electric field, magnetic field. Due to its unique and excellent mechanical properties these material has drawn a massive attention of the researchers and the scientists which brings it into a wide commercial use. In this review paper we have focused on the brief introduction and potential application of the shape memory alloys.

In this paper, we study Fuzzy set orders that compare the variability or the dispersion of Fuzzy Measures. The most important and common order that has studied in this paper are the fuzzy set order and the dispersive order. We also study in this paper the excess wealth order which is found to be useful in the increasing order of application. Various related order are also examined in the paper.

The study was carried out for Hasta bahar of pomegranate for optimum production of pomegranate for Solapur district in the semi-arid zone of Maharashtra. Generally, for crop planning, rainfall analysis and water balance studies are required to determine drought investigation, water requirement, and water surplus/ deficit. Rainfall is the major determinant of pomegranate production, especially in rain fed areas because the contribution of rain fed horticulture is almost half to the national production. The study revealed that, the greater intensity of weekly drought for Hasta bahar is found in Malsiras followed by Akluj and Jeyur and lowest intensity of weekly drought is found in Solapur and South Solapur for all the weeks. The water requirement at 70% probability of Hasta bahar is 1260.5 liters/year/tree for mature (5th year) Pomegranate tree. The percent water surplus weeks always lower than the percent water deficit weeks for all the stations of Solapur district for entire study period (1977-2007). The climate is semi-arid with average moisture index -56.85 percent. The uniform variation of all parameter occurred during Hasta which is helpful for healthy and disease free growth of pomegranate tree also good for pomegranate production. The most adequate beneficial and productive season for pomegranate production as compare other seasons.

Rural Savings and Credit Cooperatives ( RuSACCOs) are important financial institutions in remote villages of Ethiopia offering avenues for savings and credit for farmers and the poor. This study was undertaken in Boloso Sore district (woreda) of the Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. From six RuSACCOs, 116 farmer-members were selected as respondents. Both primary and secondary data were collected. The specific objectives of the study were to assess the level of cash- savings of the farmers in RuSACCOs. Descriptive statistics of the study showed that average per capita farmer annual saving in RuSACCO was 297 ETB (USD 13). The farmers’ savings was found to be increasing moderately over years. Age, family size and RuSACCO distance from farmers' place of residence were found to have negative relationship with average savings. Similarly, education, land size household income, credit eligibility and training had positive relationship with quantum of saving. The study concluded that RuSACCOs are becoming appropriate options for the rural households, which are providing financial services and products to the rural community. Hence, to promote RuSACCOs in the rural areas in a sustainable manner, the study suggested some measures, among others: enhancing governance and management of their structure and appropriate training to farmers.

The present study is initiated to determine the local consumer awareness on the consumer rights and protection act; it is still a common practice that businessmen exploit the consumer with regard to quality, quantity, weight, price and the related factor involved in the daily business transaction. Ignorance is one of the prominent factors contributing in the exploitation of rural masses. Hence, keeping in view the vital goal of consumer welfare, grass root level survey has initiated to observed, understand and analyse the behaviour of the rural consumers with particular to weaker section. The study was conducted at Churachandpur District; a hill district in the state of Manipur, all the six development blocks was selected for the study. An attempt is made to know the level of consumer exploitation in rural market in respect of marketing and consumption of fast moving consumable goods in District. Using sampling techniques, 120 respondents from 64 villages were selected. The data was administered by using percentage method and Karl Pearson Correlation Coefficient, the analysis shows that local consumer was exploited in term of price, quality and quantity in the rural market.

This study was carried out on financial performance evaluation of banks in Ado Ekiti. Its main objective was to compare and examine empirically, the performance of the commercial banks in Ekiti State, Nigeria, in terms of liquidity. The five selected banks are WEMA bank, Zenith bank, UBA, Fidelity Bank and GTBank. The financial ratio analysis was used to determine the performance of each of the banks and also to evaluate the managerial performances. The analysis shows that there are significant differencesin the performances of the banks.

Kaya Muhaka Forest in the Kenyan Coast is one of the remaining lowland forest patches belonging to Zanzibar-Inhambane vegetation mosaic of Eastern Africa, which are rich in endemic and threatened flora and fauna. Although gazetted and protected as a national monument, the forest biodiversity is still endangered. This research attempted to establish the Diversity of flora along disturbance gradient ranging from the forest core to the agro-ecosystems of the forest. The belt transect method was used where quadrats of 20m x 20m placed at intervals of every 250 m were systematically selected along two parallel transects of 3 km long each and all the plant species recorded. An additional nine plots of similar size and placement were surveyed on three parallel transects of 1km each established from the edge of the forest to the forest core. The flora diversity was calculated by use of the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index.There was a high diversity of plant species in the Kaya Muhaka forest and agro-ecosystems. The forest was found to be homogenous with most of the species being indigenous and endemic. The forest edge was the most diverse while the forest core was the least diverse with the species richness steadily increasing from the forest core towards the edge. There was no significant difference in the species diversity between the forest core, forest edge and agroecosystems. The forest edge contained a higher Shannon-wiener diversity index of 5.25 as compared to the forest core which had a Shannon-Wiener diversity index of 4.70. The general trend showed that the diversity reduced from the forest edge to the forest core. A total of 493 species were recorded from 97 families with Papilionaceae (7.9%), Rubiaceae (6.8%), Euphorbiaceae (5.4%), Moraceae and Caesalpiniaceae (4.1%) being the most represented. The high floral diversity displayed is probably a result of frequent disturbances from the surrounding resource poor farmers.

Background/Objective: The aim of this research is to determine the effects of Pilates exercises on balance in females. Methods: Sixty sedentary women volunteers (mean age = 34.67 ± 10.41 years; height = 158.75 ± 4.68 cm; weight = 76.22 ± 11.94 kg) participated in this research. Each subject was randomly allocated to the Experimental Group (EG=30) or the Control Group (CG=30). The EG performed the Pilates exercise program. In eyes open condition, there was no significantly difference in the control group (p>0.05) while Overall Stability Index (OSI) scores significantly decreased in the experimental group after the exercises (p<0.05). Under the eyes closed condition, a significant difference was seen in OSI scores before and after the exercises (p<0.05). Results: In conclusion, this study shows that an 8-weeks Pilates exercise program contributes to an increase in the ability to control the body's position or balance for sedentary adult females through improvements in physical activity and positions.

SAP is one of the most notable Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) solution. The uniqueness of SAP is that its various business process is seamlessly integrated. For an example, person posting goods receipt at warehouse is expected to impact financial accounting such as inventory account and account payable account. In normal case, warehouse management system generate message to post appropriate accounting entry in financial applications. In case of SAP, this posting happens in seamless way. The moment warehouse user post goods receipt in system, the financial entry posted. It’s so tightly coupled that system ensure both inventory and accounting posting happens together or none.In this paper, we’ll discuss general financial concept and SAP MM-FI integration point.

Organizational culture plays an important role in the survival and development of organizations in general and airlines in particular. This research aims at identifying organizational culture model of Vietnam Airlines, the national airline operating under the model of traditional airline in Vietnam. By selecting the methodology and surveying 240 employees working at Vietnam Airlines, the result of analysis shows that the employees of Vietnam Airlines evaluated the levels of organization of Vietnam Airlines is quite good. They found that the organizational culture model of Vietnam Airlines today is mainly based on the Clan as well as Hierarchy culture model and wants to continue to strengthen the Clan and Adhocracy culture model. These assessments and expectations are also different between managers and staffs of Vietnam Airlines.

Incessant stock market failures and waning domestic investor’s confidence in Nigerian capital market as well as foreign portfolio investors activities have generated contentious views among capital market stakeholders necessitating critical investigations. This study employs descriptive and expo-facto research designs using time series data, judgementally sampled between 1985 and 2015 from various report issues of the NSE,SEC and National Bureau of Statistics respectively examine the connectivity among capital market liquidity, market capitalisation and foreign portfolio investment in Nigeria. Vector Granger Causality and sub VAR tests are applied and the result revealed bi-directional and unidirectional relationship among foreign portfolio investment there by rejecting the null hypotheses test of no interconnection and direction of causality among the series examined. The study therefore concludes that significant level of bilateral connection exist among the series and consequently recommends the establishment of foreign portfolio investment department by all stocking firms operating under Nigerian stock exchange market in order to adequately capture daily update of all levels of over the counter foreign and domestic investment transactions with the reports captured by the daily official list report coupled with an integrated grass root capital market investors education to boost awareness for the market activities, products and their benefits respectively Keywords: Capital market, foreign portfolio investment, stock market liquidity, capitalisation and Nigeria.

This study identifies the factors that affect people's satisfaction with the bus service in Ho Chi Minh City by empirical research.From the research model and surveying of 620 people, the results of the analysis show that the satisfaction of people about the bus service in Ho Chi Minh City depends on many factors such as communication, sale system, the service of bus service staff, the route network system, the bus and bus infrastructure. The research also finds that the overall satisfaction of the bus service in Ho Chi Minh City is lower than average and there is a wide variation in satisfaction between the type of passengers and their frequency of using the bus service.

This paper argues that intercultural exchange projects can play an essential role in relation to augmenting students’ communication skills in English as a foreign/second language (EFL/ESL). To achieve the intended aim, the paper reports on a three-year research project which was conducted at a private university in Dubai where the researcher works, in collaboration with the researcher’s project’s partner in Bonn, Germany. Intercultural exchange projects are defined as a communicative, collaborative, and student-driven work, requiring the engagement of students in online communication as well as collaboration with peer students from partner classes in geographically distant places, under the supervision of instructors. The researcher used a ten-item questionnaire to measure the effectiveness of intercultural exchange projects, as perceived by the participating students. The paper concludes with the need to conduct intercultural exchange projects by EFL/ESL instructors and researchers working in different parts of the world, in order for students to promote their communication skills in English.

People analytics is a relatively new aspect of Business Analytics and this paper deals with the implementation of people analytics in a small-scale retail organization over a period of 4 months. The small-scale Retail organization, the subject of the study faces issues such as High Working hours, Employee Churn, End of Month Sales bulk up which are dealt with using a People analytics approach as Employees are the pillar of any organization. The aspects of data extraction using surveys to find Organizational network analysis, data preparation to remove outliers are discussed. The methods on how essential data was collected in the organization and the graphical aspects of the People Analytics study are achieved using Descriptive analytics. Descriptive analytics was followed by Predictive and Prescriptive analytics post which inferences were made and shared with business. Positive changes were observed post the implementation of the People analytics fix in the work pattern of the employees, organizational efficiency apart from resolution of different issues in the organization. The paper brings to light the capabilities of People analytics together with the power of increasing data availability and emphasizes on why every organization should emphasize developing an in-built People Analytics capability to improve and smoothen its functionality.

Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is a common and usually a contagious disease caused by the bacterium bartonella henselae It is most commonly found in children following a scratch or bite from a cat in the household within about one to two weeks. The current best diagonstic tool is the Polymerised chain reaction which gives accurate results within a short span of time. The preferred antibiotic for treatment is azithromycin since this agent is the only one studied in a randomized controlled study.

Low back pain has been growing musculoskeletal disorder. In previous studies it has been stated that, “Fear voidance belief have been hypothesized as most important psychological factor in predicting disability among patients with low back pain”. In order to provide effective rehabilitation it is necessary to explore both physiological and psychological factors. In this experimental study, 30 individuals were included according to inclusion criteria and divided in 2 groups, group A : control group (15) and group B : experimental group (15). Control group was given - ergonomics for back, core muscle (Multifidus, Transverse abdominis) activation with progression to limb loading exercises and experimental group was given rigid taping along with conventional therapy for 4 weeks. Results showed that on comparison between 2 groups a significant difference in post intervention values of average of reduction of kinesiophobia, disability and pain. The t-value for comparison of post kinesiophobia is t=3.343(p=0.0039< 0.005), t-value for comparison of post disability is t=2.257(p=0.032), t-value for comparison of post pain is t=6.517(p<0.0001).The present study shows not only the kinesiophobia is reduced with rigid taping but, also patients may show significant improvement in disability and pain.

Background: The overwhelming majority of fungal infections of the urinary tract are caused by Candida species, and they usually present as complicated nosocomial infections. Colonization of the bladder most commonly is a complication of prolonged catheterization of bladder in a patient receiving antibiotics Objectives to assess the significance of candiduria in catheterized patients admitted in ICUs, to study the significance of speciation of candida isolates and determine the predominant Candida species. Methodology: A total of 17 yeast isolates obtained from sixty catheterised urine samples collected from ICU patients after consent were included in the present study for final analysis. The candida isolates were identified upto species level by standard mycological techniques like wet mount, and culture on SDA. For speciation, rapid method – CHROM agar, cornmeal agar and germ tube test were used. Results: The mean age of the patients was 46.9 ± 19.7 (mean ± SD). Of the 17 patients from whom the Candida spp. were isolated 9 (52.9%) were female and 8 (47.1%) were male. The mean duration of ICU stay and catheterisation were 3.8 ± 2.2 and 3.76 ± 2.3, respectively. Of the 17 patients, 7 (41.2%) had diabetes mellitus. Of the 17 yeast isolates, Nonalbicans Candida spp. (76.47%) was the predominant colonizer (Table 3). In our study group, Candida tropicalis and Candida glabrata accounted for 29.4% each, followed by C. krusei 11.7% and C. parapsilosis (5.88%), whereas C. albicans accounted for 23.57 % of the cases. Conclusions: The Nonalbicans Candida species are more difficult to treat and chances that these strains would remain persistent are higher thus species identification should also be performed for appropriate management of ICU patients. The use of chromogenic media is an easy and reliable method for presumptive identification of commonly isolated Candida species. Speciation will help in selection of antifungal agents as C. glabrata and C. krusei are inherently resistant to azoles.

Acquisition of bowel and bladder control is one of the milestones of child development and one of the major challenges that a child will have to face, since in addition to requiring physical control of bowel and bladder sphincters, it is also necessary to adapt to the social and cultural values of the environment in which the child is living. The study aimed to find out the knowledge of mothers regarding toilet training. In this study descriptive study approaches was used.Non probability convenience sampling technique was adopted to select 60 mothers between the age group of 21-40 years in selected area of Mysore. Self administered questionnaires was adopted to collect the data. The data were collected and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.The result revealed that maximum number of mothers 34 (56.6%) have average knowledge. 15 (25%) have good knowledge regarding the toilet training. Chi-square value as computed to find the association between the level of knowledge and the selected personal variable.It was concluded that majority of mothers have average knowledge regarding toilet training. So there should be provision for more health education programmes regarding toilet training to the mothers to increase the awareness regarding toilet training and to decrease the problems while giving toilet training to the toddlers.

Children with disabilities while at school due to mainstreaming worldwide face many challenges. Mbale District, Uganda is not an exception. These challenges hinder their ability to participate actively in their education. The consequences are that they underperform or drop out of school all together. The many challenges faced include discrimination, negative attitude of teachers and normal fellow children, unsupportive roles of parents, lack of specialized services, unfriendly environment and infrastructure. The purpose of this study therefore was to examine the effect of discrimination on academic performance of children with disabilities in mainstreamed primary schools in Mbale District, Uganda. The study adopted a cross sectional survey research design. The population of the study included 3 Boards of Directors, 100 Headteachers. 1,600 Teachers, and 75,000 pupils. The study established that discrimination accounted for 94.9% of the variation in academic performance of children with disabilities. This means that discrimination in mainstreamed schools explained 94.9% of the children with disabilities in academic performance. The other 5.1% was due to other factors which were not the subject of this study. In essence, discrimination is a major factor in determining academic performance of children with disabilities in mainstreamed schools. The findings of this study are significant to stakeholders in Special Needs Education as they inform the way forward for successful inclusive education. Therefore; government should prioritize the needs of children with disabilities, refresher courses for teachers teaching children with disabilities, and the Directorate of the Education Standards should enhance standards in schools that handle children with disabilities.

The use of benzodiazepines (BZDs) to control anxiety and insomnia is indicated for treatment of a maximum of four weeks, since the prolonged use of this medication generates adverse effects that increases the cases of accidents, reduces coordination, causes amnesia, sedation, dependence, tolerance. BZDs act on the central nervous system by modifying psychomotor and cognitive factors; they are medicines used for anxiety, sleep problems, depression and seizures. However, these medications end up causing dependence, and a dose increase is necessary to achieve its therapeutic effect. Students in the health area are those who consume anxiolytics, because they have to live constantly in practice with the human being, always worrying about the well-being of others, for that reason ends up being insecure. These students are the ones that require more attention, in relation to the level of anxiety being superior in relation to other courses. When anxiety levels are too high, it ends up hampering attention, learning, concentration, reasoning. Students seek to consume drinks, drugs and tranquilizers as a refuge to feel good, but the high consumption of these psychoactive substances cause great problems to health and social and economic impacts.

Immunizations is one of the most successful and core effective public health investigation to bring healthy future generation. Though India had implemented the universal immunization schedule, the magnitude of its coverage is yet poor. The predominant reason for non-immunization is lack of knowledge and awareness among caretakers. Aim: The study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding immunization among mothers of under five children in OPD, Primary Health Centre, Abhishegapakkam, Puducherry. Methods: A descriptive design was utilized for the study. A sample of 75 mothers of underfive children were selected using convenient sampling technique. Result: The majority of mothers of under five children 40(53%) were found to have moderate knowledge, and 28(37.34%) of them had inadequate knowledge and only 7(9.34%) of them had adequate knowledge regarding immunization. However, there was no significant (P>0.05) relationship between age, education, religion, occupation, number of children to immunization. Conclusion: The study called for public oriented awareness programme on immunisation and its importance which helps to achieve the target.

Of the estimated 55000 cases of Rabies deaths in the world, 20000 occur in India. Even in the second decade of the 21st Century there is no chemotherapeutic available for Rabies, a disease that finds a mention in Ayurveda. The present study was undertaken to assess the in vitro anti rabies virus activity of Mangifera indica (Mango), Aegle marmelos (Bael) and Ricinus communis (Eranda). Methanol extracts of the leaves from these plants were prepared using the Soxhlets apparatus. Total proteins were extracted using commercially available kit. BHK-21 cells infected with the Challenge Virus Standard (CVS) strain of the Rabies Viruswere treated with the methanol and protein extracts from the plants. Anti-Viral activity was assessed using a modified Rapid Fluorescent Foci Inhibition Test (RFFIT) and reduction estimating the reduction in relative viral load using qRT-PCR. Methanol extract from Eranda exhibited the most effective activity with an IC50 value of 19.70 µg/mL (SI=496.95). This was followed by methanol extract of Mango followed by methanol extract of Bael – IC50 of 24.66 µg/mL (SI=286.29) and protein extract of Bael at 39.37 µg/mL (SI=350.27). Methanol extract of Bael also exhibited a promising IC50 at 55.71 µg/mL (SI=203.37). Viral load estimation presented a similar picture with methanol extracts of the 3 plants and the protein extract of Bael exhibiting over 100-fold reduction in the viral RNA copies as compared to controls at 1000 µg/mL. AM, MI and MP exhibited over 30-fold reduction even at 10 µg/mL. In the light of the situation where thousands of people die every year due to rabies and since there is no known anti-viral, the above results present potential leads, which must be explored further for developing anti rabies anti virals.

Interest rates are typically determined by the supply and demand for money in the economy. If at any given interest rate, the demand for funds is higher than supply of funds, interest rates tend to rise and vice versa. In Rwanda Interest rates change in response to a variety of economic events including changes in government policy, crises in domestic and international financial markets and changes in the prospects for long-term economic growth and customer attributes. The interest rates in Rwanda remain high, despite central bank’s efforts to reduce the key repo rate. In spite of volatility of interest rates in commercial banks the interest income keeps increasing. Therefore, researcher intends to assess the effect that the volatility of interest rates has on interest income of commercial banks. To analyze the effect of banks internal factors on interest income from loans in commercial banks in Rwanda, to analyze the effect of external factors on profit from government securities in commercial banks in Rwanda and to examine the relationship between interest rate volatility and interest income of commercial banks in Rwanda. This study was adopted both comparative research design and descriptive research design. Researcher attempt to identify and analyze similarities and differences between I&M bank and Bank of Kigali. For the purpose of this study, a sample size of 229 respondents was determined from total population of 540 employees from BK and I&M banks. Researcher used purposive sampling; the researcher chooses the sample based on who they think would be appropriate for the study. Fist objective Spearman's correlation coefficient, (r=0.914) shows that there is Positive high correlation between internal factors and commercial banks income. Second objective (r=0.741) shows that there is Positive high correlation between external factors and profit from government securities and third objective show that Spearman's correlation coefficient, (r=0.724) shows that there is Positive high correlation between Interest rate volatility and Interest income of banks. ANOVA test show that F-statistics (F=214.145) is far greater than the P-value (0.000) hence a further confirmation that aspects of internal factors and external factors are significantly influential the interest income of two selected commercial banks in Rwanda. The government of Rwanda regulates the banking practice to ensure the consumers are protected from the practices of the banking institutions to promote growth and stability. It is due to the significance of the banks in their financial intermediation that the governments ensure to keep close watch of the financial institutions. Based on the findings in chapter four and conclusions above, the study recommends that commercial banks evaluate their lending rates properly to ensure that they have adequate loan disbursement but also high returns that would improve the interest income of commercial banks.

Complications are the integral part of any minor and major oral surgical procedures but with a detailed and proper medical case history and consultation a majority of such complications can be avoided. We present here the management of post-operative bleeding after a simple tooth extraction performed by a local dentist who did not give any importance to a thorough clinical history taking procedure.

Dentistry has incorporated a lot of newer technological advancement to benefit both dentist and patients. In this modern technological era, lasers offer dentist a door to its rewarding, high tech and potentially profitable arena. Currently, various types of laser are available based on their applications. This article explains the basic principle, mechanism and interactions of laser and also its application in dentistry.

Ligation is adaptation of the wire to the bracket slot in order to move the tooth. Usually Metal or elastics are used for this purpose. A voluminous knowledge is required for the placement of ligatures in order to make better and faster treatment. This article gives an insight to the different ligation technique and each to be applied at given situations for the benefit of the treatment result.

Our society gives high value to the personnel appearance of a person. The dentist plays an important role in fulfilling the patients expectation. With the advancement of new techniques and materials, wide varieties of treatment options are available to the dentist in restoring and improving the patients smile. There are various proportions and analysis which aids the dentist in achieving it. The analysis of surrounding soft tissues also plays a major role in achieving a pleasing smile. Even the signs of aging can be masked by elective dental treatments and conservative restorative procedures, such as bonding and porcelain veneers.

Background: Periodontal diseases are oral disorders characterized by inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth. The aetiology of periodontal diseases is multifactorial. The effects of various psychosocial factors such as emotional stress, a high level of work stress, dissatisfaction at work or stress from unemployment have been the focus of several investigations on oral diseases. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between periodontal disease and job satisfaction in rural area of India. Material and Methods: The case-control study included 241 subjects in the age range of 35-60 years, from a rural region of India. The study participants were divided into three groups: Group I (n = 80), Group II (n = 80), Group III (n = 81). All the subjects were instructed regarding completion of a questionnaire from job satisfaction scale. The periodontal status was assessed by plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment levels. The results were statistically analysed by means of one way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: The results showed that the comparison of z-score with Group I was 66.21 while in Group II the z-score was 84.05 and in Group III the z-score was 92.52 and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: It can be concluded that job satisfaction may be a risk determinant of periodontal disease & not only the type of stress but coping behaviour of the person is important as far as its effects on health are concerned.

Promotion and provision and maintenance of one’s health is one of the basic need for development in societies. In society it is important that the entire student be mentally healthy. Among all students of medical science especially nursing students are usually go through various kinds of stress and anxiety in their clinical areas. With regard to importance of nursing student’s general health and considering the various existing strategies to reduce the anxiety, use of complimentary treatments is more convenient because of their better public acceptance, low cost and less complication and yoga is a non-pharmacological option to relieve stress and anxiety. The present study is a humble attempt to find out the effect of musical yoga therapy on anxiety among students. In the study pre experimental one group-pretest-post test research design with purposive sampling technique was adopted to achieve the goal of the study by using socio demographic data and A Modified Hamilton’s anxiety scale among 60 1st year Bsc. Nursing students in a selected nursing college, Bhubaneswar. The findings of the study demonstrate that in pretest most of the nursing students in psychological aspect had severe anxiety (21.1%) in pre-test but after giving the intervention (33.3%) had mild level of anxiety. In physiological aspect the percentage (31.6%) had moderate level of anxiety in pre-test but after giving the intervention the (6.66%) had mild level of anxiety. It is concluded that musical yoga therapy can be used as a effective strategies in reducing the level of anxiety among nursing students. Future research is prescribed is to expand the extent of this study by adopting different methodologies.

Objective: Present study was carried out to evaluate and compare the efficacy of three most commonly used disinfectants on irreversible hydrocolloid material. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 alginate disks with 13mm diameter and 2mm height were prepared with irreversible hydrocolloid material. These specimens were divided into four groups (n=15), i.e, Group A Distilled Water, Group B Sodium Hypochlorite, Group C Glutaraldehyde and Group D Iodophor. All alginate specimens were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus strain for 1 min. After contamination Group B, C and D specimens were disinfected by spray method, whereas, group A specimens were only washed with distilled water. All the specimens were placed into the test tubes containing nutrient broth media for 30 sec. 25um of nutrient broth solution was plated on soyabean casein digest agar plates for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. The number of colonies were identified and colony forming units (CFU) were counted. Between and within group differences in antibacterial activity was analyzed using one way ANOVA test of significance and Post Hoc Test. Result: 53.33% of the samples disinfected with Sodium Hypochlorite and 33.33% of the samples disinfected with Gluteraldehyde showed complete disinfection. All the samples disinfected with Iodophor showed bacterial growth but colonies were countable, whereas, all the samples washed with distilled water showed uncountable bacterial growth. Conclusion: Sodium Hypochlorite is the most effective disinfectant followed by Glutaraldehyde and Iodophor.

Acute cholecystitis is a relatively common complication of gallstones It can lead to significant morbidity and mortality from potentially life-threatening complications such as empyema, gallbladder gangrene and gallbladder perforation It presents as a surgical emergency and usually requires hospitalization for management Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is advocated for acute cholecystitis; laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the most common surgical operation done by surgeon has become the gold standard in the treatment of symptomatic gallstones..The introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in surgical practice was pioneered by Mouret in 1987. It rapidly replaced “traditional” open cholecystectomy as the curative treatment of cholecystolithiasis. The major advantages of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) include less postoperative pain, less time required for hospitalization, recovery and better cosmetic results. The common opinion about treatment of acute cholecystitis is initially conservative treatment due to preventing complications of inflamation and following laparoscopic cholecystectomy after 6- 8 weeks. However with the increase of laparoscopic experience in recent years, early laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become more common. Aims of the study: The aims and objectives of this study to evaluate the results of early laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with acute cholecystitis with cholelithiasis.

Tuberculosis is still a health problem of global concern, WHO estimates that there is two millions deaths annually and eight millions new cases of TB and encourages all countries to adopt all strategies to control TB and Directly Observed Therapy Short Term (DOTS) is one of these strategies. Therefore, the kingdom of Saudi Arabia adopted the implementation of DOTS in 2000 at facility level and then at community level in 2013. This is a descriptive study aims at identifying the effect of DOTS implementation at community level on the national tuberculosis program indicators. The main question of the study is that: what is the effect of CBDOTS on the national TB program performance indicators? The data were collected with two well-constructed and pre tested questionnaires with well-trained data collectors. Moreover, it includes all the registered patients in in national tuberculosis registry in 2011 and 2014 and all the health workers in the program. It is found that there is no statistical significant difference between the program indicators before and after the implementation of directly observed therapy short term at community level, and there are many administrative factors affecting the program performance such as the absence of policies, procedures and strategic planning. The study recommends the upgrading of the policies, procedures and the strategy to cope with the global movement towards TB elimination, updating and expanding of the laboratory net for TB diagnosis, implementing the quality measures especially in laboratory services and ensuring all the financial resources for the strategy implementation.

Melanoma is a malignant cancer that occurs in melanocytes and is the most common cancer in people aged 15-34 in the UK. The article aimed to provide the backgrounds of the appropriate care pathway of melanoma included the prevention, diagnosis, treatment e multi-professional approach based on literature review

Intentional reimplantation (IR) is an intentional extraction of tooth followed by reinsertion into its own alveolus. In this case report endodontically failed tooth with large periapical radiolucency was choosen for intentional reimplantation in mandibular second molar. After 6 month follows up the patient was asymptomatic and radiographically no evidence of root resorption was seen. The indications for and limitations of intentional reimplantation are discussed in the case report.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy and applicability of modified Cameriere’s European formula given by Rai B et al for dental age estimation in south Indian children. Methods: The study comprised of a total of 600 subjects, who were divided into 10 groups, according to the chronological age. The first group consisted of subjects who are 5 years old, including subject’s age ranging from 5.00 to 5.99. Next group included the subjects who were 6 years old, and so on. Digital form of the orthopantomogram obtained for diagnosis and treatment were collected. Chronologic age was noted and Dental age estimation was performed on the orthopantomogram using the formula described by Rai et al. Age= 9.402-0.879 C+0.663 N0-0.711 s-0.106s×N0 Statistical analysis of data was done using paired t test. Pearson's correlation was used to measure the strength and direction of association between chronological and dental age. Results: The results showed a mean difference of 0.31 between the chronologic and dental age in total sample, which is statistically insignificant. Pearson's correlation was used to measure the strength and direction of association between chronological and dental age and a value of 0.985 suggest a positive correlation between chronologic age and estimated dental age. Conclusion: The results showed that modified Cameriere’s formula given by Rai et al gave a statistically insignificant underestimation of 0.31 years, suggesting its suitability for age estimation in children in south Indian population.

Unfavorable systemic conditions condition a low resistance of the host to the virulence of the aggressive agent, causing in a more rapid evolution of the periodontal disease and being able to lead to difficulties in the therapeutic response. The longer the duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), the greater the severity of periodontal disease and loss of insertion. The objective of the present literature review was to evaluate the relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. The mechanisms that explain the association between diabetes and periodontal disease suggest that diabetic patients present reduced polymorphonuclear leukocyte function and chemotaxis, reduced collagen synthesis by gingival fibroblasts and glycosaminoglycans, increasing the collagenase activity of the crevicular fluid, resulting in loss of periodontal fibers and loss of alveolar bone support. Epidemiological studies have found a high degree of association between DM and periodontal disease. It has also been shown that this relationship is bidirectional, with periodontitis exerting an effect on DM. Thus, the high prevalence of periodontal disease in DM indicates the need to evaluate glucose levels in patients with periodontal disease. Intervention studies have shown that treatment of periodontal disease improves glycemic control.

Dadrukustha is a type of skin disorder, characterized by Sakandu (Itching in the site of lesion), Raga (Reddish discoloration of skin like blood), Pidaka (Papule over lesion), Mandalamudgata (Circular patches with elevated edge on skin) etc. Many scholars have opined that it can be correlated with the superficial fungal infections of the skin as per modern science. But for proper application of novel treatment principle of Ayurveda, the diagnosis of the diseases based classical thought is mandatory. On this context the present study aimed to make a preliminary arbitrary grading system for easy diagnosis of Dadru Kushtha in order to provide an accurate treatment therapy. All the features of Dadru were evaluated by the preliminary approach of arbitrary grading system and with the help of captured photography. Appropriate literary meanings of scrupulous words were used to make the grading. The upshot of the study can make vital fortitude for future through further validity and reliability.

Chronic dacryocystitis is frequently caused by nasolacrimal duct obstruction or infection. Chronic stagnation of tears within the lacrimal sac leads to formation of mucocele which upon pyogenic infection turns into pyocele. Encysted lacrimal mucocele or pyocele presenting as a huge swelling causing distortion of surrounding structures is relatively uncommon. Very few cases were reported yet in the literature. Tumors originating from the lacrimal sac may mimic chronic inflammation and be misdiagnosed, delaying treatment. Here we report a case report of a 73 year old man with encysted lacrimal pyocele secondary to chronic dacryocystitis which was initially thought as malignancy due to the enormous swelling causing distortion.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is considered to be a prototype of metabolic syndrome (MS). Objective: To determine the levels of resistin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) as well as to assess their relationship with clinical and metabolic parameters in women with PCOS. Materials and methods: The study included 22 overweight/obese PCOS patients and 20 metabolically healthy obese (MHO) women. Anthropometric, glucose and lipid parameters, total testosterone, resistin, IL-6, ADMA were determined. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were calculated. Results: Significantly higher levels of ADMA and resistin were found in the PCOS women as compared to those in the MHO. IL-6 was positively correlated with WHR and negatively associated with HDL-cholesterol in the PCOS group. Conclusion: Higher resistin and ADMA concentrations in PCOS women showed a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. The correlation of IL-6 with WHR and HDL-cholesterol suggested a possible role of IL-6 in the development of MS in PCOS.

Purpose: To evaluate the occurrence of cystoid macular oedema (CME) and to identify changes in the thickness in the central macula (CMT) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD- OCT) after uneventful phacoemulsification surgery. Method: In this prospective study, 150 patients of cataract, were subjected to examination by SD-OCT one day before and 1, 4, and 12 week post operatively to detect any changes in foveal thickness and presence of cystoid macular oedema. The results were analyzed and correlated with the visual acuity. Results: 150 patients were included in this study. Out of these 150 patients, 86(57.33%) were males and 64(42.67%) were females, with mean age being 65.33±6.82 years. None of them had any pre-existing ocular pathology. The average central macular thickness (CMT) measured preoperatively was 243.35± 19.508. Out of 150 patients, 5 (3.33%) patients were detected to have post operative CME. Decline in visual acuity was noticed in those patients who developed post operative macular oedema, and improvement was noted by the end of 12 weeks. Mild increase in macular thickness (±35µ) was noticed even in those eyes which did not develop macular oedema. Conclusion: CME can develop even in patients who had undergone uncomplicated cataract surgery. SD OCT is a reliable and non invasive method to detect the changes in the macula at early stage and helps in accurate diagnosis.

Dermato Fibro Sarcoma Protruberans (DFSP) is a very rare malignant tumor of subcutaneous tissue characterised by slow infiltrative growth. It presents mostly in second and fifth decade. Even though there is no well defined protocol for treatment of this tumor, wide local excision is being practiced. Present case report is of a 60 year old lady with lump in left breast for 5 years who developed ulceration over the lump progressed in 15 days underwent wide local excision. Histopathology revealed DFSP as diagnosis with CD 34 positive.

As nursing students commonly experience stress, they encounter stress either adaptive or maladaptive. This experimental study investigated the prevalence of coping strategies and its changes on introduction of stress management techniques training program for six weeks daily among nursing students. The study on comparison between pre-test and post-test coping strategies observed that in experimental group, there is significant increase in usage of coping strategies of post-test like positive interpretation (p=0.025), Mental disengagement (p=0.013), Focus on end (p=0.045), denial (p=0.006), Behavioural disengagement (p=0.005), use of emotional social support (p=0.04) and acceptance (p=0.04). There is no significant increase in the usage of coping strategies like use of instrumental social support, active coping, religious coping, humor, restraint, substance use, suppression of competing activities and planning. On Comparison between post-test coping strategies between Experimental and Control groups it was found that there is significant difference in usage of coping strategies during post-test like positive interpretation (p=0.01), mental disengagement (p=0.03), denial (p=0.007), religious coping(p=0.001) and behaviour disengagement (p=0.002). There is no significant difference in coping strategies like focus on end (p=0.10), use of instrumental social support (p=0.18), active coping (p=0.02), humour (p=0.33), restraint (p=0.29), use of emotional social support (p=0.09), substance use (p=0.13), acceptance (p=0.30), suppression of competing activities (p=0.15) and planning (0.46). As many coping strategies were adapted by nursing students after training on stress management techniques, this stress management techniques training program was effective.

Trace amounts of Manganese (Mn) are essential for the proper functioning of a variety of physiological processes, including development, in all living organisms. However, several studies indicate that high Mn levels may be toxic to terrestrial and aquatic organisms, especially due to its neurotoxic properties. In the present study, the young and adult albino rats (2 months and 4 months old) were exposed to low dose (2.5mg/kg body weight) and high dose (5mg/kg body weight) of Mn through intraperitoneal injection for a period of 3 weeks and a separate batch treated with Mn was left for a period of one week supplementation with Alpha-tocopherol at a dose of 5mg/kg body weightalong with Mn until the end of the study.Control animals received only deionized water without Mn. In the present study, it was observed that, the potential effect of Adenosine Triphosphatase (ATPase) activity (EC 3.6.1.3); Mg2+ATPase and Na+K+ ATPase activities were assayed. From our observation, it was cleared that the Mg2+ATPase and Na+K+ ATPase activities were decreased in synaptosomal fraction at both 2 months and 4 months old rats at both concentrations (i.e. 2.5 mg/kg bw and 5 mg/kg bw) when compared to control rats. The adult rats showed greater frequency of Mg2+ATPase activity compared to young rats. However, the high dose (5 mg/kg bw) of Mn treated rats of both age groups showed decreased Mg2+ATPase activity compared to low dose (2.5 mg/kg bw) of Mn treated rats. Whereas, the rats supplemented with Alpha-tocopherol along with Mn showed gradual increase in Mg2+ATPase and Na+K+ATPase activities respectively. In addition to this, we have also examined the body weights of 2 months and 4 months old rats at both low dose and high dose of Mn and Alpha-tocopherol also. In this, it was clear that, the low and high dose Mn exposed rats showed decrease in their body weights at both ages (2 and 4 months) as compared to control. Decrease in body weights were higher in high dose exposure compared to low dose. However, partial recovery of body weights were observed in Alpha-tocopherol Supplemented rats at both ages in high dose and low dose of Mn exposure. The above findings suggest that short-term Mn in vivo administration causes a statistically significant decrease in energy metabolism and body weights. The Mn toxicity was reversed with Alpha-tocopherol co-administration which could thus be considered for future applications as a neuroprotective agent against chronic exposure to Mn and the treatment of manganism.

A well accepted prosthesis is a successful prosthesis. The success of the prosthesis is based on factors such as Retention, Stability, Support and Aesthetics. These factors are incorporated during the various stages of fabrication of the prosthesis starting from impression. However, sometimes all the factors cannot be incorporated into the prosthesis due to reasons related to patients health or the condition of the oral cavity. So to improve the success rate of the prosthesis we can make use of additional factors of which magnets are one of them.

Condylar fractures are the most common accounting from 9-45 % of all condylar fractures. They can be managed conservatively or by surgical modalities. The advent of the Endoscope in Surgery was an innovation which soon found its way into Maxillofacial Surgery. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopy assisted ORIF vs. traditional ORIF in the treatment of condylar fractures. Information was collected using electronic data sources such as PubMed and Google scholar. 1. The inclusion criteria were studies published in english comparing the Endoscopy assisted ORIF with traditional ORIF for treatment of patients suffering from mandibular condylar fractures. Studies published between 1st January, 1995 and 31st December, 2015 were included. 2. The exclusion criteria were non availability of full length articles and the articles that were not published in english. Patients suffering from condylar fractures were treated with either endoscopy assisted ORIF or traditional ORIF technique. Out of all the articles screened 2 studies were selected after removing of duplicates and assessing full length articles. The studies revealed that both endoscopic approach and traditional ORIF approach comes with their respective set of pros and cons and neither can be called better than the other at this point. The primary limitation encountered during the review was that there are very few studies conducted comparing the Endoscopic and non endoscopic ORIF techniques. The sample sizes in these studies are small and hence it becomes difficult to draw a conclusion regarding the results. Associated with them. Reviewing the current available literature makes the comparison between the two approaches inconclusive. Both the traditional and endoscopic approach for ORIF have comparable results and more studies need to be conducted to compare the two. Once the drawbacks associated with Endoscopy assisted approach are overcome, it can be used by more number of surgeons including the developing countries.

Background: Pre-diabetes is the precursor stage to diabetes mellitus in which not all of the symptoms required to label a person as diabetic are present, but blood sugar is abnormally high. This stage is often referred to as the ‘grey area’. Gutka, a smokeless tobacco; a mixture of powdered tobacco, areca nut and slaked lime is known to jeopardize periodontal health; however, severity of periodontal inflammation in gutka chewers with and without prediabetes remains unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the inter-relationship between pre-diabetes, gutka chewing and periodontal inflammatory conditions. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the effect of gutka use on periodontal health is investigated among 50 individuals with prediabetes and 50 without prediabetes. Demographic information regarding age, sex, duration of prediabetes, and gutka-chewing habits was collected using a questionnaire. Periodontal inflammatory conditions (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD], clinical attachment level [CAL] and fasting blood glucose levels (FBGLs) were recorded. Results: Periodontal inflammatory parameters (PI, BOP, PD and CAL) were significantly higher in individuals with prediabetes irrespective of gutka-chewing habit (P <0.05). Periodontal inflammation in individuals with prediabetes were higher than in patients without prediabetes (<0.0001). Gutka chewing alone did not significantly increase the periodontal inflammatory conditions. Prediabetic patients were significantly more likely to have periodontal inflammation than individuals without prediabetes (<0.05). Conclusion: In patients with chronic periodontitis, periodontal inflammatory conditions are worse in gutka chewers compared to non-chewers; in patients with both chronic periodontitis and prediabetes, hyperglycemia governs the severity of periodontal inflammation when compared to habitual gutka usage.

Enterococcus spp are one of the environmental mastitis pathogens with public health hazard and have different harmful effects on milkand dairy farms. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Enterococcus spp in mastitic cow’s milk in Egypt, detection of some virulence genes as esp and cyl A of E.feacalis and their resistance to different classes of antibiotics. 130 (71.82 %) out of 181 milk samples were identified as Enterococcus spp particularly E.feacalis (33.34 %). Multiplex PCR was applied for detection of some virulence genes of E.feacalis as Enterococcus surface proteins (esp) and cytolysin (cylA). ESP was the predominant gene in all tested E.feacalis isolates, whereas cylAwas completely absent. In addition, antibiotic sensitivity tests noticed that Enterococcus spp isolates had multidrug resistance to different classes of antibiotics as 69.77% streptomycin, 53.49% gentamicin and 38.37% ampicillin. Also, higher resistances of E.feacalis isolates were observed to streptomycin (47.73%), ampicillin and gentamicin (45.46%, each). On the other hand, the Enterococcus spp especially E.feacalis were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, mastitc cow’s milk is considered as potential reservoirs of virulent and antibiotic resistance Enterococci with public health hazard when milk is consumed without any thermal treatment.

Traditional medicine has always played a key role in the health systems of different ethnic groups living in remote areas of North East India. For the documentation of ethno-medicinal information, a survey was conducted in Thoubal district of Manipur comprising of three villages Ningombam, Sabantongba, Leisangthem to collect the information on ethno-medicinal plants of Manipur through household survey by using a standard questionnaire. The information on medicinal plants were collected and documented which were most frequently used by the local healers Maibas and Maibis for the treatment of different inflammatory diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatic arthritis, gout, cancer, liver problems, urinary tract infections, respiratory disorders, different skin diseases etc. The present paper reports the some common plant species and their scientific name, family, local names, part used and medicinal used for curing diseases.

Numerous amphibian species are currently restricted to breeding in agricultural landscapes, although the impact of agricultural techniques, such as harvesting, are not yet determined. In the Republic of Korea, the Suweon Treefrog (Dryophytes suweonensis) is restricted to breeding in rice paddies. In fall, numerous individuals are found on cultivated bean plants, on the edges of rice paddies. In this study, we conducted repeated surveys at four sites during the brumation period, from late September to the first freeze, to determine the relation between the abundance of individuals and harvests of bean and rice crops. We found that the rice and bean harvests had a significant negative effect on the number of adults present at sites, while it only was a trends for juveniles. We consequently recommend the delay of rice and bean harvests until after the first freeze at site where D. suweonensis occurs.

Objective: Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP3) and Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) are tumor suppressor genes, which play important role in regulation of extracellular matrix proteolysis and cellular detoxification from various xenobiotic drugs and carcinogens. Aberrant methylation of tumor suppressor gene at the promoter regions can inactivate its expression, which is important in the carcinogenesis of various cancer including breast cancer. Hence the present study was designed to determine the role of promoter methylation of TIMP3 and GSTP1 genes in sporadic breast cancer patients from South Indian population. Materials and Methods: DNA methylation analyses of TIMP3 and GSTP1 gene were performed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). Fifty biopsy samples of breast tumor and their corresponding non-malignant portions as controls were studied. mRNA expression analysis of these two genes were also done using real time PCR. Results: Methylation of the TIMP3 promoter was detected in 18% (9/50) and GSTP1 promoter was detected in 20% (10/50) tumor samples. None of the normal tissues showed promoter hypermethylation in both the genes. The difference in methylation frequency between cancerous and normal tissue was statistically significant (p = 0.0029 and p =0.0013). GSTP1 promoter methylation was positively associated with lymph node involvement (p = 0.034) and metastasis(p = 0.036). Any significant association was not found between TIMP3 promoter hypermethylation and clincopathalogical parameters. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed that promoter hypermethylation of TIMP3 and GSTP1 genes were associated with sporadic breast cancer patients from the South Indian population and may be useful as a new biomarker for breast cancer detection.

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of molybdenum & iron on Vigna radiata (L.) plants. The experiments were conducted in the field of Botany department of CCS University, Meerut during Kharif season 2017. Different levels of molybdenum (3, 6 and 9ppm) and iron (30,60 and 90 ppm) along with Rhizobium were applied. Results revealed that maximum chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, protein content, proline content and legheamoglobin content were observed in those treated plots where Mo 6ppm and Fe 60 ppm (with Rhizobium) were applied . Results shows that with increasing the amounts of Mo and Fe up to a certain level in soil, biochemical parameters (nitrogen, protein, proline, chlorophyll and legheamoglobin) significantly increased. Moreover, in the present study when we applied the Mo and Fe above this level (6ppm and 60ppm) the biochemical parameters decreased. The present study suggests that plants require these micronutrients in trace amount and their optimum level is beneficial to improve the legumes growth when applied in combination with Rhizobium.

The present investigation was aimed to detect the specific protein polypeptide(s) appeared during the organogenesis stages of differentiation in Solanum trilobatum L. Among different explants, only internode showed good results for micropropagation. To analyze and compare their variation of protein profiles were assessed from callus, organogenic calls, multiple shoots, root, and regenerated plants. The highest response of callus induction (92.8%) was observed in 2.5 mg/l of 2,4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) supplemented in Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium. Organaogenic callus induction was maximum (34.6%) in medium supplemented with 2,4-D 3.0 mg/l. α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 2,4-D with BAP various combinations were showed variable redifferentiation response along with callus formation and multiple shoot initiation. The medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l BAP with 3.0 mg /l of 2,4-D showed better shoot multiplication (87.6%) and elongation. High rate of root induction (68.3%) was observed on medium supplemented with NAA (1.0 mg/l). Simultaneous induction of shoot and root (58.4%) was observed in MS medium supplemented with BAP 2.0 mg/l with NAA 1.0 mg/l. For best plantlet regeneration was achieved in (86.2%) medium supplemented with BAP 2.0 mg/l with NAA 1.0 mg/l. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed a unique protein bands in tissues. Significantly different pattern and concentration of total soluble proteins were seen in differentiation of callus to plantlet regeneration stages. Polypeptide banding pattern of regenerated plants were different from naturally growing plants. When comparing the protein bands in cultures of each stage they were different to each other. The molecular weights of detected bands for all samples ranged from 62.66 to 86.51 KDa. Three similar culture specific callus, Organogenic callus and root polypeptides (MW 86.65, 83.45 and 80.10 kDa) and four shoot specific polypeptides (MW 86.51, 83.25, 80.18, and 62.66 kDa) and were synthesized during the differentiation. Similarly, one shoot specific (MW 62.66 kDa) and two regenerated plants specific (MW 77.52 and 75.32 kDa) polypeptide band were appeared during differentiation in S. trilobatum. In vitro regenerated plant cultures showed totally five (MW 86.34, 83.78, 80.44, 77.52 and 75.32 kDa) plant specific polypeptides.

Aim: The aim of this study is to screen In-vitro Anti-microbial activities of aqueous extracts of Karappan Kudineer (KAK) - A Siddha formulation. Methodology: KAK was collected from the pharmacy of ATSVS Siddha Medical College, Munchirai, Kanyakumari Dist. Aqueous extract of KAK was prepared by soxhlet method. In-vitro antimicrobial activity of extract of KAK was screened against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans using disc diffusion method. The micro-organisms were collected from the Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC). Sterilized discs were soaked in aqueous extract of KAK individually at the concentration of 25mg/disc. Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal suspension was inoculated in Muller-Hinton Agar Media and Potato Dextrose Agar Media respectively. Streptomycin and fluconozole was used as standard drug for the Antimicrobial study. Zone of Inhibition was measured and recorded. Result: Aqueous extract of KAK showed more anti-fungal activity against Aspergillus flavus (11mm) and showed anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (9mm) Conclusion: It is concluded that KAKcan be prescribed as the medicine for skin diseases due to Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus flavus infection.

Surgery treatment is currently the most effective option for reducing and maintaining weight loss in morbidly obese patients. Changes in dietary habits should be continuous for obtaining successful treatment. This study aimed to identify and analyze changes in dietary habits developed after bariatric surgery relating them to the treatment of nutritional deficiencies and complications resulting from surgery. The study was conducted from August to October2013, with the participation of 60 invited patients assisted by the Obesity Nucleus of Ceará. A self-administered quiz was made to evaluatethe feeding behavior before and after the surgery. Statistical tests were performed using GraphPad Prism Software, considering statistical significance levelof p<0.05. There were prevalence of night-eaters feeding behavior (58 %), changes in chewing, considerable reduction in fluid intake in meal patterns, and the presence of complications and disabilities such as alopecia (41 %), dumping (37 %), vitamin B12 deficiency (20%), calcium and vitamin D deficiency (12%). The feeding frequency showed an increased intake of fruits and raw vegetables, wholemeal pasta, but a reduction in milk and dairy products ingestion. Several changes in eating habits have evolved after surgery, confirming the importance of proper monitoring by a nutritionist.

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of Rheum emodi (MER) on ethanol (EtOH) induced cytotoxicity in human liver cells. Cells were treated with either EtOH (30mM) alone or together with MER (150μM) for 12 hours. It was found that exposure with EtOH induced different cytotoxicity processes like formation of oxygen radical formation (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, lipid peroxidation, decrease in glutathione (GSH) as compared to untreated cells. EtOH induced ROS formation was significantly prevented by MER treatment. Other beneficial effects associated with MER treatment in EtOH challenged cells were increase in GSH level and reduction in LDH leakage and lipid peroxidation. Our findings suggest that MER exert cytoprotective action against EtOH induced liver cell damage.

With the tremendous advancement in modern day life style and technological development, sophistication of human life is at peak nowadays. Even then, certain things and achievements are still in their own way to attain. Health care industry is marching forward in optimizing the life expectancy against the hilarious challenges put forth. But nature has its own decision in shaping the modern man in this world. Infertile couples are standing as an example for this. Siddhars of Indian continent were on their methods to go in harmony with nature. Hence, they were successful in designing the line of treatment for infertility particularly for females with the treasures of Siddha principles. As a testimonial to this, the following review throws some light towards the approach.

The ground state properties of the atomic nuclei provide valuable information on their structure. The investigation of atomic nuclei is one of the fundamental and mostly pursued topics of the natural sciences, owing to its direct as well as indirect impact on human life. Atomic nuclei being quantum many-body systems, render the investigation of their properties among the challenging disciplines of the natural sciences. It is because of the fact that the single particle and the collective behavior of the constituents is at play almost on the same scales, making them interesting laboratories for the investigation of the different phenomena. These phenomena are also responsible for the varied shapes of atomic nuclei i.e., spherical, prolate, oblate etc. These shape changes take place from spherical doubly-magic (closed shell) nuclei, as one moves away from the valley of stability towards the drip lines, one can find the diversity in shapes of atomic nuclei and hence variation in their size, resulting in the change in the rms radii. In the present work the Sr isotopes have been investigated using the microscopic Energy Density Functional approach. The HFBTHO solver has been employed for calculation of binding energies, charge radii and the two-neutron separation energies which are in agreement with the experimentally measured values.

Today, in this era we want to produce more energy from various types of energy sources. Bifacial solar panel can be the best alternative to produce more energy because both sides as front and rear will absorb more energy. To make rear surface more absorptive as it is not in direct contact with sunlight we have to use more reflective surface. If we compare mono-facial and bi-facial solar panel, bi-facial solar panel 5% to 20% more output. We need a cheap and useful reflective surface such as plane mirror which will effectively boost up our output. As the name indicates our panel is light dependent from one side and other side takes the reflected rays. The design is optimized in such a way that it will achieve maximum yield from specific site setup. In this article we have taken the readings for both with and without reflector solar panel, for various angles of inclination of solar panel and calculated the values of current.

A new series of pyranopyrazole based benzoxazole derivatives 2(a-h) were synthesized from reaction of compounds 1(a-h), o-aminophenol and carbon disulphide. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds have been established on the basis of rigorous analysis of their spectral data. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against selected bacterial strains using serial tube dilution method. It was observed that pyranopyrazoles based benzoxazole derivatives exhibit potent antibacterial activity as compare to their starting analogues.

Cadmium Selenite (CdSeO3) nanoparticles were prepared by simple microwave irradiated solvothermal process using a domestic microwave oven with frequency 2.45 GHz. Cadmium acetate and Sodium selenite were used as precursors in the molar ratio 1:2. The powder XRD result shows that particles are purely crystallized in hexagonal phase with the broadening of diffraction peaks attributed to nanoscale size of the particles. The dielectric measurements were carried in two frequencies for temperatures ranging from 40 to 150oC. The present study indicates that the polarization mechanism in the nano particles considered is mainly contributed by space charge polarization. It can be understood that the space charge contribution plays an important role in the charge transport and polarizability in all the systems considered in the present study. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss, AC conductivity and DC conductivity increases with increase in temperature.

Haryana is one of the northern provinces of India divided into 22 Districts, 140 community development Blocks, 6752 villages and 89 Urban Local bodies having population 2.68 Cr, out of that 8.9% are beneficiaries under Social Security Pension Schemes. The State Government has been providing Financial Assistance to the eligible residents of the State who are unable to sustain from their own resources. Assistance provided in the form of monthly pension upto Rs. 1600/- to more than 23 lacs beneficiaries who are enrolled under 9 Schemes of Old age, Widows, Disabled, Destitute Children, Ladli, Dwarf, Eunuch, Financial Assistance to Kashmiri Migrants & Mentally retarded non school going Children of less than 18 years. The annual budget of Financial Assistance has reached up to Rs. 4588 Cr which has average increases of Rs. 50 Cr every year (Budget document of the Government). As per the case study, upto few years ago benefits were disbursed in cash on the basis of data maintained at district level. Cases of fraudulent, wrong and delayed disbursement to ineligible beneficiaries were also reported. Flagging of deaths and other ineligibles was a big challenge. To overcome such problems, data was hosted on central server and online secured access was provided to the department for data updation, processing and disbursement of pension benefits through respective Panchayats and Urban Local Bodies across the state. During late 2014, the State Government decided for Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to the beneficiaries accounts. Scheduled banks, their BCAs, Post offices, m-Paisa Vodafone were engaged for opening, uploading & updating of beneficiaries accounts with pension database and the goal was achieved in December 2015 for entire state. As a impact more than 1.13 lac beneficiaries weeded out who did not turn up for opening & uploading of accounts. But scope of data cleaning & improvement was still there by using biometric based de-duplication and disbursement. Therefore, the state government, in line with the DBT Mission of Government of India, planned for Aadhaar (Unique ID) based DBT in 2016-17. The DBT process required Aadhaar number of a beneficiary as financial address to credit or debit his/her account, means it does not check for Name, Account no., Bank IFSC etc. Also, the probability of human errors can’t ruled out in collection, typing & manual seeding of 12 digit Aadhaar in beneficiaries accounts, there are chances of wrong transactions. Besides that the beneficiaries who have migrated to other states and maintain accounts there may also get pension benefits by seeding Aadhaar with any of their accounts, which is a violation of eligibility, indeed a beneficiary must be state resident and pension benefits should be credited in the state located bank branches only. Also, a number of beneficiaries who do not have qualifying biometrics scanned due to old ages or other health problems are not issued Aadhaar. Thus, it is difficult to ensure the success of Aadhaar based DBT system as such. Therefore, a Mathematical Model of a random data-set of 500 villages have been formulated using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) and processed using the LISEREL 9.3 & MATLAB to know the relationships between Observable and Latent Variables (LVs) helping to predict sustainability of ‘Aadhaar based DBT in Social Security pension Schemes of Haryana”. The data inputs to the model consists of adoption of Technology (Scalable, Platform Independent, Branding, Usability, Secure) and 25 other parameters on Resources Planning, Aadhaar Enrollment, Opening of accounts, Aadhaar seeding to bank accounts, data digitization with Aadhaar, role of Sponsored bank, mapping with NPCI (National Payment Corporation India) and Biometric based verifications that is e-KYC of beneficiaries etc. Result of the study produces Mathematical Equation of sustainability model, Index of Sustainability which ranges between 0.0312 to 3.1562, Standard Deviation is 0.2946 and RMSEA is zero along with analysis for Goodness of Fit for the model, the sustainability index is moderate therefore given recommendations may be followed in decision making to achieve high level of sustainability for Aadhaar based DBT.

With increasing contribution of performance of digital circuits is judged by its speed, run-time leakage control techniques are becoming extremely important. The most common technology for designing digital circuits is the CMOS technology. After the development of CMOS logic, there was increasing need to optimize circuits in terms of speed. One technique thought was using PTL which makes use of lesser number of gates to realize an operation. The Pass-Transistor Logic (PTL) is a better way to implement circuits designed for low power applications. Although PTL has disadvantages like it reduces the circuit speed at low power operations and greater static power dissipation. As the technology is growing gained the prominent importance. In this design of 1 bit ALU, GDI technology has been deliberately implemented. In this research work a new design of ALU by using GDI technique that can be used to design fast and low power circuits using lesser number of transistors. The total Design of ALU has been done by using GDI technique in 45 nm technology. The total Design process flow in Soc and the power is 0.044.

The need for low-power, area efficient, high speed VCO is pushing toward the use of dynamic regenerative oscillators to maximize speed and power efficiency. In this paper, an analysis on the fast frequency of the dynamic VCO will be presented and analytical expressions are derived. From the analytical expressions, designers can obtain an intuition about the main contributors to the vco, delay and fully explore the tradeoffs in dynamic vco design. Based on the presented analysis, a new dynamic VCO is presented by using dynamic double tail comparator. The entire design flow has been done by using Tanner EDA Tool in 180 nano meter technology.

In this paper, I have designed a low-power circuit-shared static flip-flop (CS2FF) for low power digital VLSIs. The CS2FF consists of five static NORs and two inverters (INVs).The CS2FF utilizes a positive edge of a buffered clock signal, which is generated from a root clock, to take data into a master latch and a negative edge of the root clock to hold the data in a slave latch. The total number of transistors is only 24, which is the same as the conventional tri-state buffer based flipflop (TBFF) used in the most standard cell libraries. Spectre simulations in 0.18micrometer standard CMOS process demonstrated with different voltages that our proposed CS2FF achieved clock-to-Q delay of 17.4ns, setup time of 5.91ns, hold time of 1.17ns. The DCVS has been designed having less transistors. Cascode voltage switch logic (CVSL) refers to a CMOS-type logie family wich is designed for a certain advantages. It requires mainly N-channal Mosfet transistors to implement the logic using true and complementary input signals, and also needs two P-channel transistors at the top to pull one of the outputs high. This logic family is also known as Differential Cascode Voltage Switch Logic (DCVS or DCVSL).

This article is derived from the project titled "Processes of inclusion through Social Pedagogy in a group of basketball players in wheelchairs in the municipality of Tuluá". Its main objective is the comprehension of the social inclusion processes, it is a work with mixed methodology that used methods of quantitative and qualitative approach, that allowed the interpretation of the subjects’ experiences . It was considered that in order to advance in social inclusion it is necessary to develop training processes in civic culture. The population object of study included nine athletes, from the wheelchair basketball modality, from the Vida Independiente Club of the municipality of Tuluá, Valle del Cauca, Colombia; who in this process carried out their sports practices in the university campus of the Central Unit of Valle del Cauca UCEVA. An inclusion intervention strategy was applied through Social Pedagogy and it was possible to develop abilities for participation in social processes and in the construction of public policies in these sportsmen focused on the population in situation of disability.

The dysfunction of the sanitation works in Niangon Nord and Toit Rouge, districts of Yopougon (Abidjan), results in the flow and stagnation of domestic wastewater in the households and in the streets. In contact with these kinds of water, the population is exposed to some diseases. The objective of this work is to highlight the socio-sanitary and environmental impacts of wastewater from the dysfunction of the sanitation network on the inhabitants of these districts. In order to do so, the register of customers’ requests of the DRANA maintenance and repair service was consulted, and a sample survey of households in the two districts was carried out. The data collected showed that the dysfunction of the sanitation works in Niangon Nord and Toit Rouge is caused by the bad behavior of the populations on these infrastructures. The wastewater analysis has shown high concentrations of physico-chemical and bacteriological pollutants. There is an average of 204.08 mg/L of Suspended Solids , 8.57 mg/L of (NO_3^-), 38.76 mg/L of de (NH_4^+), 2.46 mg/L of (PO_4^(3-)), 1.73.108 UFC/100 mL of total coliforms, 07.107 UFC/100 mL of fecal coliforms, and 2.39.107 UFC/100 mL of fecal streptococci. These waters near residential areas which are also playgrounds for children constitute a health risk for these families. The bacteriological contamination from these waters, as well as the odors they emit, would particularly cause malaria, typhoid fever, and diarrhea. On the other hand, the presence of nitrogen compounds would constitute a minor risk to human health in case of ingestion of these waters.

This paper explored sustainable economic challenges and opportunities experienced by funded Small and Medium Enterprises at a selected commercial Bank in Namibia. The study was guided by the following objectives; to identify the sustainable economic challenges experienced by the commercial bank funded SMEs in Windhoek; to identify sustainable economic opportunities that exists for these funded SMEs and finally to offer recommendations which can serve as guidelines which the management of the Bank can consider to support, grow and sustain local SMEs. The study followed a phenomenological (i.e. quantitative) philosophy and adopted a questionnaire as an instrument to collect data from a sample of 70 SME owners as a sample from an accessible population of more than 500 SMEs (including those that are not funded by the commercial bank in the study) in the Khomas region by using a stratified random sampling strategy. The strata were: Manufacturing and construction=40, Agriculture=10, Education and Training=8 and other=12 based on the retailing sector within which they are operating. Data were analysed using an excel application to draw tables and graphs to depict the most challenges facing the funded SMEs in the Khomas region and to uncover the opportunities available to these SMEs for growth and sustainability. The findings reveal that funded SMEs were experiencing challenges that impede their smooth operation such as access to finance, employees’ turnover, and availability of affordable workplaces/rental rooms. Additionally, the findings of the study indicate that there are opportunities available to these SMEs in Namibia such as availability of financial assistance from development banks and other commercial banks in Namibia, increased population growth which signals market expansion and improved technological applications. The study recommends that stakeholders such as government agencies, other ministries and entrepreneurs should to introduce capacity building leadership and management programmes or strengthen the SMEs capacity and leadership skills to sustain their organisations. Additionally, the study suggests that SME division should revisit their funding criteria to cater for the underrepresented sectors such as education and training as well as female representation in funded SME ownerships.

The mindset and attitude of the generations keeps on changing with the passage of time. There are ample examples of vanishing of rudimentary and age long practices and customs which were once considered to be the integral part of one’s culture and society. Some of them proved to be reformatory for the society like abolition of Child Marriage, Sati, Widow Remarriage, whereas some concept came out of the contemporary needs of modern generations. Live in relationship is also one of the concept adopted by the youths in India as a substitute to the marriage. The paper discusses the social and cultural conflict between live in relationship and marriage in country like India which is known for its Unique Culture and Traditional Values.

The teaching profession is one of the professions that are considered stressful. This fact has been revealed by many studies worldwide. It is asserted that school factors influence teacher stress more than any other factors. However, some studies have contradicted these assertions indicating that schools are haven of peace and therefore do not generate teacher stress. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the influence of school factors on teacher stress using Kakamega North Sub County as the site of the study. A conceptual framework based on Bray, Camlin, Fairbank, Dunteman and Wheeless (2001) concept that stress is influenced by work factors which in turn influences performance of workers was adopted to guide the study. The study established that school factors influenced teacher stress. The influence was however weak with a Pearson correlation coefficient of .238 and was significant. School factors accounted for 4.6% of variation in teacher stress as was signified by Adjusted R square .46. School factors were also found to be significant predictors of teacher stress. (F (6, 92) = 2.028, P < .05). As specifically the school factors that influenced teacher stress were; location of the school, evaluation policy on students, gender parity of students, bench marking policy, Board of Management and school ethos, customs and traditions. The factors that had little influence on teacher stress included; class size of below 45 students, class size of 45 and above students, entry behaviour of below 250 marks being the average Kenya Certificate of Secondary education examinations, delegation policy, communication policy, gender parity of teachers, teacher students ratio, school routine, teacher –students relationship, office space, sanitation and students dress code. The study concluded that school factors influenced teachers stress in Kakamega North sub-county. The study recommended that stress audits need to be conducted in schools with a view to improving stress levels among teachers to the benefit of students academic performance. The findings of this study are significant to educationists in identifying strategies to deal with stress levels among secondary school teachers in enhancement of students’ academic performance in the Sub County.

Hooghly is one of the non-DPEP districts of West Bengal. However from census report 2011, it is revealed that the overall rate of literacy of the district is 81.80 per cent whereas, as per census 2001 as reflected on UNDP report 2011, the overall literacy of the district was 75.11 per cent. This article deals with Sarva Shiksha Mission (SSM) and its impact due to the participation of the parents of elementary students of two block of Hooghly district of the state of West Bengal. In this study, eighteen variables such as, Age of Father (X1), Age of Mother (X2), Father's Occupation (X3), Mothers' Occupation (X4), Family size (X5), Home facility (X6), Monthly expenditure towards student (X7), Reason behind dropout (X8), Financial condition (X9), Interest towards society (X10), Use of mass media (X11), Government support towards Children (X12), Satisfaction towards the institution (X13), Necessity of private tuition (X14), Protection from various diseases (X15), Health conciseness (X16), Monthly family income (X17) and Social interaction (X18) had shown their significant contribution on the participation of parents towards impact analysis of Sarva Shiksha Mission. The study found that eleven causal variables namely. Age of Mother (X2), Home facility (X6), Financial condition (X9), Interest towards society (X10), Use of mass media (X11), Government support towards Children (X12), Necessity of private tuition (X14), Protection from various diseases (X15), Health conciseness (X16), Monthly family income (X17) and Social interaction (X18) had been identified as the strong contributors upon the predictor variable (Y) i.e. the level of participation of parents towards impact analysis of Sarva Shiksha Mission.

Although ocean monitoring technology has improved significantly over the last twenty years, there are still many deficits in terms of data quality, reliability, efficiency and sustainability. Macaronesia is a vast area of key interest for the marine and maritime sectors. However, logistics and support to develop and maintain a useful and sustainable monitoring strategy programme still fall short of the needs. There is now a multi-disciplinary group of companies and institutions that have come together as a result of working on common initiatives for many years, for the purpose of consolidating a regional ocean observation strategy entitled R3M (Macaronesia Marine Monitoring Network). This network gathers data from several meteorological and oceanographic devices, such as buoys, underwater vehicles and weather stations, all integrated to a data portal where the data is managed and displayed according to end-users needs.

FDI represents a potential means of growing and diversifying the SME base and achieving greater integration within global networks. Without a market - there is no trade, and without trade - there is no profit, economic growth and development. Therefore, all economies, especially small ones, are "searching for" and fighting the restless spirit of competition and "hoping" to be a "link" in this international trading concept and supply chains. This paper aims to focus on contribution for developing the strategies that could help to strengthen the SME sector. From one side it could be done through their promoting of integration into, and potential benefits from external markets. Implementation of the strategies should increase the attractiveness of the transition and developing countries for foreign investors which will improve the capacity of the SME sector. From the other side, the policies will strengthen the benefits from FDI to local economies trough facilitation of SME trade and capacity building of local SMEs to use the opportunities from the external markets.

Today when the world is growing in its capacity of innovation and technology, its high time we deal with the problems of different resource scarcities specially water scarcity with new emerging ideas of innovation. The idea is to re-invent the old traditional practices using new and innovative ways. Keeping in mind that every drop is precious and is not wasted, we need to come up with methods that would be cost effective as well as feasible for every common man.Hence it is pivotal that one has exposure to present day practices and traditional knowledge to protect, promote and conserve what we have. XSoS at XUB through its Sustainable Discovery Programmes provides an opportunity to understand and engage in such initiatives.

The objective of this study is to obtain a deep understanding of the learning to read in grades 4 and 5 at SDN Kompleks IKIP I Makassar with sub focus (1) the objectives learning to read, (2) reading materials, (3) strategy, approach, methods, (4) lesson plan procedures, (5) media (6) the roles of teacher and students, (7) evaluation. The study used ethnographic methods. This study concludes the objectives of learning to read, learning technique and reading comprehensive used analyzed contain material, the technique of learning is related to the characteristic of the students' age. The lesson plan steps there are learning to open, learning activity, and learning closed. The roles of teachers as partners of learner, organizer, facilitator, motivator, model, and the role of the students as a communicator. Learning used projected visual media and not projected visual media, formative and summative evaluation, reading stories is an activity the entrenched in high class, read the story of the popular primary students.

A major problem in industries and homes is the leakage of gas. One of the preventive methods to stop accident associated with the gas leakage is to install a gas leakage detection kit at vulnerable places. This project aims to automatically detect, alert and alert gas leakage. Particularly, a gas sensor having a high sensitivity to gases like propane and butane is used (Ramya and Palaniappan, 2012). This system consists a GSM Module which is able to send an SMS to alert the user (Padmapriya and Kamini, 2013).

Cardio vascular disease such as angina pectoris and ischemic disease is a major disorder in India.Treatment of angina pectoris is traditionally aimed at reduction of symptoms as well as prevention of future cardiac events such as myocardial infarction or death. 15% of refractory angina pectoris patients either fail to respond fully to such therapy or ineligible to further intervention. External Counter Pulsation therapy (ECP) is a non pharmacologic, cost effective and non invasive therapy can be use safely in any age group without any complication. Education is one of the best way to change knowledge and attitude of staff nurses working in hospital. This has motivated the researcher to conduct a study “A study to assess effectiveness of structured teaching programme on external counter pulsation therapy among staff nurses working in selected hospitals at Bangalore”. Objective of the study: To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on external counter pulsation therapy by comparing pre and post test knowledge score among staff nurses. Methodology: One group pre-test, post-test research design, which is a pre experimental design with purposive sampling method, is used to select 40 staff nurse. The study was conducted in Pristine Cardiac hospital, Bangalore. The tool used for the data collection was self administered structured knowledge questionnaire which comprised of 8 items on demographic data and 40 items on knowledge of External counter pulsation therapy. The reliability of the tool was established by using Test-Retest method. The reliability Co-efficient is 0.965. The pre test was administered to 40 staff nurses followed by the STP then post test was conducted after 7 days to the same samples using the same tool. The conceptual framework used for this study is based on Stufflebean “CIPP evaluation model”. Data gathered was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in terms of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, paired‘t’ test and chi-square test. Results: The present study conducted to assess the effectiveness of STP on ECP therapy among staff nurses highlights that the pre-test mean knowledge scores was 28.22% while post-test mean knowledge scores was 74.44%. Further the statistical obtained‘t’ value was 25.61, which is significant at 5% level. There exists a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores among participants. Hence H1 is accepted. The findings revealed that there is significant association between pre-test knowledge scores of staff nurses on ECP therapy with demographic variables such as professional experience and family income. Hence H2 is accepted .But there is no significant association between pre-test knowledge scores of ECP therapy with demographic variables such as age group, gender, professional qualification, and duration of experience as a cardiac nurse, professional experience and source of information. Hence H2 is rejected and null hypothesis is accepted. Conclusion: Hence the findings revealed that structured teaching programme was effective in enhancement of the knowledge of staff nurses on External Counter Pulsation Therapy. The study recommends nurses can use this knowledge for caring patients with ECP therapy.

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing and also the cost of managing its co-morbidities. Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) is a devastating complication of diabetes. Patients who have diabetes and a co-morbid psychiatric disorder are at increased risk of poor management and treatment outcomes than those without a psychiatric disorder. Methods: A descriptive Cross sectional study was carried out to find out prevalence of DAS symptoms among diabetes foot ulcer clients attending HRM (Hand & Reconstructive Microsurgery) Clinic. Results: There was a high level of mental health problems (DAS) found among DFUs clients. Conclusion: The study results highlighted the importance of assessing and treating DAS symptoms as part of a comprehensive management plan for diabetes and to have positive productive life.

Tuberculosis (TB) can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract and is the sixth most frequent site of extrapulmonary involvement. Both the incidence and severity of abdominal tuberculosis (AT) are expected to increase with increasing incidence of HIV infection. Peritoneal tuberculosis a form of abdominal tuberculosis occurs in three forms wet type, dry type and loculated type. Clinically peritoneal tuberculosis is characterized by abdominal distension, constitutional symptoms and abdominal pain. Along with peritoneal tuberculosis other forms of abdominal tuberculosis can coexist. Peritoneal tuberculosis can be associated with extraabdominal tuberculosis. Ascitic fluid analysis and abdominal imaging aids in diagnosis in majority of cases. Acid Fast staining and culture of ascitic fluid analysis is the diagnostic but sensitivity is very low. Other molecular diagnostic like TB PCR etc improves sensitivity but the availability is limited and the cost is very high. Response to Anti Tubercular treatment (ATT) helps in the confirmation of diagnosis. Conventional Anti Tubercular treatment for 6 months is the treatment of choice.

The accomplishment of endodontic treatment depends on diagnosis of all the canals, thorough biomechanical preparation followed by three dimensional obturation with hermetic seal. Missing any of these steps may occur dueto bizarre tooth morphology. Usually mandibular molars have two roots with three canals (mesiobucccal, mesiolingual & distal) but in some teeth, the number of roots and canals vary. The variation in the number of roots is called radixentomolaris. This article presents three case reports of mandibular first molars with extra roots. Also mentioned are the modifications in the canal preparation, problems encountered during the treatment, common iatrogenic errors which occur during the treatment and factors which affect the prognosis.

Oral carcinomas accounts for about 40% of all carcinomas prevalent amongst the human beings. Those involving the tongue results in mild tosevere deficiencies of phonation, deglutition, mastication and taste depending upon the degree and extent tissues involved. Rehabilitation of such patients pose a challenge for the clinician and involves a careful observation and evaluation ofthe residual oral function. This article presents a case report of prosthodontic rehabilitationcompletely edentulous patient, who underwent partial glossectomy following surgical resection of the squamous cellcarcinoma involving left lateral borders of the tongue. An attempt was made to restore the comfort, speech and function of the patientwith additional assistance through speech therapy and simple oral exercises.

Background/Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of 8-week aerobic exercise on hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation in 10-12 year-old obese children. Methods: A total of 40 obese children volunteered in the study. Mean age and height of the children participating in the study was 11,40±0,68 years and 149,40±3,60 cm, respectively in the training group and 11,30±0,80 years and 149,20±3,55 cm , respectively in the control group. Run-walk exercise for 20-45 minutes, three days a week for 8 weeks targeted at 40-70% target heart rate was applied in the training group of obese children participating in the study. No statistically significant differences were found between pre-test and post-test body weight, body mass index, hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation values in the control group of obese children (p>0,05). On the contrary, statistically significant differences were found between the pre-test and post-test body weight, body mass index, hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation values in the experiment group of obese children (p<0,05). Results: In conclusion, regular physical activity can be suggested to have an important place in healthy development and growth of children and in the treatment of negative effects of respiratory system complications that develop in the metabolism as a result of obesity.

Introduction: Periodontal diseases are chronic bacterial infections that lead to gingival inflammation, periodontal tissue destruction, and alveolar bone loss. Gingivitis is one of the most prevalent dental diseases. Scaling and root planning along may not achieve best clinical outcome therefore use of adjuncts like mouthwashes, laser, LDD etc can lead to better results. Pomegranate a medicinal fruit, used as an astringent, hemostatic, antidiabetic, antihelmintic, and for diarrhoea and dysentery too. Aim: This research was aimed at investigating antigingivitis and antiplaque effect of a mouthwash containing pomegranate extract,1 month post scaling, in patients with chronic gingivitis. Materials and Methods: Fifty subjects diagnosed with generalized chronic gingivitis were selected and divided into two groups: A and B, with 25 subjects in each group. Group A subjects underwent single sitting of oral prophylaxis while group B subjects were advised 15ml of Pomegranate mouthwash (undiluted) twice daily for 1 month post scaling. Clinical parameters: gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at baseline and 1 month post scaling. Results: Use of Punicagranatum mouth wash showed significantimprovement in bleeding and gingivitis score in Group B subjects (P value <0.001). Conclusion: Punicagranatum mouthwash improves gingival status with its profound styptic action, sufficiently reducing the plaque scores.

This study focused to find out the language proficiency development among the secondary school students. The study is not a fault finding assessment, rather it is an attempt to find out the problems of students in understanding the subject and to identify teacher’s problems in teaching of English subject. For this purpose, normative survey method of research was employed. The sample consists of 150 students from government school and private secondary schools of Papum-pare district of Arunachal Pradesh. The study indicates that government school students face more difficulty in proficiency in English than the private secondary schools. This study thus assumes significance as it will help the teacher to have bird’s eye view on the whole learning situation of the subjects.

Using time serious data of forty Ethiopia spanning over 15 years this paper analyzes the relationship between governance and economic growth in Ethiopia. The descriptive result showed that the country achieved mixed result some dimension of governance improved while the other deteriorated like freedom of press and freedom of expression. In general the country performance showed it is below the African average. Moreover, consistent with most recent empirical works, the study found that good governance has significant direct impact on growth over the time under consideration. It was found that improvement in good governance has highly significant effect on the growth. Similarly, labor force growth is also significant positive effect on the recent growth. While the other variables like government education expenditure, openness and foreign direct investment were found to have no statistically significant effect on economic growth in Ethiopia. Thus, the government has to improve the governance at all dimension to benefited out of it.

Effects of ethanol extracts of Curcuma longa L., Myristica fragrans Houtt. and Piper nigrum L. on the mortality of red flour beetle were investigated. In the current study, ethanol plant extracts showed that the mortality rate increased with increasing concentration as well as the length of exposure times. On the other hand, results of this study point out that the three plants of this study might be useful as potent insect control agents. The results showed that Myristica fragrans had the best effect on the mortality of adults and Larvae (100%) in 8% concentration, followed by Curcuma longa and Piper nigrum extracts of mortality were achieved. After 24-hour exposure, the LD50 values of ethanol extract of Piper nigrum, Curcuma longa and Myristica fragrans against adult Tribolium castaneum were found to be 0.73, 0.79 and 0.45 mg/cm2, respectively, while in larvae found 0.34, 0.27 and 0.12 mg/cm2 respectively. No mortality was observed in control. The LD50 values for fifth instar larvae were 0.34, 0.27 and 0.12 mg/cm2 in Piper nigrum, Curcuma longa, and Myristica fragrans respectively.

Global studies and research reveals that, construction is the most hazardous process and is responsible for severe and fatal injuries. The construction process is a phenomenal, complex, temporary and complicated activity, it demands for aversatile, comprehensive and easy-to–adopt parametric approach to evaluate and improve its safety performance. The parameters are Lead and Lag indicators. The Lead indicators are pro-active and lag indicators are reactive. It has been the traditional and historical practice, to report the safety performance by the Lag indicators like number of injuries, man-days lost, extent of disability, compensation etc. The author during the course of periodic review of progress observed that accidents and its consequences are the only parameters reported on the safety performance of the construction project. This traditional practice doesn’t seem to be the right approach as the absence of accident does not mean that the safety performance is good. At present, nationally or internationally, there are no uniform, harmonized or standardised and accepted bench – marking metrics / indicators available for reporting, comparing and improving safety performance in any industry. In this study the key parameters combining the Lead and Lag indicators are identified and quantified for construction industry, based on the safety performance of a group of 30 organisations which consists of construction, production and processing, services and research and development units. The purpose is to objectively assess the safety performance. This exercise facilitates in building the robust Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Management System in the construction industry.

Inclusion has been the topic of interest in education for many years. Various methods of teaching in an inclusive teaching have been created and researched. This study investigated the effects of collaborative teaching on Algebra scores in an inclusion high school class. The findings tended to indicative collaborative teaching in an inclusive setting for special education students. The research was conducted in a rural setting in the South with 15 special needs students to determine the impact of collaborative teaching.

The article studies methods to determine the amount of goods through airports and determine the relationship between export - import goods through airports and export – import turnover of goods in Vietnam. From analyzing the 27-year data series from 1990 to 2016 by a linear and non-linear regression model show that when the value of exports increased by 1%, cargo exports through airports increased 0.8205% and when the value of imports increased by 1%, cargo imports through airports increased 0.8393%. It is forecasted that Vietnam's airports will serve nearly 500 thousand tons of exported goods of about 410 thousand tons of imported goods by 2020.

Throughout history, child sexual abuse has been a global phenomenon. Various studies have been documented on the causes and outcomes of such an act on a child. This study however aimed at investigating the gender differentials in nature and experiences of child sexual abuse. Using various methods and techniques like descriptive designs, in-depth interviews and qualitative and quantitative methods, the study based its research on 70 respondents, 10 boys and 60 girls, between the ages 8 and 18. The respondents were all sexually abused victims at the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) in Lusaka. According to the study, it was found that while the female sex was most prone to sexual abuse, boys experienced and disclosed their experience longer than girls. It is for this reason that children should be awared on the issues of child sexual abuse from a tender age. Thus providing them with information on what to do when a perpetrator approaches them, how to protect themselves and what to do if sexually abused. This would also lessen on the misconception society imposes on both sexes, particularly boys.

Management of the patient with congenital or acquired defect of palate is a new era in prosthodontics. Rehablitation with lighter obturator is a burning topic of research and practice as well. Depending on their origin, two groups for such defects can be congenital and acquired, which may result due to some injury or surgery. Such defects vary as far as etiology, location, and size are concerned. The size of the defect may vary from small to large, which may include parts of the hard and soft palate, alveolar bone, floor of the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and may extend up to floor of the orbit and zygomatic complex. In general, such defects can be prosthodontically rehabilitated by prosthesis called obturator. The obturator is a disc or plate, natural or artificial, which closes an opening or defect of the maxilla as a result of a cleft palate or partial or total removal of maxilla for tumor mass. The obturator can be of different types and designs depending on the defect to be restored. This article reviews various aspects related to obturator prosthesis and elaborates the procedure of making an obturator as well.

Aims and Objectives: to observe and evaluate the efficacy of aperture fixation for complete ACL rupture by arthroscopic tans-portal single bundle quadrupled hamstring auto graft reconstruction. Materials and Methods: Quadrupled hamstring auto graft prepared was secured using femoral interference screw via the anteromedial port with knee in hyperflexion to ensure absolutely parallel screw placement. Tibial interference screw was placed with knee in full extension and graft under longitudinal traction to prevent proximal migration during screw advancement. Results: The Lysholm functional score improved from a mean pre-operative value of 55.23 (range 36 – 77) to 89.88 at six months (76-96) and improved to 93.8(range 80 – 98) at final follow up. The Tegner activity level improved from a mean pre-operative value (post injury) of 3.13 (range 2 – 4) to mean postoperative value of 5.13 at six months to 6.3 (range 4 – 8) at final follow up. The single leg hop test measurements improved from a mean preoperative value of 57.2% (range 40 – 71) to 86.76 at six months and 90.5 (range 79 – 98) at final follow up assessment. Discussion and Conclusion: ACL reconstruction using quadrupled hamstring auto graft and interference screw fixation is safe and highly successful with very few complications. Accelerated rehabilitation is possible in view of strong fixation of graft using interference screws.

Insomnia is a sleep disorder of great magnitude that significantly interferes with the homeostasis of the circadian and sleep systems. This culminates in important changes in the leptin-ghrelin axis, leading to adverse effects on the dietary choices, a consequent increase in weight and installation of obesity. The hormonal and metabolic mechanisms that promote this important change are not yet fully understood. However, it is known that a chronic process of sleep deregulation culminates in increased levels of ghrelin and decreased levels of leptin, resulting in a vicious cycle. Therefore, it is necessary to raise the population's awareness for the importance of sleep periods in order to avoid metabolic imbalances involving the development of diseases, especially obesity.

Background: Aluminum (Al) is very abundant metal in the earth’s crust. It is a constituent of cooking utensils, medicines, cosmetics, some foods and food additives. Salts of Al are widely used in the treatment of drinking water for purification purposes. Excessive and prolonged exposure to Al causes oxidative stress and impairment of many physiological functions. Its accumulation in liver and kidney causes hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Social isolation (SI) or Protein malnutrition (PM) also increases oxidative stress and may enhance the toxicity of Al as well as the degeneration in liver and kidney. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant catechin in green tea and has strong antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory activities and can protect against oxidative stress-induced degenerations. Objective: To study the influence of stress or PM on Al-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats, as well as on the potential role of EGCG in providing protection. Methods: Rats received daily AlCl3 (70 mg/kg, IP) for three weeks (Al-toxicity groups) except one normal control group received saline. Al-toxicity groups were divided into four treated and four untreated groups; treated rats received EGCG (10 mg/kg, IP) together with AlCl3. One group of both treated and untreated rats served as control for each of them and the others were subjected to either stress (mild using isolation or high using electric shock) or to PM (10% casein diet). Specimens of liver and kidney were used for assessment of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6β, NF-κB), oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, TAC, NO), Caspase-3 and for DNA fragmentation as well as for histopathological examinations. Biochemical changes were also measured in the serum as cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, albumin, total bilirubin, glucose, creatinine and urea as well as the levels of ALT, AST and ALP. Results: Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by Al were enhanced in rats exposed to PM as well as to stress, the influence of stress especially high stress was more pronounced as indicated by the increase in liver and kidney MDA, NO, TNF-α, IL-6β, NF-κB, caspase-3, DNA fragmentation and in serum ALT, AST, ALP, cholesterol, triglycerides, total bilirubin, glucose, creatinine and urea levels, together with the decrease in HDL, albumin, SOD and TAC. EGCG provided protection against hazards of Al as indicated by the decrease in MDA, NO, TNF-α, IL-6β, NF-κB, caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation as well as in levels of ALT, AST, ALP, cholesterol, triglycerides, total bilirubin, glucose, creatinine and urea, together with the increase in HDL, albumin, SOD and TAC that is confirmed by histopathological examinations. It provided more pronounced protection in high stressful conditions than in mild one than in PM. Conclusion: Stress have bad impact on Al-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity more than PM, thus it can clarify and maximize the role of EGCG in providing protection. Consequently, administration of EGCG is advised with excessive Al-exposure to avoid nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity especially in populations more subjected to stress or PM.

Introduction: Population ageing is an important emerging demographic phenomenon in India. A growing older population implies the need for a higher quantity and quality of geriatric services, arrangements of income security and improved quality of life in general. In order to offer high quality and effective nursing care to those with a great need, a well-educated workforce is important. Aim(s) and Objectives: To assess the knowledge and attitude of the nursing students towards old age people in Davangere, Karnataka. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in all the existing Institutes of Nursing Sciences (four) providing Bachelor of Science (B. Sc.) Nursing situated in Davangere, India using the Kogan’s Old People Scale (KOPS) and the Palmore’s Facts on Aging Quiz I (PFAQ1). Results: Final year students had a higher total score than the first year students for the Kogan’s positive subscale (mean scores 50.65 and 45.02, respectively); reverse was observed for the Kogan’s negative subscale (mean scores 51.81 and 55.28, respectively). However this was not statistically significant. PFAQ1 total scores were more for the final year than first year students. Statistically significant difference in PFAQ1 was noted for the physical component. Conclusion: Nursing students in this study have an adequate knowledge and a positive attitude towards the elderly.

Background: Environmental pollution with the different aluminium (Al) containing compounds especially those in industrial waste water exposes people to higher than normal levels of Al that represents an environmental risk factor. Cosmetics, Al ware and containers are also sources of Al besides some foods and food additives. In addition to its known neurotoxicity, Al affects other body structures like skeletal system, blood cells, liver and kidney. Accumulation of Al in kidney and liver induces nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a pseudo-vitamin substance primarily present in the mitochondria. It is a powerful antioxidant and acts as radical scavenger. Wheat grass is a natural product that contains carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, enzymes and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and cardiovascular protection activities. Cocoa is an excellent source of iron, potent antioxidants and can protect against many diseases. Vinpocetine is an antioxidant and anti inflammatory while zinc is an essential trace element involved in cell division and its deficiency is observed in many types of liver disease. Objective: To evaluate and compare the potency of different drugs and nutrients (CoQ10, wheatgrass, cocoa, vinpocetine and zinc) against nephro- and hepato-toxicity induced by Al in rats. Methods: Rats were divided to seven groups and received daily for three weeks either saline for control group or AlCl3 (70 mg/kg, IP) for Al-toxicity model groups. Five groups of Al-toxicity model (treated groups) were orally received together with Al each of the following; CoQ10 (200mg/kg), wheat grass (100mg/kg), cocoa powder (24mg/kg), vinpocetine (20mg/kg) or zinc (32mg/kg). Biochemical changes in the serum levels of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as total bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, creatinine and urea were measured. Liver and kidney specimens from all groups were also collected for the assessment of hepatic and nephrotic level of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6β, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Caspase-3, oxidative parameters (MDA, SOD, TAC, NO) and DNA fragmentation. Histopathological changes in liver and kidney were also evaluated. Results: Three weeks of AlCl3 (70 mg/kg, IP) exposure induced nephro- and hepato-toxicity in rats. Treatment by the all used drugs showed protection against hazards of AlCl3. The protective effects were indicated by the significant decrease in ALT, AST, ALP, LDH as well as total bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, creatinine and urea levels which were increased by Al. Liver and kidney of the treated groups showed decrease in MDA, NO, TNF-α, IL-6β, NF-κB, caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation which were increased by Al, together with significant increase in SOD and TAC which were decreased by Al. The protection against both nephro- and hepato-toxicity was more pronounced especially with CoQ10 and wheat grass than the other used drugs. Histopathological examinations confirmed the biochemical results of toxicity and of protection. Conclusion: Protection from nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and the consequent degenerations induced by Al can be achieved by using different drugs as CoQ10, wheatgrass, cocoa, vinpocetine and zinc, but CoQ10 as well as wheat grass possesses the most superior protection.

The proximal occlusion of the right coronary artery can be predicted of fatal haemodynamic and rhythmic complications. We have illustrated this fact in a young man who presented with complicated right ventricular infarction and who was rescued by clinical and electrical diagnosis and then by immediate angioplasty.

Background: The term dermatoglyphics is coined from two Greek words `DERMA` and `GLYPHE` which means skin and carve respectively, which refer to the friction ridge formation that appears on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Dermatoglyphics has found application in establishing ethnic differences. Finger ridgecounts are important for identification of an individual’s true identity. There is dearth of information on the Finger Ridge Counts of the Igbos’ and Okrikas’ in Southern Nigeria. Aim and Objective: This study was aimed at determining the Finger Ridge Counts of the Igbos’ and Okirikas’ in Southern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study was non-experimental and analytical. A total of two hundred subjects were used for the study. 100 Igbos and 100 Okrikas, all of which were normal subjects. These subjects were randomly selected through simple random sampling method from Igbo and Okrika Population. One–way Anova test was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 20.0 version). Result and Discussions: The test of significance revealed significant differences between the distribution of Right ring finger and Left little finger of Igbo and Okrika subjects (P<0.05). The study showed in the distribution of the ridges amongst the Igbos where the males had higher distributions than the female subjects consistently. In the Okrika population, sexual dimorphism was not prominent as was seen in the Igbo population.On comparison the Igbos had higher mean ridge count in the ridge distribution than Okrikas which may be attributed to the difference in genetic make-up of both tribes. The ADT angles revealed that the Okrikas’ had higher values than the Igbos consistently in both sexes which could be explained to be a result of difference in the genetic make-up of both tribes. Conclusion: This study established handedness, sexual dimorphism in ridge distribution, a trend in the ADT angular dimensions of the hand and revealed that both tribes are distinct and unique in their genetic makeup as such are unrelated by any means in their ancestry and the little similarity in the ridge distribution could only have occurred by chance.

Aims: The objective of this case report is to establish splint therapy prior to orthodontic treatment and stabilize the mandibular position for three months on symptomatic case.
Introduction: An occlusal appliance, called a splint, is a removable device, usually made of hard acrylic that fits over the occlusal and incisal surfaces of the teeth in one arch, creating precise occlusal contact with the teeth of the opposing arch. It is commonly referred to as a bite guard, night guard, interocclusal appliance, or orthopedic device. Splint therapy is indicated any time that there are symptoms present and when mandibular manipulation is difficult.
Case Description: This case report discussed the splint therapy in a 20 yr old male patient came to dept of orthodontics AJIDS, mangalore with chief complaint of forwardly placed upper front teeth with deviation, clicking sound and crepitus of TMJ on jaw movements. Treatment planned as splint therapy for 3months ie, muscle deprogramming flat plane splint for relaxing muscles of joint followed by PEA- MBT prescription. After 4months of splint therapy the patient experienced no symptoms of muscle tiredness, no clicking sound, no bulging of condyle laterally. On examination of postoperative TMJ view, improvement in articular eminence and hypermobility of condyle on wide opening were noticed. After splint therapy, fixed orthodontic treatment was advocated.
Conclusion: Establishing a stable occlusal reference point prior to initiating orthodontic therapy is the key to preventing undiagnosed skeletal discrepancies.
Clinical Significance: Careful diagnosis and pretreatment planning may help to eliminate unsuspected occlusal relationships that would otherwise result in treatment surprises that require embarrassing alterations of the original treatment plan.

Taurodontism is the dental anomaly caused by the failure of Hertwig’s epithelial sheath diaphragm to invaginate at the proper horizontal level. The characteristic features are, enlarged pulp chamber, apical displacement of the pulpal floor, and no constriction at the level of the cemento-enamel junction. Both the permanent and deciduous dentition presents taurodontism, unilaterally or bilaterally, and in any combination of teeth or quadrants. Permanent molar teeth are most commonly affected. The complexity of the root canal is the challenging task while performing endodontic treatment on such teeth. Careful diagnosis and investigation with the three dimensional imaging technique like computed tomography, use of surgical microscope and ultrasonic irrigation and thermoplasticised obturation technique helps in success of endodontic treatment with taurodontism.

During the first episode of heart failure, especially in young people, the real challenge after symptomatic treatment is etiological research. HIV infection is known to bepredictive of cardiac complications by several mechanisms. We report the case of a young person diagnosed with AIDS after inaugural cardiacfailure on dilated cardiomyopathy.

Background and Objectives: naturalplantdyeshave gained worldwide interest and give encouraging tissue staining results when tested. This study aimed to assess the quality of staining of hepatictissues by Hematoxylin and curcuma longa solutions compared to Hematoxylin and Eosin routine stain. Methods: tissue biopsies were obtained from a liver of a healthy rabbit and stained using Curcuma Longa solution instead of eosin in the different Hematoxylin-eosin protocols. Results:The best results were obtained with the time duration 10 – 20 min when using Weiger's Hematoxylin. Interpretation and Conclusions:Curcuma longa extract is a promising histological dye that effectively can replace Eosin stain in the Hematoxylin &Eosin staining protocol.

Background: Hypoglycemia is a common medical emergency in diabetic patients, which is defined biochemically with blood glucose level 45-50 mg/dl with clinical features of adrenal over activity and neuroglycopenia. It is one of the preventable acute complications of diabetes mellitus through appropriate outpatient diabetes management. Our study aims to find out the causes of hypoglycemia in the patients with type-2 diabetes in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This cross sectional observational study was performed in BIRDEM General Hospital on 100 adult type 2 diabetic hypoglycemic patients of both sexes to find out causes of hypoglycemia. and to determine the knowledge of overall diabetic education including dietary compliance (regular meal timing, consistency of day- to- day intake, meal spacing, sucrose limitation, calorie restriction and food exchange system etc), recommended way of exercise (aerobic, anaerobic, with complications etc.) and sick day management. Alterations of common biochemical parameters and presence of concomitant diseases in patients with hypoglycemia were studied. Results: Hypoglycemia occurred more in elderly (56%), with long duration of DM (56%) and frequency slightly more in male (66%) than female. Fifty percent of the patients presented with clinical features of severe hypoglycemia. Delay or omission of a snack or meal alone was the commonest (53%) cause in this study. Delay or omission of a snack or meal plus irregular diet habit emerged as 2nd important cause (22%). In 11% cases irregular dietary habit alone was responsible, and administration of excess insulin/secretagogues were responsible in only 4% cases. Hypertension (66%) was the most prevailing co-morbid condition. Others were nephropathy (38%), IHD (30%), diabetic neuropathy (19%), diabetic retinopathy (17%), dyslipidemia (12%), stroke (9%) and PVD (2%). Most of the hypoglycemic patients (69%) were on insulin when they had spells of hypoglycemia. The glycemic status was poor in most (87%) cases, having HbA1c>7%. Regarding overall diabetes care only 7% had some knowledge about diabetic education. Conclusion: In the present study, delay or omission of meal and irregular dietary habit were the causes of hypoglycemia in most of the cases, which signify lack of proper diabetic health education. Therefore, diabetic self management education is the most important element for the prevention of hypoglycemic events, and also to prevent long-term complications.

It has long been recognized that patients who receive radiotherapy for cancer of the head and neck area are at a risk of developing osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaws. Guidelines to reduce risk have been written, based upon the evidence of many studies which have looked at the incidence of ORN in different groups. Much of the research was carried out over 20 years ago and more recent analysis of data and consideration of the changes in radiotherapy raises the question as to whether modifications to the guidance is now needed. There is a wide variation in recommendations and a simpler, more unified approach to prevention of ORN could be developed as well as research on recent management techniques. Definition: Osteoradionecrosis is defined as an area of bone tissue exposed to radiation that fails to heal over a period of 3 months without a residual or recurrent tumor (Sukh S Ryatt et al., 2007).

Background: Maternal mortality is a global health problem. WHO claims some progress towards reduction in maternal mortality especially in the past decade. The key requirement in further reduction is to understand the causes of deaths and formulate effective policy and health program strategies. Aims: Evaluation of causes of maternal deaths based on autopsy findings as per categorization of WHO application of ICD 10 MM. Materials and Methods: The present study comprised of 155 cases of maternal deaths .The complete autopsy was done by a team of pathologist and forensic experts. Detailed external, in situ and gross examination of organs was done. Representative bits from all organs were taken and processed as per the standard protocol. Slides were examined jointly by two pathologist and final opinion was formulated to know the cause of death. All deaths were categorized as per WHO application of ICD 10 MM. Results: Direct causes of maternal deaths outnumbered indirect causes. Amongst direct causes obstetric haemorrhage 29.68% was the leading contributor followed by PIH (21.29%). Amongst indirect causes of maternal deaths a wide range of causes were found involving different systems. . Contributory causes were found in (86)56.13 % of cases. Conclusion: Majority of maternal deaths were due to direct causes ( 62.58%). Potentially preventable causes were haemorrhage and sepsis. Present study encourages categorization of maternal deaths as per WHO application of ICD10MM coding system as it gives leading and contributory causes of maternal deaths and helps us in formulating a meaningful clinical groups and makes us understand the areas of weakness to formulate effective health care strategies.

Background: Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) was established in 2014 by Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Armenia and Kyrgyzstanas a regulatory body of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).EEC’s goal is to unite participated states under the uniformed regulations for the development, registration, production, and circulation of medical products.In 2016, the EEC created and released about 40 regulatory documents for medical drugs and devices and half are currently under revision. Rationale: The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) and other international organizations constantly revise and update regulations and guidelines for development and registration of medical products. They admit that existing process is long, expensive, and contains multiple gaps that motivate to look aggressively for novel approaches in clinical research. Therefore, it is an interest to understand if recently formed EEC has developed innovative ways to build pharmaceutical industry in the EAEU. Objective: The aim of this paper is to understandif EEC’sprogression in building domestic pharmaceutical industry carries scientific values and novel approaches that can be sharedwith theother global players in the field of clinical research. Method: To review and evaluate EEC’s signed-off regulationsin terms of consistency with theworld-wide standards, and/or possession of innovative scientific approaches. Conclusion: The developed by EEC regulations are consistent with international industry in terms ofconduct and supervision of clinical trials. There is little progress regarding the discovery and development of new medical products, possiblybecause of lack of scientific and analytical background underlying committed clinical research. There is no intention ofaligning with the global movement towards developing innovative approaches in clinical research.The author proposed some thoughts about alternativesthat could have been considered to build up anadvanced pharmaceutical industryin the EAEU.

Malignant melanoma of the oral cavity is a very rare clinical entity. We report a case of 40 year old male patient who presented with a pigmented growth in anterior maxillary palatal region. Clinical features, Histopathological findings and Immunohistochemical studies were consistent with the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Malignant melanoma of the oral cavity has very poor prognosis, because of its rapid tendency for regional and distant metastasis and multiple local recurrences after surgical excision. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment improves prognosis. Complete excision with adequate negative margins is the treatment of choice. Our patient was planned for surgical removal of the entire primary lesion with neck dissection for regional lymph node metastasis followed by chemotherapy with Dacarbazine. Owing to the rarity of the lesion, In this article we present and discuss a case of oral malignant melanoma in the hard palate.

The horseshoe kidney is the most frequent genitourinary anomaly, characterized by series of anatomical events of congenital fusion of both kidneys across midline, non-rotation, arrest of ascent and vascular changes. It is important to understand embryogenesis and development of HSK, which explains the vascular changes and related complications. Horseshoe kidney is more prone to a variety of complications, the common ones are pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction, infection, urolithiasis, trauma and malignancy. Multimodality imaging plays a vital role not just by providing information about the vascular supply to HSK but also helps in diagnosing associated complications in patients with HSK.

Background: Postnatal mothers sometimes face breastfeeding problems such as breast engorgement and nipple pain due to excessive milk production, outflow obstruction or poor removal of milk by the baby which sometimes led to early weaning if not corrected. Aims of study: 1) To assess the level of breast engorgement among postnatal mothers. 2) To assess and compare mild breast engorgement, breast milk pH and neonate’s suckling speed before and after the administration of breast massage to postnatal mothers. Design and Setting: A pre-experimental study was conducted with one group pre-test post-test design. The study was conducted in postnatal ward of Hakeem Abdul Hameed Centenary Hospital, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. Sample and sampling: 30 postnatal mothers with their babies who had mild breast engorgement were selected using purposive sampling technique. Method: Structured interview schedule, Storr breast engorgement scale, numerical pain rating scale, digital pH meter, structured checklist on suckling speed and LATCH system were used to collect the data of mildly engorged postnatal mothers with their babies. Results: The findings revealed that there was significant difference between pre-test score and post-test score from day 1- 3 which was found to be statistically significant as evident for numerical pain rating scale ‘t’ value 19.7 at 0.05 level of significance, for breast milk pH ‘t’ value 7.67 at 0.05 level of significance and for suckling speed of neonate ‘t’ value 7.86 at 0.05 level of significance respectively. Both descriptive and inferential statistics was used for analysis and interpretation of data. Conclusion: The current study there was a significant improvement in breastfeeding techniques of postnatal mothers and their babies due to the reduction of breast engorgement after application of breast massage which was effective to relieve mild breast engorgement, breast pain, increase in breast milk pH and increase in the suckling speed of neonates of the postnatal mothers.

Aim: The aim of our study was to analyse the varied presentation and difficulties encountered while treating the patients with accomodative spasm. Methods: A retrospective study of four patients of accomodative spasm. Three were children and one adult. All underwent a thorough work-up to be diagnosed with accommodation spasm and then treated with vision therapy. Results: Average age of the patients was 14.25 years. All the patients underwent in-office vision therapy for the average of 16 sessions followed by maintenance therapy. The average follow-up period was 9 months (range – 6-9 months). One patient didn’t showed improvement after 12 sessions as expected, so sent for systemic evaluation. She was diagnosed with hypothyroidism and treated for the same and continued with vision therapy. One patient presented with acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) with pseudomyopia. With the treatment of accomodative spasm, the esotropia and the pseudomyopia resolved. Conclusion: We have discussed about the varied presentation of accomodative spasm and the promising results with vision therapy. Accomodative spasm needs to be looked in children presenting with AACE.

Background: Different exams can provide clinical information in mouth breathing children undergoing rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and to assess the effect of this procedure on nasal airway, however the correlation among these exams remains unclear. Objective: Evaluate through two methods of exams, the volumetric changes of the anterior nasal cavity post-RME. Methods: Nasal cavity changes in fifty mouth breathers, undergoing RME, were evaluated by acoustic rhinometry (AR); ten children were selected from the total sample and examined by acoustic rhinometry and computed tomography (CT). AR and CT were undertaken at pre-RME (T1) and 3 months post-RME (T2), and the correlation between AR and CT was estimated. Results: Significant increase in nasal volume demonstrated by both methods in basal conditions revealed that RME has a great effect on the nasal valve area, which have a significant value for rhinology. Conclusion: Correlation was observed between AR and CT in anterior nasal cavity.

Nanotechnology entered dentistry with the advancements in dental materials mainly composites and bonding agents. The development of nanodentistry will alter the focus to more specific diagnosis and treatment modalities for the maintenance of perfect oral health. Many studies have demonstrated that nanomaterials can exhibit inflammatory responses and promote DNA damage through direct or indirect mechanisms. The key point is that different nanomaterials exhibit a variety of toxicity depending upon the type of living organism. Future research must be based on the development of methodologies for nanomaterials control and to minimize nanomaterial hazard. This review provides an overview of the challenges faced by nanodentistry and related toxicology issues.

Background: DVT, in post surgical patients, is less prevalent among the Indians and Asians, varying from 1.3% in spinal surgery to 41.7% following colorectal surgery. The majority of the patients developing post-operative DVT are subclinical and asymptomatic. Subclinical DVT means presence of thrombus (semi-solid coagulum) in deep veins of lower limb without any signs and symptoms. DVT can be prevented more successfully in its subclinical phase than that in its clinical phase. Aim: The present study “Assessment Of Subclinical Deep Vein Thrombosis In Post Laparotomy Patients” was undertaken to estimate the occurrence and associated risk factors of subclinical deep vein thrombosis at our institute after exploratory laparotomy in both elective and emergency surgeries. Methods: This is a prospective study of 175 patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy, for acute or chronic conditions, and includes both elective and emergency cases. Patients of age<18 years, haematological disorders, on anticoagulant treatment including aspirin, having history of Myocardial Infarction, Congestive heart failure, pregnancy and postpartum, intake of oral contraceptives or Hormone Replacement Therapy, and duration of surgery <1 hour 30 minutes were excluded. On 5th and 10th postoperative days, duplex venous ultrasound of bilateral lower limbs were performed in every patients to look for presence of thrombus in the deep veins. Results: Out of 175 patients, 3 (1.714%) developed subclinical deep vein thrombosis. Incidence was maximum in the age group 51-70 years (5.88 %). The incidence of subclinical DVT was found to be more in females (4.08)% as compared to males (0.79 %). The incidence was maximum in patients undergoing surgery for duration longer than 5 hours (25%) leading to longer periods of immobilization. Among the various pathologies, incidence was more in patients of malignancies (11.76 %). Conclusion: It can be concluded that incidence of subclinical deep vein thrombosis is very low in the post operative period among the Indian population undergoing major abdominal surgeries. However, patients of old age, those with duration of surgery longer than five hours, those with malignancies and those with longer periods of immobilization need anticoagulant prophylaxis. It has also been found that VTE, if develops, is maximum between 5th and 10th postoperative period depending upon various compounding factors and is easily cured by giving LMWH (Low Molecular Weight Heparin). Thus routine prophylaxis against DVT with anticoagulants is not warranted in patients with moderate risk undergoing major abdominal surgery in Indian scenario.

Objective of This study to evaluated the time elapsed between bone scan and chemotherapy dose. Bone scan is the accepted initial imaging modality for skeletal metastases. Some patients use chemotherapy in the initial stages before and after surgery for breast cancer patients According to the international protocol followed, and in our study, it is used to give patients chemotherapy compounds for several cycle and medicines used in the study are and to determine the duration of this effect. The most common drugs used for adjuvant and nanadjuvant chemotherapy. Include: Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and epirubicin (Ellence) Taxanes, such as paclitaxel (Taxol) and docetaxel (Taxotere) 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) Carboplatin (Paraplatin)(1) some chemotherapy regimens. Knowing that platinum reacts with phosphate compounds such as methylenediphosphonic acid (MDP), decreases bone absorption and new bone formation, it can be proposed that chemotherapy may decrease Tc-99m MDP bone uptake. We aimed to demonstrate, if present, the decrease in bone uptake with the possibility of the effect of chemotherapy on the weakness of blood flow to the entry of radiopharmaceutical material to the bone cells and their effect on the oesteablast.

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that applies principles and methods of engineering and the life sciences towards the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, and improve the function of damaged tissues and organs. The goal of tissue engineering is to promote healing, and ideally, true regeneration of a tissue’s structure and function, more predictably, more quickly, less invasively, and more qualitatively than allowed by previous passive techniques. The aim of this article is to bring awareness among the dentists about the huge potential associated with the use of stem cells in a clinical setting, as well as the growth factors promote true regeneration of the periodontal attachment apparatus and the use of combination protein therapeutics which is commercially available can provide more predictable, faster, less invasive, less traumatic, and efficient outcome for the patient.

The human female reproductive system is one of the most complicated system and is influenced by a number of hormones secreted by both the pituitary gland and the ovaries. The normal reproductive system in females is characterized by the monthly menstural cycle. Any abnormality in the secretion of any of the female reproductive hormones will result in improper menstrual cycle or infertility.

The investigation was carried out on two sugarcane varieties, namely CoN -05071 and CoC-671 at the Sugarcane Tissue Culture Laboratory of Main Sugarcane Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during 2016-017. The current study deals with the studies on protoplast isolation such as protoplast purification, protoplast density, protoplast viability in Sugarcane (Saccharum complex). In this experiment, successful isolation of protoplast from mesophyll cells of inner two leaf whorls and callus suspension cultures of sugarcane cultivars CoC-671 and CoN-05071 was obtained. Cultivars were standardized at 1 per cent cellulase, 0.5 per cent macerozyme, 1.0 per cent pectolyase and 0.5 M manitol. Maximum protoplast yield was observed at 600 rpm in callus suspension cells (68%) at 2 hrs of incubation period. Maximum density of protoplast was observed in callus suspension derived protoplast culture ((2.0×104, 2.2×104) in both the varieties at 2 hrs of incubation periods. Highest protoplast viability observed at 2.2x104 density level of callus suspension origin protoplast. In this study 2 hrs of incubation is optimal time for protoplast isolation from mesophyll cells and callus suspension cells of sugarcane cultivars.

Lignocellulosic biomass which is rich in cellulose and hemicellulose can be used in submerged fermentation for the production of industrially important enzyme i.e., cellulase. The present work deals with standardization of pretreatments of forestry waste for enhancing the suitability of this abundant waste for cellulase production. Among different pretreatments alkali peroxide pretreatment to Populus deltoides has emerged as a cost effective substrate for cellulase production by Bacillus stratosphericus N12 (M) yielded maximum cellulase activity of 41.73 U/g. The maximum cellulase production for pretreated P. deltoides was carried out in the PYC, pH of the medium was 8 and incubated at 30oC for the production and incubation period of 72 h and partial purification of cellulase was done by ammonium sulphate precipitation method leads to increased cellulase activity. It has also been noticed that though forest lignocellulosics when used as carbon source yielded fairly good amount of cellulase but its production is directly dependent upon type of biomass used versus physicochemical treatment given to it prior to biodegradation.

The concentration of heavy metals such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in water sample and different body parts of thread fin cat fish such as muscle, gill and liver were analyzed. There was considerable increase of metal concentration in sample water collected from mouth of Haldi River. The descending order of heavy metal concentrations in sample water was Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd. The concentration of lead was4.172µg/L followed by copper 3.102µg/L, zinc 1.079µg/L and that of cadmium was 0.050µg/L. The accumulation of heavy metals in different body parts of thread fin cat fish is i) Muscle: lead- 6.39µg/g, copper- 3.81µg/g, zinc- 10.19µg/g and cadmium- 0.54µg/g ii) Gill: lead- 8.09µg/g, copper- 1.56µg/g, zinc -22.48µg/g and cadmium- 0.50µg/g iii) Liver: lead- 5.22µg/g, copper- 1.01µg/g, zinc- 4.63µg/g and cadmium- 0.61µg/g. In the gills, zinc concentration was found maximum but cadmium was minimum. In the muscles, the maximum values of zinc was observed as compared to the values of cadmium. The concentration of lead in liver was higher as compared to cadmium. The concentration of heavy metals in gills and muscles was found in the order of Zn >Pd> Cu > Cdand in the livers was Pb> Cu > Zn> Cd. In this study, gills and body muscles shows highest tendency to accumulate both zinc and copper, while accumulation of metals is less in livers. As the fish thread fin cat fish largely consumed by local people, it is essential to make awareness about water pollution and effects of heavy metals on human beings.

Rhizospheric soil samples were collected from in different garden samples in Chidambaram. Among 7 isolates 1 strain was developed deep pink colour, which was selected as potential strain for further study. It was showed highest OD value at 530nm. It was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens was found to produce IAA 2.5µg/ml. The maximum production of 3.7µg/ml was observed at pH 7 and minimum at pH 10 (1.9µg/ml). Maximum production of 3.3µg/ml was observed at 30°C which seemed to be the most favorable and minimum was observed at 40°C (1.5µg/ml). The effect of Nacl on the IAA production maximum 2.9µg/ml (0.2%) and minimum 0.8µg/ml (1.0%), different carbon sources maximum 3.9µg/ml in glucose and minimum fructose (2.3µg/ml), different nitrogen sources on IAA maximum 3.8µg/ml in yeast extract and minimum potassium nitrate were observed. Influence of tryptophan on the IAA production maximum 3.5µg/ml at 1.0% and minimum at 3.0% (2.1µg/ml) were noted. Pseudomonas fluorescens in mass scale with optimized parameters, produced the highest IAA at 8th day of incubation (4.6µg/ml) On further incubation the amount of IAA was found to be reduced. The TLC done for the crude IAA compound showed a Rf-value of 0.88. The purified and standard showed same Rf values. The seed germination test revealed 100% germination in IAA treated seeds and only 76% germination was observed in control seeds. In the present observation the average Vigna radiata root length developed in 50 seedlings was estimated in both IAA treated and control seedlings. The average root length was 42mm in IAA treated seedlings where as it was only 28mm in control seedlings.

We all know proper cell functioning needs energy which will be provided by Mitochondria. Sometimes some bacterial infections like Lip Opolysaccharide (LPS) affects these functions of cell by degrading mitochondrial biogenesis. LPS infection increases ROS (Reactive oxygen species) production which affects H9C2 cells contractility and functions and leads to degraded heart health. But as protective agent quercetin pre-treatment to cells provides safety from these types of infections in H9C2 cells. In our study we have focused on increased ROS production due to LPS induced inflammation and found protective effects of quercetin on pre-treated H9C2 cells.

The blood glucose level (mg/dl) declined significantly (P < 0.05) to the tune of 7.32% in hot humid season as compared to hot dry season. The blood glucose level (mg/dl) did not change in hot dry season due to rehydration. The blood glucose level (mg/dl) recovered at much faster rate in Goats after 2nd (7.31%) and 4th (11.26%) day of rehydration as compared to Sheep (3.25 and 11.09%). The significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum urea (mg/dl) concentration in the experimental animals under 50% water restriction group dropped down significantly (P < 0.05) due to rehydration to the tune of 30.00 and 34.58% after 2nd and 4th day of rehydration, respectively in hot dry season. The corresponding values for hot humid season were 26.75 and 32.08%, respectively. The uric acid concentration (mg/dl) significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 8.88% when experimental animals were subjected to 50% water restriction which dropped down significantly (P < 0.05) by 14 and 27.40% after 2nd and 4th day of rehydration, respectively. Whereas, in same experimental animals during hot humid season uric acid concentration (mg/dl) dropped down non significantly (P < 0.05) after rehydration by 8.77%, but, after 4th day of rehydration uric acid concentration (mg/dl) dropped down significantly (P < 0.05) by 34.25%. The creatinine (mg %) level raised significantly (P < 0.05) by 6.89% when experimental animals exposed to 50% water restriction. The creatinine (mg %) level dropped down significantly (P < 0.05) after 4th day of rehydration by 20.57% in hot dry season and 7.50% in hot humid season. In both the species of experiment this creatinine (mg %) level again dropped down significantly (P < 0.05) after 4th day of rehydration by 13.12% (Sheep) and 15.42% (Goats).

Brazil is the world's largest producer of sugar and ethanol in sugarcane, and genetic improvement was essential for raising agroindustrial yields, providing gains of 1% to 2% per year. The objective of this work was to evaluate the main genotypes grown in Alagoas-Brazil from 1975 to 2010 in a competition experiment conducted between February 2012 and February 2013 at the Sinimbu-Alagoas Plant, adopting the following statistical-genetic procedures: estimates of averages and grouping of cultivars for agroindustrial characteristics; estimates of genetic parameters of agroindustrial characteristics; evaluation of the levels of genetic diversity of the cultivars through microsatellite molecular markers and recommendation of genetic crosses among the studied cultivars. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four replications. The plot was composed of three double lines of seven meters, spaced at 1,50 m x 0,80 m. The cultivars that showed the highest sugar yields were RB92579, RB867515, RB99395 and RB951541; the highest estimates of heritability and ratio between the genetic/environmental variance coefficients were for the BRIX, POL, TPH and TCH characteristics, indicating that it is very probable to obtain gains in the selection of superior individuals in these characteristics, performing genetic crosses with the genotypes evaluated in this study; The microsatellite primers SSR05, SSR06 and SSR93 were efficient in determining unique genetic profiles and in discriminating degree of kinship and genetic diversity; the crosses that can predict higher gains in sugar yield are from cultivar RB92579 with cultivars RB867515, RB931003, RB931011, RB951541, RB98710 and RB99395.

Bivoltine silkworm breed CSR2 was reared at Main Research Station, Hebbal, Bangalore on mulberry grown with the application of at nitrogen at recommended level through organic manures and inorganic fertilizers in different combination with four feeding schedules, treatments and interactions. Among these FS2 (Chawki worms fed with S36 leaf + Late age worm fed with M5 leaf) and T12 (recommended 20 tonnes of compost + 300: 120: 120 kg of NPK / ha / year through fertilizer) exhibited significantly higher mature larval weight (40.42 and 40.62 g/10 larvae) and silkgland weights (0.777 and 0.788 g), effective rate of rearing (85.95 and 94.16 %), while the lower disease incidence (14.17 and 14.17 %), moulting duration (4.98 and 4.30 days) and larval duration (26.83 and 26.12 days) respectively. Among interactions, FS2T12 contributed more towards matured larval weight, silkgland weight and also effective rate of rearing (42.21 g/10 larvae; 0.836 g and 94.16 %). However, lower disease incidence and larval duration was recorded in FS2T12 (5.83 % and 26.08 days), but FS2T11 (FS2- chawki worms fed with S36+ Late age worm fed with M5 T11 combination of Bio-fertilizers 10 kg each of Azospirillum + Aspergillus awamori/ha/yr + 20 % recommended N through each of Compost, Green manure (Glyricidia maculata), Oil cake (Castor cake), vermicompost and fertilizer, remaining PK through fertilizer) exhibited significantly lower moulting duration (4.13 days).

The cone penetration test (CPT) has emerged as most widely used for obtaining soil profile and soil properties. In several studies showed that CPT data can also be used for the soil settlement calculation. However these calculations have a different parameter for each location. The main objective of this study was to compare and evaluate the results of settlement using laboratory testing data and consolidation measurement using CPT data of soft clay soil in some area in Indonesia. Furthermore, this study also conducted to find the parameter of CPT settlement (m) that appropriate with the soil condition in this study area and also to analyze the value the horizontal coefficient (Ch) of PVD installation that installed in the field. The Pre-loading with trial embankment of soil subgrade is considered in this study. This study uses a several field soil data CPT test, consolidation laboratory test and settlement plate measurement. The area of study in this research is in access road construction project of Trisakti harbor in Lianganggam, Kalimantan, Indonesia. The results obtained from this study are the horizontal coefficient of PVD (Ch) for the soil in this area is measures as 5 times higher than the vertical coefficient of PVD (Cv) measurement from laboratory data. In addition, the appropriate parameter of settlement using CPT data () is 2.77 obtained by back calculation method in trial embankment and settlement plate result. These results are slightly different from the results of similar research but at a different location in another country.

In this paper we reduce a linear homogeneous form of n unknowns with an orthogonal transformation of the unknowns in a linear homogeneous form of one unknown with an exactly definite positive coefficient. As an application of this result we find the canonical form of an arbitrary hyperplane in the real n-dimensional affine Euclidean space En. This method for the obtaining of the canonical forms of the hyperplanes is new, since until nowa canonical form of hyperplanes is not defined and is not considered.Besides we find an effective canonical form of the surfaces of the second degree in . Our methodfor the canonization of the surfaces of the second degree in is effective since it gives the exact coefficients of the canonical form of the surface in a dependent ofthe coefficients of the givensurface equation. As an application we give a canonization of the hypersurfaces of the maximal absolute and relative inaccuracies (errors). Besides this method is different from the known approach in the case of the obtaining of a cylinder.

Cause and Effect is one of the Basic Laws of Nature. Hence, a Light Photon having mass property, the momentum, does not have 'rest-mass', cannot be a true fact. An exhaustive endeavor is done, in this article, to confirm that, a light photon have the smallest, ultimate mass. As per Relativistic mass energy transformation relation [E = mc2], mass doesn't convert into energy by disappearing as a mass and appearing as an energy; but, outwardly, it gets attached the photon masses increasing its speed suitably and transforms its 'rest mass internal energy', into radiations by braking its own consolidated mass into ultimate mass particles Photons which are Dark Matter Particles possessing the Dark Energy. Due to their mutual gravitational forces, mass cannot concentrate at a point across an mm. because, 'no gravity shells' are created inside a body of radii decreasing from outwards surface towards the centre, as a function of radius/density. Hence, Big-Bang, the cause of the Birth of Universe, seems a remote possibility. Whirling created in Dark Matter gave birth of Universe.

This paper on price as an engineering subject seeks a defining of platform engineering type price concept and accounting, emphasizing a partnership concept to tax incidence as complementary and underlining. Being guided by the characterized story of Animal Farm, with a focus on the case principal leader’s institution, as establishing challenges on a market type ground, it was emphasized that in a perfectly competitive market, therefore, the main problem for a profit maximizing firm is not to determine the price of its product but to adjust its output to the market price so that profit is maximum. Based on included theoretical framework from concepts of payment series mathematics, payment relay based price mathematics is defined. This defined mathematics suggests a redefinition of duty recommendation relative to management task systematic. On this a systemic as equivalent rectangle is suggested for a duty workman and a lender, with a case on balance sheet solved. In addition to this, complementary outlet/finished state equivalent prices are solved. The practical idea is to find equilibrium points for the systemic and the finished state price for objective pricing, and strategies where such may be required. Finally, the accounting framework is defined.

A technological crusade of a computer platform for the meeting between supply and demand that can be used by any user from a cell phone (even if it is a low-end cell phone) and that is complemented by other technologies such as USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) and SMS (Short Message Service), with the idea of escalating the number of people using the technology in order to look for machinery requirements, employment, news, agricultural alerts, etc. Case study Cooperativa de Ganaderos del Valle del Cauca - Colombia.

Aim of present study was to apply a mathematical model of two phase human blood flow in pulmonary Venules, keeping in view the nature of pulmonary blood circulation during lung cancer. We have applied Herschel Bulkley model in Bio- fluid mechanical setup and we have used with respect to clinical data in case of Lung Cancer for hemoglobin versus blood pressure. In this examination overall presentation was in tensorial form and the solution method adopted was analytical as well as numerical. The role of hematocrit is clear in the determination of blood pressure drop in case of pulmonary disease Lung Cancer.

In order to understand the formation mechanism and vertical structure of precipitating cloud systems associated with the Meiyu/Baiu frontal cyclone, special observational campaigns have been conducted in the downstream of the Yangtze River during June-July 2001 and 2002. We deployed a Lower Atmospheric Wind Profiler (LAWP) with Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) at the Meteorological Observatory, Dongshan, China to observe the inner structure of precipitating cloud systems seen frequently in the observational area. The LAWP provides vertical profiles of three-dimensional wind, convective boundary layer (CBL) and temperature from the lower atmosphere with a height resolution of 58 m to 202 m and a time resolution of about 1 to 60 minutes. LAWP had been operated in two modes: low mode and high mode up to 4 km and 11 km height during non-rainy and rain conditions, respectively. A study was carried out during intensive observational period 2002 (IOP-2002) to understand the pre-convective environments in the boundary layer during pre-Meiyu and Meiyu convective days to find out whether there is any precursor before the convection triggering. The LAWP observations demonstrate that during Meiyu period the average CBL is below < 1 km and whereas, pre- and post-Meiyu period the average CBL height above 1 km. The results show that distinguishable CBL evolution was noticed during pre-Meiyu and Meiyu period. LAWP observed eleven precipitating cloud systems in the vicinity of Meiyu frontal zone during IOP-2002. Each precipitating cloud system was divided into three rain types: convective, mixed convective-stratiform, and stratiform rain based on the LAWP observation data from the echo intensity above melting layer and the difference of the fall speed of precipitation particles between 3 and 6 km altitude. In the passage of the cloud system, convective systems embedded within a wide stratiform precipitation were observed. The observed precipitating cloud systems showed a diurnal variation with a peak in the late evening and nighttime. Boundary layer winds often shows strong South/southwesterly flow when the Meiyu precipitating cloud systems passes overhead of the LAWP.

Low cost house is today’s are used very high amount. Today’s in India large population Poverty is a significant issue in India, despite having one of the fastest growing economies in the world, clocked at a growth rate of 8.0% in 2017. Bank Research estimated that there are nearly 300 million people who are belong to middle class family. India's share of world GDP will significantly increase from 7.3% in 2016 to 8.5% by 2020. More than half of rural households depend on manual labour for livelihood, and 75 percent of the rural population, or 133.5 million families, earn less than Rs.5, 000 per month. According to this revised methodology, the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line, of which 179.6 million people lived in India. In other words, India with 17.5% of total world's population had 20.6% share of worlds poorest in 2011.

This study is aimed to identify different levels of organizational intelligence in the knowledge based pharmaceutical companies in Paradise Technology Park, Tehran. In this regard, the components of organizational intelligence were determined for identifying, investigating and measuring. The method applied in this study is descriptive survey and the population are the knowledge based pharmaceutical companies in Paradise Technology Park. For analyzing data, descriptive statistics including frequency percentage and inferential statistics including mean test of population were used. The results reveal that organizational intelligence of the study population with the experimental mean of 3.49 was higher than the theoretical mean of 3 and the highest mean was the component of alignment and congruence and lowest one was appetite for change.

The research subject of this paper are migration from BiH starting from the end of the 20th century until today. The aim of the study is to analyze the consequences of total migration and other demographic losses in BiH, that have reached the highest percent of migration during the nineties of the 20th century in Europe after the Second World War. The results of the research show that migration demographic losses were approximately 50% of nowadays population in BiH. The long-term effects of emigration have come to its fullest. Emigration of the most vital age groups has led to the reduction of fertile cohorts, which results in a decrease of birth, increase in mortality rates and the population aging. In the first decade of this century, there was a negative birth rate. Several factors have had the influence to biological (natural) depopulation and the first was emigration. Continuous and intense emigration was one of the main cause why BiH was in the group of European countries with expressed population aging. After the 20th century where population of BiH was doubled, 21st century was marked by the total depopulation. Among various factors that have an influence to the demographic perspective of BiH, the most important one is the negative migration balance. The social impact of migration in BiH is visible and multidimensional. War and post-war changes have led to the sensibility of many groups to economical and political turmoil, and the consequence is a lag in the overall development.

The paper highlight concisely socio-economic condition with historical framework of tribal community to inhabitant in Deoria. There is very few studies of tribal people who inhabitant in Deoria because as regarded it is a very distant part of the state which is locate in eastern zone of Utter Pradesh. It’s also known as Purvanchal. This paper examine the ground realities and various dimension in tribal life, on the basis of census data poverty, lack of basis facility, Unemployment, lower literacy rate, non irregular- occupation is a fate of tribe in Deoria. Every tribes in this district has its own history they are owner of his cultural, social and spiritual heritage but now they conflict for their cultural, traditions and social identity, They lost his identity and also sublimity. Their cultural, traditions and social life are different but their economic status are same. On the basic of census report majority tribes live in under poverty line, depend on agriculture and non regular occupation.

Today, people who live in urban areas, especially those who are desperate for open-green areas, are increasing the tendency to nature, their curiosity about learning different cultures and lifestyles, as well as the desire of such people to move away from crowded city environments. Rural settlements; Their natural, historical and traditional values and their cultural-natural inheritance occupy an important place. For this purpose; Kahvadüzü Khans in Anatolia was chosen as a case study area in this work for preserving and preserving the cultural - natural heritage. In-situ observation, analysis, analysis and evaluation methods were used in the research. As a result of evaluating the obtained data, suggestions have been developed to help the survival and tourism of the Kahvedüzü Khans by introducing different functions without disturbing their architectural features and to help increase the tourism potential.

NCC Customer doesn’t have to wait in line and doesn’t have to plan our day around the bank's hours. Customer can look at their balance whenever they want, not just when they get a statement. There are some hidden benefits too. Online banking allows watching our money on a daily basis if we want to. Customer is the king for the development of trade, industry and financial services. Hence, the significance of customer service in the banking sector came to force to compete in a market driven environment. Customers can feel much satisfied when they see a facility that they can transfer their money anywhere in the world and another prominent factor is involved in E-banking is time saving. Hence the purpose of this research paper is to investigate the purpose and satisfaction level of electronic banking.

This paper investigates the long termed relationship that exists between the Algerian economic growth and its industrial water pollution during the period 1975-2005. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand per worker (BOD) for Algeria was utilized as the environmental indicator, whereas the GDP per capita was utilized as its economic indicator and using other explanatory variables such as, exports, imports and population growth which may influence the environmental degradation in Algeria. The Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methodology was used to test the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, and its empirical findings suggest that there exists a long term relationship between per worker BOD emissions on one hand and the real per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product) on the other hand. Accordingly, there is an inverted-U formed relationship that lies between the GDP and the BOD emissions, and the fact that supports the EKC hypothesis is that this relationship stands in both short and long terms. On the other hand, the causality relationship between the BOD emissions and the economic growth turned out to be absent when tested by the Granger Causality test while based on the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) in the short term. However, in the long term, it represented a uni-directional causality when reversed from the economic growth to BOD emissions.

The purpose of this study is to analyze and determine the influence of student learning interest and student learning motivation in an effort to improve student learning achievement at school, this research use descriptive analysis and inferential analysis, inferential analysis used is correlation analysis. The research was conducted at Al-Muhajirin High School, Purwakarta, Indonesia. The study was conducted on students in school this was done in the hope of getting more clear and real answers about student's interest, motivation and achievement in school, the sample of research involving 100 students. From the research found that students' interest in learning has a high influence on student achievement, this also applies to the motivation to learn students in schools that has a high influence on student achievement. Thus it can be said that student achievement in school can be improved with the effort and high attention in improving and developing interest in learning and motivation of student learning in school. The existence of interest in learning and motivation to learn students give a positive influence on student achievement in school.

The purpose of this study is to know the awareness level among the parents of children who are studying in general schools at Medak District of Telangana State about Right to Education Act 2009. Total 87 parents participated for the present study. The Questionnaire was developed based on act, provided& implemented by the central and state Governments related to children. This study adopted survey method, validated questionnaire was used as data collection instrument and it was administered on parents which includes fathers 56and mothers were 31 Parental gender, Parental Education, parents economic status, social status are the variables for the present study. The obtained Data was analyzed in terms of percentage and the results were compared by using t-test between the parents (fathers and mothers) and to find out the impact of parental education on their awareness ANOVA test was used. The results of the study showed that there is an overall moderate level 59.3 % of Awareness on Right to Education Act 2009. Results showed that parental education and parents social status, have impacted significant difference but parents economic status is not shown any impact on their awareness level and it is observed that the awareness among fathers (63%)is more when comparatively with the mothers(52.6%)

The Palaeogene Disang - Barail Transitional Sequence (DBTS) developed at the tip of Kohima Synclinorium, Naga Hills have been analyzed for their litho-facies characteristics using environment sensitive parameters viz. lithology, sedimentary structure, geometry, fossil content and palaeocurrent. A total number of six litho-facies – A: Sand – Conglomerate facies, B: Sand facies, C: Sand – Mud facies, D: Mud – Sand facies-i, E: Mud – Sand facies-ii & F: Debrite facies have been identified and studied along six vertical profile sections measured at different locations across the study area. A facies scheme depicting litho – facies interpretations in terms of processes has also been attempted. Based on the entire assemblage of characteristic sedimentary features of different litho-facies, a turbidite fed fan-slope depositional environment has been envisaged for the DBTS of the study area.

The purpose of this study was to assess the difference between study approaches used by male and female undergraduate students of continuous and annual evaluation system. The sample consisted of 100 students (50 from Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra where continuous evaluation system exists and 50 from B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra where annual evaluation system exists). The revised two factor study process questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F). Developed by Biggs, Kember and Leung (2001) were used. Two way analysis of variance revealed that for the deep study approach there was no difference in its use by the students of continuous and annual evaluation system. Female students were found to use deep study approach more than males. Interaction effect of evaluation system and gender was not found to be significant. Students of continuous evaluation system were found to use surface strategy approach significantly more than the students of annual evaluation system. Moreover, the highest score was found on surface study approach by the male subjects of continuous evaluation system and lowest for the females of annual evaluation system.

Ayurvedic formulations have often been redesigned to address the biomedical disorders of a new global clientele. This has developed a holistic approach to the medical cultures and the creation of heterodox epistemologies, which have then allowed the creation of new “traditional” products that suit the demands of the market. In India, these new formulations fall under the category of “Ayurvedic Patent Medicines,” which are distinct from classical and textual formulations already in the public domain. Patented medicines are the objects of specific systems of appropriation and protection that have not only gained central stage in the country but also have influenced international regulatory bodies. This study investigates the factors that have influenced the manufacturers to produce patent drugs for promoting Ayurveda tourism. The study based on 270 samples units of researchers and experts in the state of Kerala. The results obtained show that market factors, investment factors and economic factors have great influence on manufacturers in production of patent drugs.

For Aristotle, the free-falling body tends to occupy your place natural (soil), moving in a straight line with a speed proportional to its mass. Galileo discusses this phenomenon describing an experiment supposedly held in a tower. For some commentators to your work, this experiment had a bias more rational than empirical. In the development of your reasoning Galileo predicted that a largest iron-ball 100 pounds of mass would hit the ground with a difference "two fingers" in relation to another lighter iron ball of mass 1 pound when both fall from a height 100 fathoms. To check the veracity of this statement, the experiment course reissued based on the history given in the book Discorsi, using a mathematical model implemented by software Mathematica 11.0. The results showed that both balls reach the ground with a difference much larger than two fingers provided by Galileo, more exactly 9.12 m away.