July 2017

Background: Assessment of skeletal maturity and dental development is a common clinical practice in many health professions, especially for growth modification in orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics and for age estimation in forensic sciences. Generally, dental development can be assessed by phase of tooth eruption or stage of tooth calcification, with the latter being more reliable. An assessment of skeletal development is commonly done using hand-wrist radiographs and lateral cephalograms. Aim: To evaluate the relationships between the stages of mandibular second molar calcification and skeletal maturity, and to evaluate whether second molar calcification stages can be used as a reliable diagnostic tool to determine skeletal maturity. Materials and Methods: Panoramic radiograph and lateral cephalometric radiographs of 200 subjects was analysed. Tooth calcification was rated according to the Demirjian Index, in which one of eight stages of calcification (A to H) was assigned to the tooth. Evaluation of Cervical Vertebrae Maturity on Lateral Cephalogram CVMI was done according to Hassel and Farman. Results: A highly significant association was found between DI and CVMI. DI stage E corresponded to stage 2 of CVMI (pre–peak of pubertal growth spurt) and DI stages F corresponded to stages 3 CVMI (peak of pubertal growth spurt). DI stage G and H was associated with stages 4, 5 and 6 of CVMI (end of pubertal growth spurt). Conclusion: There exists a highly positive correlation between DI of mandibular 2nd molars and CVMI, Stage F of DI with the root length equal to or greater than the crown height, corresponds to stage 3 of CVMI indicating the start of peak in mandibular growth which would be appropriate time to plan for functional appliances. Stage G and H of DI with partially to completely closed apex corresponding to CVMI 4, 5 and 6 indicates that peak of mandibular growth has already occurred and suggests insignificant/no remaining growth.

Ingestion of the corrosive substances can cause serious, even fatal, injuries in the children. There are several approaches in the treatment of the patients with esophageal injuries, including early esophagoscopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the endoscopic findings retrospectively and correlate them with clinical progress in children ingested caustic substances, as well as to investigate whether the early esophagoscopy is necessary. In thise retrospective cohort study the patients were divided into two groups: G1-patients underwent esophagoscopy and G2- patients did not undergo esophagoscopy. We obtained 103 patients (68 male (66 %) and 35 female (34 %)) with a median age 41 months (range: 4-144 months; Mean age: 41.07 ± 31.24 months). Sixty-six children (64%; Age: 42.7 ± 29.3 months) indicated as G1 underwent early esophagoscopy (within 12-24 h postingestion), whereas 37 patients indicated as G2 did not undergo esophagoscopy (36 %; Age: 38.1 7 ± 34.1 months). In G1, two patients (3.03 %) the endoscopic findings were identified as grade IIa and IIb. On the other hand, in G2 one patient (2.70 %) was observed with stricture requiring repeated dilatation. In both groups, stricture prevalence was found similar. Among the patients, 73 of them (70.9 %) were inspected with oral burns, whereas 30 patients (29.1 %) were not showed any oral burns. No relation between the esophagoscopy findings and stricture development was observed (Pearson Chi-Square test, 2(1) = 0.01, p=0.924). No relation was determined between the stricture development and the presence of oral burns (Pearson Chi-Square test, 2(1) = 0.03, p=0.871). In our study, the prevalence of the stricture development was identified similar in both groups. As the incidence of the stricture development is regardless of esophagoscopy findings. Therefore, our results suggest that early esophagoscopy is not necessary for the caustic ingested pediatrics.

Introduction: Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency. The cause of acute appendicitis is unknown but is probably multifactorial; luminal obstruction and dietary and familial factors have all been suggested. Appendicectomy is the treatment of choice and is increasingly done as a laparoscopic procedure. Objective of this study is to evaluate the white blood cells (WBCS) and neutrophils. But the use of this value in the diagnosis of appendicitis is unclear. Methods: It was a prospective, observational study. The study was conducted at RMMCH, Chidambaram for a period of one year i.e., from November 2009 to 2010. Data were collected by using data collection forms and analyzed the diagnostic values by using proper statistical tools. Results: White blood cells and neutrophils count was high in patients with inflamed and complicated appendix than normal appendix and in complicated than inflamed appendix. The males were significantly more affected than females. The WBC count in normal appendix patients was 10.46±6.56, in inflamed appendix patients was 14.03±4.18 and in complicated appendix patients was 15.10±5.12. The neutrophil count in normal appendix patients was 8.12±5.67, in inflamed appendix patients was 9.93±3.87 and in complicated patients was 12.6±4.37. Conclusion: The White blood cells and Neutrophils count should not be used for the diagnosis of appendicitis. Clinical data playsa major role in the diagnosis of appendicitis.

Background: Despite all its critical roles in cancer detection, directing therapeutic approaches and patient management, the state of pathology service in Ethiopia and factors affecting its role are not documented. Objective: This study intends to explore the challenges and opportunities of cancer diagnosis in Ethiopia. Methods: The study was conducted at the Black Lion Specialized Hospital (BLSH), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Purposive sampling technique was used to identify pathologists to participate in the study. A qualitative method using semi-structured interview guide question was employed to address the problem. A total of 16 pathologists were involved in the study. Interview was audio-taped following permission secured from each participant. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Result: The finding of the study shows that personal provider level challenges and lack of equipment and supplies affect pathology service provision at BLSH. Negative attitude of patients towards diagnostic procedure, inadequate training of the professionals, shortage of skilled human power are personal level challenges affecting pathology service provision. On the other hand, lack of quality reagents and equipment, poor maintenance efficiency, weak logistic system for delivery of specimens and poor ICT services ware the other major bottle-necks hindering cancer diagnostic services in Ethiopia. The initiative to operationalized tele-pathology was identified as a major opportunity to improve cancer diagnostic services. Conclusion: Improvement of the pathology service requires all stakeholders (the experts, authorities, and the community) to work together to up-lift the pathology service from its sub-standardized status in Ethiopia. The department has to be dedicated to look the opportunities through the challenges-by developing SOPs, digital documentation and initiating sub-specialty programs.

In this study, antioxidant potential of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Blepharis maderaspatensis (L) Hyne Ex Roth was evaluated by means of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, metal reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The aqueous extract showed considerable actions in every antioxidant assays compared to the citation antioxidant ascorbic acid in a dose dependent manner. In DPPH scavenging assay the IC50 value of the extract was found to be 41.34μg/ml while the IC50 value of the reference standard ascorbic acid was 69.82 μg/ml. There is an increased total antioxidant activity was also found in a dose dependent manner. Besides, Blepharis maderaspatensis leaf extract showed strong metal reducing power. This result implies that Blepharis maderaspatensis leaf extract may act as a chemo preventive agent, and the antioxidant properties acts as efficient defense from free radicals.

Aim: the present study was done to compare the efficacy of beta tricalcium phosphate bone graft plug (SYBOGRAF-T)R along with PRF membrane for purpose of post extraction socket preservation. Materials and methods: this was a randomized controlled trial done in total of 34 sites with class II extraction sockets in 33 patients. In Test group, beta tricalcium phosphate bone graft plug along with PRF membrane was used whereas Control group consisted of extraction alone sites. Results: Test group sites showed significant reduction in bone loss after extraction and socket preservation when compared with extraction alone sites. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that alveolar bone resorption following tooth extraction may be prevented or reduced by the use of β-TCP plug (SYBOGRAF-T)R with PRF membrane.

Background: Tuberculosis is very common health problem in developing countries. TB generally does not involve myocardium. Only 1-2% cases of tuberculosis involve heart and mostly its pericardium, myocardial tuberculosis is far rare. We describe a case of myocardial tuberculosis on post-mortem examination Case presentation: Patient was a known case of pulmonary tuberculosis but unaware of other system involvement. We describe the clinical presentation, outcome of case and review the literature on myocardial tuberculosis. Conclusion: Involvement of myocardium in tuberculosis is rare. However it should be suspected in all patients of TB elsewhere in body as it can cause sudden cardiac death and early recognition can prevent it.

Background: Maxillary midline diastema (MMD) is a common problem patient report to a dental clinic. It has both aesthetic and psychological role on patient’s personality. Various treatment options are available for treatment of MMD. Correct cause should be diagnosed and proper treatment should be rendered accordingly. Case discussion: The present article reports the case of a maxillary midline diastema closure in a healthy dentition by an interdisciplinary approach. Orthodontic space redistribution of the midline diastema was done followed by restoration with ceramic laminates. Conclusion: A combined orthodontic and prosthetic interdisciplinary approach resulted in excellent outcome in this case.

Mood disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD) are one of the most important causes of disability for human health and the second leading source of disease burden, going beyond cardiovascular diseases, dementia, lung cancer, and diabetes. The comorbidity of depression and substance use disorder (SUD) has been well-established. While there are over 6,000 studies on genes and depression, a definitive human gene map of depression still eludes the field of psychiatric genetics. Certainly, GWAS and candidate approaches are on-going and hold out promise for the future. It is our contention that one approach involves the induction of true "dopamine homeostasis" easier said than done. In this treatise, we are suggesting a novel therapeutic modality that includes DNA genotyping based on a Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) test and concomitant alteration of a Pro-dopamine Regulator (KB220) contents linked to personalized polymorphisms observed in the genes across the brain reward circuitry in the prefrontal cortex and mesolimbic systems.

A 7 years old male Labrador Retriever was presented with the history of fast growing enlarged abdominal swelling near the inguinal region for 6 months. On clinical examination, right testis was descended and a mass located near left inguinal region was movable and non-painful. Abdominal plain radiography revealed soft tissue mass on the inguinal region. No metastasis on thorax radiography. Haematology and serum biochemistry values were within the normal range. Fine needle aspiration biopsy confirmed the presence of Sertoli cell tumor in the cryptorchid testis. Surgical excision of the unilateral testicular tumor and the normal descended testis was performed under general anaesthesia. Histopathology of the excised testicular tumor has pale eosinophilic cytoplasm, abundant fibrous tissue stroma and less prominent tubular structure.

Background: Maxillary extractions are considered as very complicated followed with many complications. The major reasons for complication are improper dosage and choice of anesthesia. Thus, this study was conducted to find the efficacy of different percentage of anesthesia for comparing the clinical, anesthetic efficacy and post-operative complications of 4% articaine, 0.5% bupivacaine and 2% lignocaine in maxillaryextractions. Materials and Methods: Conduction of study was done in Department of Oral and maxillofacial surgery, on 100 systematically health subjects (18–75 years) who required multiple extractions in maxillary arch. Patients were labeled into three different groups (2%lignocaine, 4% articaine, 0.5% bupivacaine using the split mouth technique. Results: The results showcased that time of onset of action were significantly faster in case of 4% articaine when comparison was made to 0.5% bupivacaine and 2% lignocaine. Conclusion: Articaine usage with 4% have being proved to have better potency and efficacy in terms of onset of action with lower pain scores comparison but lignocaine still remained the gold standard local anesthetic agent in Dental practice due to its quick onset, less time of anesthesia and cost effectiveness when compared articaine and bupivacaine. Whereas bupivacaine has been proved to be more efficient in pain control and remained concentrated for majorprocedures.

Introduction: Accurate estimation of fetal weight is of paramount importance in the management of labor and delivery. High rate of perinatal mortality in developing countries makes estimation of fetal weight (EFW) antenatally pivotal to obstetricians. Objective: This is a prospective study of 200 antenatal women of third trimester with a singleton pregnancy with reliable date/dating scan, with no fetal anomalies, undergoing obstetric scan at term. EFW was estimated by clinical method using Johnson’s formula, Hadlock’s formula & Dare’s formula compared with the actual birth weight. Results: There is significant difference between actual birth weight & Johnson’s method (p value 0.001) and between actual birth weight & Hadlock’s method (p value 0.001) while there is no significant difference between actual birth weight & Dare’s method (p 0.464) Conclusion: The assessment of fetal weight using Dare’s formula is more accurate for predicting birth weight at term which is easy and cost-effective.

Objective: The aim of the present study and work is to determine the ear diseases pattern, etiological factor, type and severity of hearing loss in rural community by manual pure tone audiometry. We have also made efforts for the early detection and treatment of hearing loss by surgical correction, rehabilitation and referred to higher center for cochlear implantation. Introduction: More than 360 million people have disabling hearing loss in worldwide and its 5.3% of the world population. More than 63 million people are suffering from auditory impairment in India as per WHO. This is an estimated prevalence of 6.3% in Indian population. India is a developing country. It is ridden with illiteracy, poverty and sociopolitical problem. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is one of the most common ear diseases in South East Asia having a prevalence of 5.2% in the general population but in India is 4.75%. Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is one of the most common childhood infectious diseases worldwide. It is most common causes of hearing impairment. It is estimated that there are 31 million new cases of CSOM per year in worldwide. Hearing is essential for the development of language, speech and cognitive skills. The neurological development of hearing abilities requires an acoustic stimulation in the first two year of life. The different methods are available for assessment of hearing loss in different age group likes behavioral observation audiometry (BOA), conditioning techniques, pure tone audiometry (PTA), speech audiometry, impedance audiometry, otoacoustic emissions (OAE) and brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA)/ auditory brainstem response(ABR). Material and Methods: The prospective study was conducted from January 2011 to January 2012, which included 1144 patients in Gold fields Institute of Medical Sciences, Faridabad, Haryana. Those patients who were presenting with diminished hearing loss and ear symptoms were enrolled in study. The complete Clinical examination, Otoscopic, tuning forks test, and radiological evaluation were done in all patients. Hearing assessments were done by manual pure tone audiometry for all patients. Those patients who suffered from wax, otomycosis, furnculosis,suspicious malignancy of external and middle ear are excluded from study. All patients were managed by medical, surgical, suction and cleaning, reassurances and referred to cochlear implanted center. Nature and prevention of ear diseases were explained to all patients in rural community. Results: All patients (1144) had ear diseases and 68 (5.94%) patients were found having normal hearing. Male (719) patients suffered more hearing loss than female patients (425) 62.85% and 37.15%respectively. Ear diseases and hearing loss involved commonly in bilateral ear (53.49%). The youngest group consisted two hundred ninety eight patients (26%) between twenty one to thirty years of age. Interventions: A total 1144 patients between the age of 6 years to 94 years were self reported hearing difficulty assess by manual pure tone audiometer (arphi model ). Hearing assessment measured by Audiometer in different frequency at 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000Hz. Conclusion: Our study revealed that 94% patients had hearing impairment of self reported hearing loss. Conductive type of hearing loss is the most common type of hearing impairment in rural community and it’s about 64% (736) which is treatable if the pattern of diseases and degree of hearing loss is evaluated early. Chronic Otitis Media is the most common cause of hearing impairment. Conductive type of hearing loss is the most common type of hearing impairment and it’s about 64% (736).Chronic Otitis Media (more than 57%) is one of the most common disease found in our study.

Title of the article: Effect of Toothbrush Mouthrinse Cycling on the Surface Roughness and Microhardness of Nanohybrid Composite Resin and Giomer (Fluoride releasing Nanohybrid Composite Resin) – An In Vitro Study Context: Giomer technology offers the advantage of anti-cariogenic property to resin restorations but fluoride release could possibly affect the surface roughness and microhardness. Tooth brushing and mouthrinsing have been known to increase surface roughness and decrease microhardness of resin restoratives and this effect has not been investigated on giomers. Aim: To evaluate and compare the surface roughness and microhardness of nanohybrid composite resin and fluoride releasing nanohybrid composite resin when subjected to simulated 1 year toothbrushing and mouthwashes of varying alcohol concentrations. Methods and Materials: 50 specimens of nanohybrid resin composite and 50 specimens of Giomer resin were divided into 5 sub- groups as follows: No Toothbrushing and No Mouthrinsing, Toothbrushing and No Mouthrinsing, Toothbrushing and Mouthrinsing with mouthwash containing 21.6% alcohol, Toothbrushing and Mouthrinsing with mouthwash containing 11.6% alcohol, Toothbrushing and Mouthrinsing with herbal mouthwash containing 0% alcohol. TMC was done over 8 weeks, simulating 1year usage of toothbrushing and mouthrinsing. All specimens were subjected to Surface Roughness and Microhardness Tests. Statistical analysis: Mean and standard deviation, One way/Two way ANOVA, t-test, Pearsons' correlation Results: There was increase in surface roughness after brushing giomer group. Mouthwashes in addition to toothbrushing didn't affect the surface roughness. Microhardness increased on brushing but dropped after using alcohol containing mouthrinses. Herbal mouthwashes had no deleterious effect on hardness. Conclusion: Toothbrushing in association with different types of mouthrinses, did not increase surface roughness of either material. Alcohol containing mouthrinses decreased the microhardness of regular nanohybrid composite and giomer. Herbal mouthwash without alcohol did not affect microhardness. Regular nanohybrid composite showed lesser decrease in hardness and increases in roughness and will thus perform better as a surface layer of restorations.

Introduction: Oligohydramnios occurs in about 1% to 5% of pregnancies. It has been associated with variety of fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to compare the pregnancy outcome in cases with oligohydramnios in comparison to normal pregnancy. Materials and methods: This prospective observational study was carried out in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Women attending antenatal clinical or labor room with or without oligohydramnios were included in the study in cases (oligohydramnios) and controls (without oligohydramnios). The data was recorded and analyzed in predefined manner in both the groups. Statistical analysis like frequency, chi-square test and relative risk was found to compare both the groups. Results: During the period of one year, 205 cases and 205 controls were enrolled in the study. At 37-39 weeks and 40-42 weeks of gestational age, significant higher numbers of patients were seen in case group. The most common co-morbidity is PIH (20.97%) . Relative risk of abnormal Doppler (6.001) and cesarean section (1.477) is higher in case group. Following parameters were statistically significant like weight of baby (<2 kg), and NICU admission (p value <0.05). Women with oligohydramnios are associated with abnormal Doppler, more incidence induced labor, NICU admission and APGAR score >7 Higher incidence of operative delivery is seen in patients having associated PIH, IUGR and MSL. most common cause of LSCS in cases and controls was PIH (38(18.6%)) . Conclusion: Women with oligohydramnios are associated with abnormal Doppler, more incidence induced labor, NICU admission and APGAR score <7.

Introduction: Furcation defects occur when bifurcation or tri-furcation of multi-rooted teeth are involved as a result of periodontal disease. The extent and configuration of the defect determines the prognosis and treatment planning. Aim and Objective: Aim of the study is to quantify and analyse the prevalence and characteristics of furcation involvement (FI) and also to plan the possible treatment modality. Materials and Methods: The study included 100 systemically healthy subjects between 30 - 60 years, selected randomly from population within Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, of which 42 were females and 58 males. After ethical clearance and obtaining consent from subjects, UNC-15 probe and calibrated Naber’s furcation probe was used to clinically detect the configuration of FI based on the Glickman’s classification. Data obtained was statistically analysed and results arrived at. Result: Total of 57 subjects had furcation involvement out of which, subjects between 30-40 years especially males had maximum furcation involved teeth. A total of 370 molars were examined of which 247 had furcation involvement while 123 were unaffected. Mandibular molars showed a higher prevalence rate as compared to maxillary molars, 21.05% vs 14.03%, with right quadrant being more afflicted. Conclusion: Most common etiologic factors were low income group, brushing once/day and using tooth powder. Grade-II FI being most common and Grade-IV being the least. Non-surgical periodontal treatment was planned for all the cases with second stage surgery to be carried out in 68.42%.

This study was aimed for determining the working length of the tooth in the presence of various commonly used irrigating solutions in the endodontics. Three irrigating solutions were taken namely - 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl),2% chlorhexidine and Glyde (EDTA + Carbamide peroxide).a total of 90 teeth were selected which were divided into 3 equal groups according to the irrigating solutions. Then working lengths were obtained with the help of ROOT ZX II for the respective groups and were compared with the actual lengths. Statistical analysis were done and it was observed that there was significant difference between the groups and within the measurements of sodium hypochlorite group (Group I)

Aim: To study histopathological pattern of skin adnexal neoplasms. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Govt. Medical College and Associated Hospitals Srinagar for a period of 2 years. It was partly a retrospective study and partly prospective. Histopathological examination was done on H&E stained slides and corroborated with special stains wherever required. Results: A total of 92 cases of appendageal tumors were studied. 87 were benign and 5 were malignant with male to female ratio of 1.05:1. Tumors with Follicular differentiation comprised the maximum number of cases followed by tumors with sebaceous differentiation and sweat gland differentiation. The maximum numbers of benign cases were observed in 10-19 years of age group. All malignant tumors were found above 50years of age. Mean age of presentation of adnexal tumors was 31.7 years. Head and neck was the most common site. Conclusions: Skin adnexal tumors are a relatively rare group of tumors with considerable clinical and histological overlap. In our study, hair follicle tumors were the commonest group which is a different finding from the other studies where sweat gland tumors were common.

This study was carried out in order to identify and characterize the transition region between juvenile and mature wood of Pinus caribeae var. hondurensis with 40 years of age, with diameter class around 30-35 cm, from the plantations of the Fazenda Vale do Rio Grande located at the municipality of Catalão, state of Goiás, Brazil. The regions of juvenile and mature wood were characterized by anatomical studies - length of axial tracheids using discs obtained at the DAP trees, following the recommendations of the International Association of Wood Anatomists. The tracheids lengths were obtained from a diagnosis and image analysis equipment. A total of five slides were prepared for every 5 mm in the radial direction, and the lengths of six tracheids were measured per slide. The juvenile wood region is defined from the pith to the first 50mm radius, whereas the mature zone comprises from 80 mm to the bark, corresponding from the 9th to 17th growth rings, respectively. There was an increasing pattern of tracheids length variation from the pith, followed by a region with stabilization of the value and, finally, a slight increase.

The extensive use of antibiotics since they were discovered has lead many bacterial species of human and animal origin to develop innumerable mechanisms that provide them resistant to some antibiotics and in a few cases to nearly all of them. There are numerous significant pathogens that are resistant to many antibiotic classes, and these multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms cause infections that are restricting treatment options and as a result compromising effective therapy. Thus, the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria population is a pertinent field of study in medical practice as well as in evolutionary and molecular biology. In recent times, the greatest challenge to the effective treatment of infectious disease, in the field of medicine, is the ability of all pathogens, without exception, to develop mechanisms for resistance to the action of antimicrobial drugs. Due to advancement in automation, clinical epidemiological research, and molecular biology, our wisdom of resistance has expanded at a confusing rate in recent years. Anyhow, antimicrobial resistance remains a significant medical, financial, and social issue. In this review we showcase some recent data and literature on molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.

Background: It seems that the nurse is an important contact who provides care, information, and support, and also coordinates the patients’ care before and after surgery, which may reducing the patients’ feelings of insecurity and fear. Aim: to assess the performance level of nurses working in the general surgical wards at selected hospitals in Yemen about psycho-social interventions for pre and post-operative patients and find out the association factors between demographic characteristics and performance. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in surgical wards of 6 hospitals in Sana’a city, Yemen. A self-administered questionnaire including 45 pre-postoperative psychosocial interventions was distributed to all general abdominal surgical nurses and collected between December 2014 and February 2015. The results were entered, analyzed and tabulated using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 19. Results: Out of 130 nurses, 88.2% of respondents had a moderate level of performance on pre-postoperative psychosocial interventions. Concerning each sub-dimension, the psychosocial, communication and spiritual performance were at a moderate level also, information provision performance was at moderate level and psycho-education were at low level. It is indicated that problems lacked performance regarding PSI in general and particular on psycho-education area among surgical nurses in Yemen. Yemeni surgical nurses were shown to be associated with better performance scores regarding psychosocial. Surgical nurses working in army and non-teaching hospitals were shown to be associated with better performance scores regarding psycho-education. Conclusion: Performance of pre postoperative PSI is moderate level among nurses working in surgical wards.

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess effect various lecture delivery techniques such as using chalk board, lectures using power point presentation (PPT) and the lectures using transparencies and over head projector (TOHP) on teaching learning process. The first year MBBS students were asked to assess the effect of three biochemistry lectures given by above three different lecture delivery methods by filling in a questionnaire. After each lecture we compared effect of lectures delivered by different methods by objective test. Observation: One hundred and fifty students were subject of this study. The results of the study showed that students mostly preferred power point teaching. As far as the student’s performance is concerned the impact of power point teaching was much more than traditional Chalkboard and lectures using transparency and overhead projector (OHP) which is evaluated by objective test.. Conclusion: We found that power point presentations had made a positive impact on various aspects of their learning in biochemistry than OHP and blackboard method. We conclude that this teaching method is very useful than conventional lecture-based teaching in the biochemistry curriculum.

Oxidative stress is an essential biomarker in cell survival and death. Oxygen related radicals have a strong ability to cause long-term or even permanent damage to cellular components, particularly within the mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS). The present study addressed the effect of Manganese (Mn) on oxidative system in the cardiac tissue of rat. One month and three months old rats were exposed to Mn intraperitoneally at a concentration of low dose (2.5mg/kg body weight) and high dose (5mg/kg body weight) for a period of three weeks. A separate batch of low dose and high dose of Mn exposed rats received Vitamin-E intraperitoneally for a week. In this study, we assessed the biochemical end points indicative of oxidative stress and TCA cycle enzymes in mitochondrial fraction of cardiac tissue in rats at the age of two months and four months. We measured the activity levels of Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione dehydrogenase(GDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) which were decreased, whereas the lipid peroxidation (LP), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) showed significant increase in Mn exposed rats over control rats in a dose-dependent manner. The exposure to Vitamin-E, however, to low and high dose of Mn showed recovery which was observed in the increased activities of Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, GPX, CAT, GDH, SDH, ICDH. Similarly, decreased levels of LP and GST were observed. The results may suggest that Mn-induced functional deficits in the oxidative enzymes of cardiac tissue and recovery through Vitamin E. As an antioxidant, Vitamin-E acts as a peroxyl radical scavenger, preventing the propagation of free radicals in tissues, by reacting with them and form a tocopheryl radical, which will then be reduced by a hydrogen donor and thus return to its reduced state. As it is incorporated into cell membranes, which protects them from oxidative damage. Thus Vitamin-E lesser the Mn burden in the cardiac tissue of rat as an effective chelating agent by decreasing the oxidative stress.

Introduction and Objective: Down syndrome is a genetic disorder of chromosome 21 that is characterized by physical and mental disability. The incidence of Down Syndrome in Saudi Arabia is estimated to be 1 in 500, which is higher than the world average. Many studies have been done around the world to compare the DMF Index and OHI between the children with Down Syndrome and the normal children. No such study has been conducted in KSA therefore the aim of this study was to compare the DMF Index and the Oral Hygiene Index between the children with Down Syndrome and normal children with no Down Syndrome in Riyadh, KSA. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional, observational clinical study with a sample size of 200 subjects. Our control group was composed of 100 Normal Children who were randomly selected and examined at an elementary public school in Riyadh. The other 100 subjects were Down Syndrome children. These subjects were examined at DSCA center, Saudi center for down syndrome, and Saut society in Riyadh. Oral examination done by using regular examination instruments on regular chair. The indexes used in this study: Decayed-Missing-Filled Index (DMFT) Oral hygiene index (OHI) Results: All data was analyzed by Excel software using the student’s t-test There was no statistically significant difference between any of the parameters in the control and study group. The results were calculated at 95% confidence level (P value = 0.05) After comparison the values were: D= 0.059, M=0.090, F=0.65, and OHI=0.098. Conclusion: No statistically significant difference was observed in the DMF index or OHI between the Down syndrome subjects and the normal subjects in the control group.

In the UK, abdominal wall hernias of all types have a prevalence of 1.7% in patients of any age and 4% in those aged over 45 years. Despite the established gold standard of repair with prosthetic mesh, there are instances where a mesh is not used. It is therefore prudent that operation notes and discharge summaries contain information on the use (or indeed, absence) of prosthetic mesh, to aid diagnosis in the event of any subsequent complications and to guide further management. This retrospective study aims to review the documentation with a view to establishing current reporting practice. Method: All patients who underwent elective open abdominal wall hernia repair (incisional, umbilical/paraumbilical and inguinal), in a London district general hospital, from January 2016 to January 2017 were included in the study. Results: 53 cases meeting the inclusion criteria were identified with 2 cases excluded. All cases contained explicit operative documentation regarding prosthetic mesh (48 mesh repairs and 3 repairs without mesh.) Only 64.7% (n=33) discharge summaries contained explicit information on whether on not mesh was used. Conclusion: This study has found that there is sufficient documentation in operation notes, but a lack of mesh information in discharge summaries. The authors therefore recommend the operative surgeon guides junior staff on the information required on discharge summaries.

Objective: To know the perception that health staff has towards safety culture of the patient in institutions of the center of Valle. Methods: The survey on patient safety culture validated by Agency for Health Care Research and Quality was carried out to 436 people of the following occupations: doctors, nurses and nursing assistants of 18 health institutions of the municipalities of the center of Valle del Cauca. Findings and conclusion: The dimensions with the greatest number of positive answers were organizational learning/continuous improvement, teamwork inside units and the management support in pursuit of patient safety with80%, 75 % and 75% respectively. On the contrary, the dimension non-punitive answer to errors with 32.2% and the staffing with 34% were the worst rated. It was evidenced organizational learning/continuous improvement, teamwork inside units and the management support in pursuit of patient safety as strengths, and non-punitive answer to errors as well as staffing as improvement opportunities.

The growing consumer demand for complementary and alternative therapies (CAM) in health care has had an effect on all health professionals. The discipline of nursing is rooted in many holistic processes but the role of providing such services has not been fully defined, including the state of Mississippi. Nurses are the members of the healthcare team who often initiate such a conversation with patients about CAM. For a starting point, we took a look at the state of Mississippi nurses and their feelings on CAM instruction in school curriculia or during professional continued education programs. This was a proactive descriptive quantitative study, with a sample size of 116 participants representing 16 higher education institutions. The survey was conducted during the Mississippi Nurses Association’s Annual Meetings & Conventions. The findings of this study demonstrated that overall 80% of nurses felt that their higher education institution did not provide adequate education on CAM. Fifty three percent reported actually taking some course that cover a component of CAM, suggesting that 95.6% feeling that the physician should be the one to communcate to patients about CAM use. Our findings highlighted the fact that Mississippi nurses feel unprepared in CAM education when communicating with their patients. Our findings also highlighted the associations between Mississippi nurses “feeling comfortable talking to their patients about CAM” and nurses attending a higher education institution within the state of Mississippi, with a P=0.857 (Chi Square). This study shine light on the need of higher education institutions to revisit nursing school’s study curricula to fit the continuously changing healthcare system and the popularity of CAM among patients.

Objective: To determine the number of cases of mild, severe preeclampsia and eclampsia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study was carried out, including all pregnant patients as of week 20 of gestation and puerperal women. Pregnant women were selected from 20 weeks of gestation or postpartum women who had blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg in two doses with a difference of 6 hrs. Between each one after resting or an elevation of 30 mm Hg systolic number and 15 mm Hg the diastolic with respect to its usual TA in the same way in two shots. Results: Thirty-two (67.74%) had mild preeclampsia, 17 (27.42%) had severe preeclampsia and three (4.84%) had eclampsia. The age subgroup with the highest incidence of mild and severe preeclampsia was 15 to 19 years for eclampsia of children under 15 years. Two patients who had severe preeclampsia during the postpartum period, most of the pregnant women were 40 weeks' gestation when they were diagnosed with preeclampsia. Conclusion: During the two years, 62 cases were reported at the Hecelchakan Health Center, Campeche.

Agriculturists in developing countries are suffering from many diseases caused by tick infestations that reduce the productivity of their livestock. To diminish these losses, natural products (eco-friendly) for ectoparasite control with lower chance of improvement of resistance are required. This study aimed to examine the effect of different concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 4%) of Allium sativum (Garlic) extract on the viability of eggs laid by Argaspersicus females and their ovaries’ development. It was found that the number of eggs laid by treated females were significantly(P<0.05) decreased than those laid by normal females. There is a significant inverse relationship between the treatment concentration of garlic extract and the percentage of hatched eggs. Applying different concentrations (100, 200, 400, 500, and 600 ppm) of garlic extract on the eggs resulted in the percentage of unhatched eggs increasing significantly as garlic concentrations also increased.The average diameters of oocytes in treated females were decreased by 61% from the normal oocytes’ average diameter, and the ovary appeared studded with previtellogenic primary oocytes. Histological changes observed in the treated ovaries include: the presence of vacuolization; alteration of oocyte morphology, which changed from rounded to elongate; disorganization of the yolk granules; and deformation of the chorion. These results demonstrate that garlic extract affected A. persicus oogenesis by interfering with the formation of yolk granules and egg shells. Our results suggest that garlicextract causes partial blockage of the vitellogenesis and other aspects of oogenesis as indicated by disrupted synthesis of yolk protein in the newly formed oocytes.

Human clinical trials were conducted for the assessment of effect of selected potential biological immunomodulators on ‘Absolute CD4’ count of 32 HIV reactive patients. Following clearance of ‘Institutional Ethics Committee’, effect of blended formulations of Chlorophylum borivilianum, Withania somnifera, Wagatia spicata Dalz., Picrorrhiza kurroa, Spilanthes paniculata Wall. ex. DC.were studied over the period of eleven months in each participant. Readings of ‘Absolute CD4’ counts were recorded using ‘Flow Cytometry’. Statistical analysis was carried out using ‘Split Plot’ analysis (Mixed Design Test) followed by ‘Bartlett’s test for Sphericity’ and ‘Levene’s test for homogenecity of variance’. At the end of phase – II clinical trials, statistically significant rise in the ‘Absolute CD4’ count was noted.

The present study was undertaken to assess plasma C-reactive protein levels in pregnant women with and without periodontal disease. The study was designed as a prospective cohort study involving a sample size of 45 pregnant subjects in the age of 20-40 were selected from RavindraNath Tagore Medical College and hospital with gestational age of 2-12 weeks divided into 3 groups : Control group (15 healthy non pregnant female without periodontitis; group A; study group – 15 pregnant females with periodontitis – group B) study group (15 pregnant patients without periodontitis) Group C. Periodontal disease activity was recorded at baseline for all groups using month mirror and UNC-15 periodontal probe and Russell's Index was recorded. Samples were taken for estimation of C-reactive protein levels from all groups at 2-12 weeks of gestation. CRP levels were determined using latex-agglutination-test. The results revealed a statistically significant increase in the levels of CRP in pregnant women with periodontitis. As the value of RPI increased, as increase in CRP levels also was observed. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is "Periodontal disease in pregnant women is associated with increased CRP levels in early pregnancy. The present study provides ground work data regarding the correlation of plasma – CRP levels in pregnant women, with and without periodontal disease. Further longitudinal studies are still required to establish the exact association between elevated CRP levels in pregnancy with periodontal disease.

Early childhood caries (ECC) has gained popularity due to increased prevalence rate (54%) worldwide. The main cause is believed to be improper feeding habits even though it is multi-factorial. Aim: To evaluate if frequent carbohydrate snacking in between meals and poor oral hygiene is equally contributing to aetiology of ECC in 3-6 year old children attending preschools in Sullia, Karnataka. Methods: In this questionnaire study, two sets of questionnaire were distributed, one to rule out children with history of consumption of milk based food and other to collect data on consumption of carbohydrate food frequency & timing of feeding and their oral hygiene. Children without history of consumption of milk based food was taken as sample population (266). Clinical examination was carried out to categorize children into two groups; case (133 children with ECC) and control (133 children without ECC). Data were collected and statistically analyzed. Result: It showed that, children who snacks in between meals showed risk of having ECC 8 times more than that of children who snacks with meals; The children who brushes once daily showed risk of having ECC 3.4 times more than that of children who brushes twice daily. The correlation between the consumption of carbohydrate food without the use of milk based food and their oral hygiene habit with ECC were found to be extremely statistically significant at P value < 0.0001 level. Conclusion: Increased frequency of highly fermentable carbohydrate was equally contributing to ECC in pre-schoolers of 3-6 years in a group of India population.

Aspergillus awamori is an efficient producer of many hydrolytic enzymes, has not been exploited commercially and for enzyme production. Cellulases, Xylanases and laccases thought to be of great significance for several industries namely paper, pharmaceuticals, food, feed etc. in addition to better utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. The present investigation was aimed to produce several extracellular enzymes by Aspergillus awamori and the Molecular characterization of the isolate by18S rRNA sequencing. Commercially available agricultural waste solid substrates were used as cellulosic substrates for enzyme production. Experiments were conducted to optimize the production of lignocellulases. The maximum enzyme activity was achieved on 6th day of incubation at 30O c temperature with the pH 6.0 and by using Lactose 1% w/v as Carbon Source, tryptone, yeast extract 1% w/v as Nitrogen Source. The present study reveals that the cellulolytic properties of Aspergillus awamori tested and optimized culture conditions maximizing lignocellulolytic enzymes production.

Maternal morbidity is an indicator related to the pregnant woman mortality and the epidemiological monitoring of Extreme Maternal Morbidity and studies related to their associated factors is one of the strategies implemented to improve maternal health and achieve a reduction in the maternal mortality rate. In the present study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of demographic, social, environmental and cultural factors associated with maternal morbidity in a group of pregnant women during an academic practice of UCEVA Nursing students. The Methodology applied during the academic practice of pregnant woman care subject in the nursing program in the Central Unit of the Valle del Cauca, Tuluá 2014, 11 pregnant women were included, they were given a structured survey based on the Familiogram, Ecomap, Apgar and NANDA instruments. Regarding the results, the pregnant women group, included in the study, consisted of pregnant women with an average age of 17 years old, with low level of education, between 1 and 2 socio-economic level, 55% of this group was multi-pregnancy, 73% started their prenatal control in the second quarter. In the family background, hypertension, diabetes and preeclampsia were found. The external factors found were marked, in strict order, by the presence of cats, mosquitoes, rodents and dogs. Within the recorded data, 27% of the patients presented pediculosis. The familiogram study showed that most of the families were large and single-parent family. The morbidity causes found were 55% urinary tract infections followed by vaginitis and gestational syphilis. According to the above, it is concluded that although the sample size is small, it was possible to demonstrate that it is necessary an early detection and preventive and intervention strategies about the factors associated with maternal morbidity according to our population.

The study investigated the major educational problems of the hearing impaired and strategies used for tackling them. The study was conducted in Mekanisa School for the Deaf (Addis Ababa) and Hermata Primary School (Jimma). The selection of subjects was based on availability sampling method. The methods used to gather information from respondents were interviews, questionnaire, focus group discussion and classroom observation checklist. The major educational problems identified in the study were that the teachers were either insufficiently trained or not trained at all, the curricula were incompatible with the capacity of hearing impaired, teachers have low command in total communication, hearing impaired students lack parental support and instructional materials, educational authorities were indifferent to the education of hearing impaired students, and the students lack interest in academic subjects. A statistically significant difference was observed between moderately and profoundly hearing impaired students in mathematics achievement (t=8.456) and in average academic achievement (t=10.158) identified in this study. The researcher of this study invites the concerned authorities of the Ministry of Education and teachers to take the necessary measure as much as possible in order to solve the major problems of the hearing impaired students of the study sites. In addition, parents should be given training to make a follow up support for their hearing impaired children. If the major problems of the hearing impaired students are solved, they could contribute their share in building the tomorrow’s industrialized Ethiopia.

The study of different strategies to improve the stability and bioavailability of bioactive components has increased in the last decades. One of the mechanisms that has acquired great relevance is to formulate using liposomal vesicles. Liposomes are structures that enhance the absorption, stability and transport of active compounds, which is reflected by an increase in the bioactivity of the encapsulated molecules. The guarana extract has proven to be rich in methylxanthines and phenolic compounds. These metabolites are associatedto a wide variety of pharmacological properties, and exert a stimulating effect. For this reason, it has become popular in nutritional products. In this workit was characterized physicochemically a nutritional product based on guarana, vitamins and folic acid. In this product the active components were encapsulated in liposomal vesicles, which were analyzed to know their structure, size (diameter) and membrane thickness. Results and analysis indicate that liposomes are multivesicular and multilamellar structures. This structural conformation is related to a greater stability of the vesicles, which represents a favorable aspect for the formulation. On the other hand, the data obtained from the physicochemical characterization can be used as part of the quality control performed on the formulation. Additionally, they represent a starting point for improvements and optimization of this nutritional product.

The reaction medium of “Donators + membrane - redox potentials three - state line system + O2 + АDP + Pi + H+ + nH + membrane space = (ATP + heat energy) + H2O + nH + matrix + CO2” are the places, where have been occurred the following four more important processes as : • Maintaining of clockwise normal flow of electrons and protons with duration of 4-5 second of every cycle • Temporarily stop of clockwise normal flow of electrons and protons • Complete stop of clockwise normal flow of electrons and protons • Antispiral-like evolutionary back steps from second evolution late time equation of flow of electrons and protons to early evolution first time equation with provocation of pathological process as cancer. According to philosophical principle, all biological process in our planet during last 4 billion years had been developed by the spiral – like evolution steps by transition from simple regulation to more complex regulation as from glycolysis related ATP synthesis, based in the flow of electrons and protons without participation of membrane - redox potentials three - state line system and oxygen to Krebs cycle, proton gradient related ATP synthesis, based in the flow of electrons and protons with oxygen participation using membrane - redox potentials three - state line system. But the notion relating to antispiral-like evolutionary back steps from second late evolution time equation to early evolution time first equation of flow of electrons and protons with provocation of cancer process have been connected with the transition of regulations from more complex regulation to simple regulation based equation as from Krebs cycle dependent, proton gradient based ATP synthesis functioned owing to the flow of electrons and protons with oxygen participation, using membrane - redox potentials three - state line system to early form of glycolysis related ATP synthesis, based in the flow of electrons and protons without participation of membrane - redox potentials three - state line system and oxygen. Temporarily stop of clockwise normal flow of electrons and protons with duration of 4 - 5 second of every cycle means that under influence of many pathological factors have been caused the partial blockage of electron and proton conductance within the full 9 stepped cycle of proton conductance inside human body proposed by M.Ambaga, which have included such well known metabolic pathways as glycolysis, Krebs cycle, betta oxidation of fatty acids, aminoacid oxidation.

Objective • To evaluate role of T2*cartilage mapping in early detection of chondral lesions before they are detected on conventional morphologic sequences(fat saturated proton density sequence) • To compare T2* Cartilage mapping with routine MR sequences (FSPD ) Materials and Methods: This prospective study was done on 100 cases who underwent MRI knee,in which FSPD images were compared with the T2* maps. A Pilot study of 10 normal (young asymptomatic)subjects was done initially to define range and mean of normal values and artifacts. A sub study of 15 cases was also done comparing FSPD images, T2* maps with arthroscopy, to determine relative accuracy of either technique against the gold standard of arthroscopy. Clinical history of patients was taken before examination. MRI was performed with a Siemens AvantoMagnetom 1.5 TESLA MR scanner with dedicated phased-array receive-only knee coils. The patient was placed in the supine position with the knee placed within knee coil in neutral position. MR images were systematically obtained without administration of contrast material. Results: The range of normal T2* values determined from pilot study on normal subjects was 20-26.60 Msec. The mean T2* value of patellar and trochlear cartilage was found to be 24.30 + 3.8msec and this value was taken as reference normal T2* value. On comparison of corresponding T2* map and FSPD images in patellar and trochlear quadrants, overall complete match of chondral lesions was found in 65.30% of quadrants, no match was found in 30.50% of quadrants, partial match was found in 3.80% of quadrants, partial match reverse was found in 0.20 % of quadrants and no match reverse was found in 0.20% of quadrants. Conclusion: T2*cartilage mapping is sensitive to early cartilage changes and even changes not visible in high resolution MRI might be detectable with quantitative T2* cartilage mapping. It is more beneficial for detection of early chondral lesions/ changes in region of trochlear groove, lateral trochlear facet and patellar ridge areas where early lesions are more likely to be missed on conventional morphological sequences. T2* images were also found to be useful in the detection of early lesions in the mid third medial trochlear facet and upper third lateral patellar facet.

Introduction: thyroid disorders are common in pregnancy and have been linked to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Symptoms of thyroid disorders are sometimes mistaken for those of normal pregnancy, and so often go unnoticed. This study investigates the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women in a tertiary care hospital. Subjects and Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted at the largest tertiary care hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia enrolling 154 first trimester pregnant Saudi women attending the Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, from October to April 2015. Measurements of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were taken as part of the routine antenatal blood tests. Results: The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 40.25% (n=62) and hyperthyroidism 0.6% (n=1) using the cutoff TSH level based on the guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy. Conclusion: Prevalence of hypothyroidism was found to be high in our study and hence, antenatal thyroid screening should be judiciously offered. Routine testing with serum TSH is a sufficient and cost effective screening tool.

Tinospora cordifolia is one of the most important among the commonly used herbs in ayurveda. It is a versatile herb having multidimensional use. Ayurvedic Nighantus are clearly mentioned tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) in details with specific synonyms and therapeutic indications. In vrihattrayee the description of guduchi is present. In this study we try to assemble all the information about guduchi mentioned in ayurvedic nighantus and other text.

Aim: To determine the antimicrobial efficacy, compressive strength and diametral tensile strength of GIC IX, GIC IX with 1% chlorhexidine and GIC IX with 1% cetrimide Materials and Method: GIC IX was mixed with chlorhexidine and cetrimide powder to produce experimental GIC’s. 10 samples of each of the three groups were prepared for each parameter. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated against S.mutans by measuring the zone of inhibition on day 0, 7 and 30 days on blood agar. Compressive and diametral tensile strength were calculated using the universal testing machine after 1hr of setting. Results: Experimental GIC’s had reduced physical properties when compared to GIC. The antimicrobial efficacy was highly improved with the addition of antimicrobials. 1% chlorhexidine produced the best results out of the two experimental GIC’s. Conclusion: GIC containing 1% Chlorhexidine can be alternatively used for pediatric restorations to provide enhanced anticariogenicity.

Background: Diabetic foot ulcers are sores or wounds on the foot and are often a strong indicator of advanced diabetes. Local application of citric acid is most effective in the treatment of various wounds, including wounds for which there are no alternative options available. Objective: The study objective to compare the effect of wound healing and cost of dressing solution between citric acid and conventional method of dressing among the patients with diabetic foot ulcer in a tertiary hospital in India. Methods: Totally, 120 Patients with diabetic foot ulcer were recruited for the study. The researcher had chosen the first sixty patients for conventional method of dressing after that next sixty patients allotted for 3% citric acid dressing. The pre assessment was carried out before applied dressing the wound status was assessed on 1st day and post assessment was done on 8th day, 15th day and 22nd day for both groups. The clinical data were gathered by using the interview method in regional language and some clinical data collected from patients’ case sheet. For assessing the wound, the Modified Bates Jensen’s Wound Assessment tool was used. Results: The wound healing status was much better among the patients who received citric acid dressing than patients who received conventional dressing that was 53 patients in the citric acid dressing and 26 patients in the conventional dressing group had mild level wound - almost double the time. The significant ‘p’ value inferred that the difference in improvement in wound healing status among the patients in the citric acid dressing and conventional dressing groups after the intervention was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The health care providers used citric acid solution for dressing it will reduce the cost of dressing and reduce economic burden to the patient.

Background and Objective: Swaddling is a traditional practice of covering an infant in a blanket in a particular fashion. It is known to improve the physiological parameters. Paladai feeding is a common procedure in NICU. Paladai feeds are time consuming and are associated with desaturation episodes. The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of swaddling on bradycardia, desaturation and apnea during paladai feeding among very low birth weight infants. Materials and Methods: A cross over design with simple random sampling technique was used to select 58 very low birth weight infants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Infants were randomized to receive either swaddling or conventional technique of intervention during paladai feeding. Episodes of desaturation, bradycardia and apnea were calculated with the help of pulse oxymeter. Parameters like volume of feed, duration of feed were also recorded. A period of 24 hours was maintained as wash out period. The next day the infants were crossed over, infants in the swaddled group were non swaddled during paladai feeding and infants in non swaddling group were swaddled during paladai feeding and the same parameters were monitored and recorded. For analyzing the data, descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, median, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (McNemar test, and Wilcoxon signed rank test) were used. All the statistical analyses were carried out at 5% level of significance and p value < 0.001 was considered as significant. Results: Comparison of episodes of desaturation showed that the mean saturation episodes in swaddled and non-swaddled group were 0.90(1.518) and 1.66(1.763) respectively and the difference in the group were statistically significant (p<0.001). Comparison of Mean episodes of bradycardia among swaddled and non-swaddled group were 0.07(0.256) and 0.22(0.650) respectively. The difference was not statistically significant as a few episodes of bradycardia were found in both groups but swaddled infants had fewer episodes of bradycardia during paladai feeding. No apneic episodes were noted in both the groups during the study. Comparison of mean duration of feeding in swaddled and non-swaddled groups were 3.79(1.587) and 4.81(2.180) respectively and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). The study showed that paladai feeds were associated with desaturation and bradycardia and swaddled infants were found to have fewer episodes of desaturation, bradycardia and reduced duration of feeding. Conclusion: The study concluded that swaddling is an effective intervention in reducing the episodes of desaturation and bradycardia during paladai feeding. Also swaddled infants were found to take lesser time duration for paladai feeding.

Introduction: The continuous increase in population is a serious global concern. Control over fertility is very important not only because of its far-reaching implications on prosperity and overall growth of the nation, but also because of its impact on the freedom of young women to lead life of their own choice. Objective: To assess the family planning practices among married rural women. Material and Methods: The present study was community based cross-sectional study conducted in rural area of Haryana from September 2015 to August 2016 among 500 currently married women (18-49 years). Results: 54.6% of the participants were using contraceptives among which female sterilization was the commonest. Health worker/AWW (49.8%) were the commonest motivator. The commonest reason for not using contraception was desire to get pregnant (28.2%) and not considering it necessary (15%). Conclusion: Though there is sufficient awareness regarding contraception but its usage still continues to be low. Extended efforts are required to make people understand the importance of contraception to achieve greater prosperity.

All patients who were admitted in our hospital with history of seizures in the postpartum period (within 6 weeks after delivery) were included in the study to ascertain the cause of seizures and their outcome, and women with prior history of epilepsy were excluded from this study. Among 95 patients recruited, primipara women (67 patients) had high risk of seizures. Women between the age group of 21-25 years constituted a large number of patients in this study (44.26%). Seizure occurrence was more on the first day following delivery (69.47%). Imaging of the patients showed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) as the most common cause of seizure (35.57%), second most common cause was cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) (31.57%). Eclampsia was the third among the list (29.47%). 3 patients had intracerebral haemorrhage (3.15%). Eclampsia patients had normal imaging with high blood pressure, high (+++) urine albumin and deranged haematological values. Women with PRES and eclampsia had good outcome with no mortality. While patients of CVT had a mortality of 10% in our study. Conclusion: In this hospital based study, PRES was the most common cause of seizure in postpartum women (35.57%), followed by CVT (31.57%) and eclampsia (29.47%). Patients of PRES had good outcome and patients of CVT had higher mortality.

Background: Situs Inversus Totalis is a congenital positional anomaly characterized by transposition of thoracic and abdominal organs which is mirror image of normal anatomical position.The exact etio-pathogenesis is unclear and inheritance reported is autosomal recessive and X-linked inheritance. It is usually associated with syndromes such as Kartagener syndrome or Primary Cilliary Dyskinesia (PCD). Case Presentation: We present a case of 25 years old male patient having symptoms of cough, loss of appetite, generalized weakness for 5 months. Plain X-ray Chest, sputum microscopy and Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) thorax and abdomen were done and he was diagnosed as Pulmonary and Abdominal Tuberculosis inSitus Inversus Totalis. Conclusion: Detailed systemic examination is mandatory in cases of Situs Inversus Totalis for correct diagnosis. Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) thorax and abdomen are important investigations for further appropriate management.

Objective: Recurrent caries is the one of the commonest reason for the failure of restoration. The microgap created at the tooth restoration interface lead to the formation of secondary caries. Cavity disinfection, chelation or fluoridation of the smear of the cavity did not prevent caries formation. Study Design: Five galvanic burs and sintered burs each are selected and cleaned with absolute alcohol. The elemental compositions of the burswere assessed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscope was used to examine the changes of the burs before and after preparation of tooth. Result: EDS of the galvanic burs (G) (Matrix) detected the presence of Nickel ions in the range of the 69.94 to 75.09 atomic%, carbon from 20.21 to 97.53 atomic % and oxygen from 1.38 to 6.31 atomic % in all the burs. The EDS of sintered burs (Matrix) copper ion concentration ranged from 27.58 to 46.21 atomic % with the mean concentration of 36.17±3.28 SD Conclusion: The copper ions and the nickel ions were the major constituents of the binder of the sintered and galvanic burs respectively

Background: Diabetes, one of the dangerous non communicable diseases. Management of type 2 diabetes becomes difficult with poor knowledge regarding disease condition. This review will focus on role of knowledge of people with type 2 diabetes in the management of their disease condition. Aim: To review the knowledge of people with type 2 diabetes about their disease and its management. Methods: EBSCO discovery service was used to conduct a comprehensive literature search to identify all relevant articles published in English language from January, 2000 to December, 2016. Through EBSCO discovery services the following electronic databases were searched: Science Direct, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, MEDLINE, Academic OneFile, Scopus® and Access Medicine. Of the 13,605 studies retrieved in the initial search, 33 studies were retained for the final review. Results: Of 33 studies, majority of the studies shown that people with type 2 diabetes has poor to moderate level of knowledge. Even though few studies demonstrated good level of knowledge in people with type 2 diabetes intervention focused on converting knowledge into practice is required. Conclusion: Future research activities are needed to be focused on improving knowledge regarding diabetes and its management in people with type 2 diabetes and interventions to translate those knowledge into practice will be the key in diabetes management.

A balanced diet is important for everybody Health. Carbohydrate, Protein, and fats were a source for providing energy to human beings, vitamins were very tiny but play a vital role in maintaining the equilibrium of all functions in our body. An Experimental study was done among 100 HIV infected women to estimate an impact of dietary supplements of vitamin E on immune system parameters. Women were selected randomly using lottery method. Data was collected through structured Questionnaire and CD4 Count was recorded. After Pretest 100 ml of freshly prepared almond milk were given to drink twice/week for 12 weeks, follow up was done. At end of 6 months, again CD4 count was assessed. The study findings explored that dietary supplementation of Vitamin E has a significant impact on improving CD4 Count in HIV infected women.

The requisites to long term success of dental implant are good quality bone and healthy gingiva. One of the long term risk with regard to dental implant is crestal bone loss around the implantresulting in peri-implantitis. Many techniques have been used to reduce the crestal bone loss around implants. One of the techniques used to prevent crestal bone loss includes the use of biological mediators. One group of such bone metabolism mediators is bisphosphonate. Bisphosphonates are antiresorptive drugs that act on osteoclasts and maintain bone density and strength by inhibiting osteoclast activity. In this present case report the local application of bisphosphonate was done to prevent crestalbone loss around the dental implant.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of routine and newer endodontic irrigants on Candida albicans biofilm colonization in Young and Old human root canal dentin. Eighty intact mandibular premolars were used in this study and divided based on Age into two groups. Forty teeth were from young subjects (Group I) and the remaining 40 from old subjects (Group II). Dentin disc samples of 4mm were prepared from each tooth, standardized using gates glidden drill #2 and autoclaved for sterility. The forty samples each in the young and old group were divided into 4 subgroups with various irrigation protocols. The experimental irrigants were: A) 17% EDTA +5.25% NaOCl, B) 100% Octenisept, C) 17% EDTA +5.25% NaOCl + 1% Clotrimazole and D) Phosphate buffer saline. After the irrigation the experimental samples were inoculated with C.albicans and incubated for 72hrs. Out of the 10 samples in each subgroup, 8 samples were analyzed by the Colony forming unit method and 2 samples were analyzed by the Confocal laser scanning microscope. In the CFU method, aliquots from the experimental samples were plated on Sabouraud dextrose agar plates and the colony forming units were counted as a measure of antifungal activity. In the CLSM method, fungal viability was demonstrated using special dyes SYTO 9 and Propidium iodide. The results showed that Octenisept was the most effective irrigant against C.albicans followed by addition of 1% Clotrimazole to 17% EDTA+5.25% NaOCl in both age groups. The other irrigant subgroups were less effective in both age groups. The results of this study also indicates that higher amount of fungi are found in old root dentin as demonstrated by the CFU method and confirmed by the CLSM method.

Background: Pharmacovigilance deals with the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects, particularly long term and short-term adverse effect of medicines. Objectives: To assess knowledge, attitude and Practice among health professionals about Pharmacovigilance and barriers towards reporting adverse drug reactions. Material & Methods: It was a cross-sectional, questionnaire based survey. The participants were Under Graduates, Interns & post graduates pursuing their courses in dental & medical field. The assessment regarding knowledge, attitude and practice was done by questionnaire having 23, 8 & 8 items respectively. Five point Likert scale was used to evaluate attitude and practice. 07 questions for under reporting the adverse drug reactions, with an option to tick multiple options were also included. Demographic data of the participants was also collected. Unpaired’t’ test was used to assess the statistical differences. Results: A total of 397 out of 605 Study subjects responded in medical, and similarly 203 out of 283 in dentistry. Among medical and dental subjects 9% and 36.4% have never heard the term pharmacovigilance. Overall 3% and 5.4% had taken special training in pharmacovigilance, respectively. The mean knowledge, attitude and practices scores were higher in medical compared to dental professions but only mean practices scores was found statistically significant. Conclusion: The underreporting of ADRs was due to lack of knowledge and poor practice. Even though the attitude was good but still it has to improve among dental students by appropriate curriculum changes and continuing education programs in medical students.

Cardiac abscesses and aorto-cavitary fistulas are rare and serious complications of infective endocarditis (IE). They can be complicated by high degree cardiac conduction abnormalities and by haemodynamic consequences which can be life-threatening. We report here the rare case of a young patient of 27 years who presented in a table of septic shock associated with a complete atrioventricular block (AVB), making it possible to make the diagnosis of infective endocarditis to Enterococcus Cloacae, which is a germ exceptionally responsible of infective endocarditis and known multiresistant; Complicated with abscess of the Valsalva sinus, which is extended to the interventricular septum and fistulized both in the aortic lumen and in the right ventricle. The patient has unusually well evolved under amoxicillin and gentamycin associated with surgical treatment. Conduction abnormalities and aorto-right ventricular fistulas testify to the severity and extent of the lesions of abscessed infective endocarditis. Mortality is high in this context.

Pesticides are widely used in most sectors of the agricultural production to prevent or reduce losses by pests and thus can improve yield as well as quality of the produce, even in terms of cosmetic appeal, which is often important to consumers. Oxidative stress by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the toxicity of various pesticides. The present study was designed to investigate the induction of oxidative stress by Lambda cyhalothrin; a Type II pyrethroid in mice Intestine and Testis. Animals were divided into four equal groups; the first group used as control while groups 2, 3 and 4 were treated with sub lethal dose of Lambda cyhalothrin (4.8 mg/kg bw). Mice were daily administered with their respective doses for 30 days by gavage. Repeated oral administration of Lambda cyhalothrin was found to reduce the activities of the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and level of reduced glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase GR. Intestine and Testis injury was confirmed by the histological changes. In conclusion, the oral sub-acute toxicity studies of Lambda revealed that this pyrethroid is of risk in albino mice.

This study was implemented to determine the effect of lactic acid bacterial inoculants as silage additives on fermentation, aerobic stability, and in vitro organic matter digestibility of sunflower silages. Lalsil®Dry (Lallemand, France), containing water soluble Lactobacillus buchneri, Pediococcus acidilactici with cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes, was chosen as bacterial inoculants. The inoculants were applied to silages at the rates of 5, 10 and 20 mg kg−1 fresh weight levels. After the treatment, chopped whole crop sunflower was ensiled in 1.0-L special vacuum bags. The bags were stored at 25±2 °C under laboratory conditions. Three bags from each group were sampled for chemical and microbiological analysis on the 90th day after ensiling. At the end of the ensiling period, all silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test for five days. In addition, in vitro organic matter digestibility of all silages was determined. The results showed that lactic acid bacterial inoculants enhanced the characteristics of fermentation and decreased acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin contents of sunflower silages. When compared to the control group, the aerobic stability was found to get improved in Lalsil treatments, as indicated by reduced pH value, carbon dioxide production and yeast populations. Treated silage groups appeared with higher in vitro organic matter digestibility than the control group.

Uses of natural Fibers have gained importance in the recent years due to the Eco-friendly nature Recycling the existing natural resources and increasing the comprehensive development of agricultural waste have become the imperative in the development of green fiber and eco-textiles. In this paper, the author reviewed the development of the natural fiber from Palmyra sprout.

Present time is the era of changing food, sedentary lifestyle and mental stress, all these factors disturbs the digestive system resulting into many diseases. Among them Arshas are quite common in the society. Management of Arsha through surgical procedure has become notorious due to post-operative pain associated with many more complications. And surgery is not possible in cases like extremes of age, surgically unfit persons, pregnancy etc. So, t his study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of peelu taila varti with indigenous drugs in abhyantara arshas.For the present study, 30 diagnosed patients of abhyantara Arshas were selected and divided into two equal groups. In trial group, patients were treated with peelu taila varti and control group patients were treated with kaseesadi taila varti for 10 days and assessment was made on 3rd, 5th, 10th & 15th day during treatment. The patients were assessed on the basis of subjective and objective parameters before treatment, during and at the end of the treatment. There was one follow up after 1 month. The treatment with peelu taila varti have shown effective results during and post follow up of treatment in reducing signs and symptoms. After the total course of intervention the data obtained towards the results indicated that peelu taila varti was effective than kaseesadi taila varti in the management of abhyantara arshas.

The present study was conducted to observe the fish biodiversity in Sherudangabeel under Mithapukurupazilla, Rangpur, Bangladesh during the period from January to March 2017. A definite structured questionnaire had used to collect the important data from 50randomly selected both temporary and permanent fishermen from the study areas. The present study had found46 species of fish from the Sherudangabeel. Among the recorded 46 species; four species were highly endangered (8.70%), twenty eight species common (60.87%), seven species locally extinct (15.22%) and seven species were rare (15.22%) respectively. Miscellaneous (23.91%) were the most dominant group followed by Catfishes (15.22%), Carps (15.22%), Barbs and Minnows (17.39%), Perches (8.70%), Snakeheads (8.70%), Eels (6.52%) and Clupeids (4.34%) respectively. In the study area species are classified into four types such as endanger (12.77%), vulnerable (6.38%), near threat (6.38%) and least concern (74.47%). This study will be very helpful to indicate areas of high fish biodiversity and to make fish sanctuary to reduce the loss of fish biodiversity in the Sherudangabeel.

The objective was to know the behavior of the canine Parvovirosis (PVC) in mongrel dogs infected naturally by variants of PVC; for that reason, 2814 mongrel canines were used, beginning from retrospective data obtained among the years 2007-2010 in the Veterinary Hospital "Canine and Felines" of the city of Guaranda, Bolivar Province, Ecuador. The diagnosis of the illness was carried out by means of the application of the functional invariant of the clinical method and the use of the quick test Anigen (BIONOTE, seagu-dong Hwaseong-if, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). It was determined the occurrence of positive cases and the incidence of the PVC during the mentioned period, according to the procedures described by Thrusfield. The enzootic channels were built or of habitual behavior of the illness for the territory in the year 2011, starting from the series of time obtained among the years 2007-2010, by means of the method of the average of geometric mean of the rates of incidence, with the use of the program EPIDAT 3.1. To conclude, that the main epidemic indexes of the PVC will have the same behavior for the year 2011 and they can be modeled and predicted with high level of precision, whenever these can be expressed like a series of time.

The material of this study was consisted of a major flamingo brought to the animal hospital on June, 2013 with complaints of weakness, anorexia and diarrhoea. During the clinical examination, animal died and later autopsy was performed. Macroscopically; sanguineous exudates in abdominal cavity, hyperaemic intestinal serosa with thickened and smooth loops were observed. In the epithelium, erosions and ulcerations were observed. In addition to these macroscopical findings, adult parasites were observed in the intestinal lumen. After autopsy, tissue samples were acquired in 10% formalin solution and intestinal content were sent to laboratory for histopathological examination. Hyperaemia on the intestinal serosa and enteritis characterized with oedema and haemorrhage were determined according to the histopathological examination. Villous atrophy in the intestinal epithelium was determined as a result of necrosis, erosion and ulceration. After parasitological examination, adult form and eggs of Phoenicolepsis nakurensis were observed. As this is the first case reported in our country and this parasite may be an important reason for death caused by enteritis in flamingos; it is concluded that taking this parasite into consideration will be beneficial.

Sustainable consumption (SC) is considered as an important aspect for the development and environmental care for Colombia and other countries around the world. However, some limitations in terms of research and knowledge on SC (Ministerio de Ambiente, 2010) are presented at a national level, as well as at a regional and local level as there is a little information about the issue (UCEVA- CVC, 2013), and it is required to delve into the knowledge and state of art of SC (Cruz G. Javier, 2014). It is evidenced the need for an analysis on SC in Colombia which addresses conceptual aspects and investigative trends in the issue and contributing to strengthen its research. This study explores the way to contribute to the research strengthening on SC at a national and local level in order to advance in the pursuit of innovation and the dissemination of sustainable consumption patterns (Ministerio de Ambiente, 2010). At the same, time it seeks that the Environmental Engineering program of UCEVA guide its research processes on SC in a coherent manner with what is conceptually established and use methodological tools consistent with the issue. This led to theoretical analysis in which main concepts are established in SC and procedures to deal with its study and interdisciplinary. Also, important aspects in order to advance in the study of the matter were set up, among them, education for SC and research trends in SC at a national level that cover different sectors such as business, education and social ones.

Okra is an important food for many populations in Côte d'Ivoire. However, viral diseases are a real threat to this crop. The general objective is to generate scientific knowledge to protect okra production. Phytosanitary surveys were carried out two weeks after planting at the Ahoué (Ayaman-Abidjan) experimental site and until harvest. The incidence and severity of symptoms were observed. The effect of the viral disease on yield was also determined by comparing the different agronomic parameters between 50 apparently healthy and infected plants. These plants were previously labeled after the results of the PCR assays with the universal primers directed against okra-infecting Begomovirus (Cotton Leaf Curl Gezira Virus (CLCuGV) and Okra Yellow Crinkle Virus (OYCrV) but also simple symptoms (Mosaic, crinkle, leaf curl, leaf discoloration and vein brightening), but complex symptoms have also been observed. The incidence of viral diseases ranges from 50% to 80% throughout The highest yields, 4 on the scale of 1 to 5, were recorded in the complex symptoms of mosaic + crinkle + leaf curl, yield losses by 48.93% were due to Okra viral disease. The use of resistant or tolerant varieties combined with appropriate farming techniques to control effectively the viral disease.

Background: Intestinal parasitic infection is one of the major and serious medical and public health problems in developing countries including Ethiopia. Children being major victims, therefore effective prevention and control of intestinal parasitic infections require the identification of local risk factors, particularly among school children. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among Homesha District school children, Northwest Ethiopia. Method: School based cross sectional study was conducted from March-June 2015.A total of 395 school children as study subjects were selected from four primary schools by using simple random sampling technique. Data were gathered through direct interview by using a pretested questionnaire. This data collection technique involve teachers to get correct answer in the case of lower age students. The collected stool specimens were examined microscopically for the presence of eggs, cysts and trophozoites of intestinal parasites using direct saline smear and formol-ether concentration methods. Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS version 20.Chi-square (χ2) test and crude odd ratio were calculated to verify and measure the possible association between IPIs and potential risk factors. Result: The overall prevalence of intestinal parasite in the present study was 160/395 (35.44 %), for at least one intestinal parasite. The prevalence rate was 66 (31.88%) for male and 74 (39.36%) for female. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was high in age group of 6-9 years compared to other age groups. Of the nine species of intestinal parasites identified, the most prevalent were E. histolytica/dispar 56 (14.17%) followed by G. lamblia 50 (12.65%) and Hook worm 27 (10.12%).In this study the most significantly associated risk factors for the occurrence of intestinal parasitic infections were hand washing habit, eating unwashed/undercooked vegetables, waste disposal habit, shoe wearing habit and practice of figure nail trimming (P<0.05). The risk factors were also associated with increased prevalence. Conclusion: Intestinal parasites were prevalent in varying magnitude among the schoolchildren. And they are public health problem. The prevalence of infections were higher for protozoa compared to helminths. Therefore, the District health office in collaboration with schools community and other stake holders should work to take measures including education on personal hygiene and environmental sanitation to reduce the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections.

The aim of research : (1) to verify the cropsyst plant model of experimental data in the field of soybean plants and (2) to predict planting time and potential yield soybean plant with the use of cropsyst model. This research is divided into several stages: (1) first calibration stage which is conducted in field from April until September 2016. (2) application models stage, where the data obtained from calibration in field will be included in cropsyst models. The required data models is climate data, ground data/soil data, also crop genetic data. The relationship between the obtained result in field with simulation cropsyst model indicated by Efficiency Index (EF) which the value is 0,784. This is showing that cropsyst model well used. From the calculation result RRMSE which the value is 2,351%. This is showing that comparative fault prediction results from simulation with result obtained in the field is 2,351%. Conclusion has obtained that prediction of soybean planting time cropsyst based models that have been made valid for use. and the appropriate planting time for planting soybeans mainly on rain-fed land is at the end of the rainy season, in which the above study first planting time (Mei 1, 2016) which gives the highest production, because at that time there was still some rain. Tanggamus varieties more resistant to slow planting time because the percentage decrease in the yield of each decade is lower than the average of all varieties.

The DTPA extractable cationic micronutrient and some important soil physic-chemical properties were investigated in two ecosystem of Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu using GPS technique. Considering the critical limits of soil micronutrients, all soil associations were not adequately supplied with DTPA extractable micronutrients in both ecosystems. Irrespective of land use, the DTPA extractable cationic micronutrients were positively related with organic carbon content and negatively related to calcium carbonate content. The soils under rainfed condition possessed lesser values of all the nutrient availability than irrigated soil environment. Deficient soil samples were found in all the blocks, for Fe, Zn, Cu and B in district and none of the samples from all the blocks had deficient in range of Mn except Nainarkovil block

Genetic variability and divergence were studied for yield and yield related traits in fifty one elite low land rice cultures, selected on the basis of their tolerance to situations like submergence and stagnant flooding. The experimental materials possessed considerable amount of variability for all the traits. Majority of the traits showed smaller difference between phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation. Both GCV and PCV were high for number of fertile grains / panicle, 100-grain weight, harvest index, grain yield / plant and plot yield while, high heritability with moderate to high genetic gain for days to 50 % flowering, plant height, number of fertile grains / panicle, 100-grain weight, harvest index and plot yield indicating the presence of additive gene effect. The test genotypes were grouped into twelve clusters, where Cluster I and Cluster II were the largest accommodating ten genotypes. Maxim minter-cluster distance was noticed between the clusters VIII and XI, which could be used for recombination breeding to throw some transgressive segregants for varietal improvement. Days to 50 % flowering and plant height contributed maximum to genetic diversity.

Teff (Eragrostis tef) is one of the most important traditional staple cereal crop grown in Ethiopia extensively under various climatic and soil conditions. On farm experiments aimed at evaluating productivity of teff in response to NP fertilizers and identifying the most suitable NP rates for production of teff were conducted at farmer’s field at Edo Kebele, Duguna Fango Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia in the main rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013. Four levels of nitrogen (0, 23, 46, and 69 kg ha-1) and phosphorous (0, 10, 20, and 30 kg ha-1) were used to evaluate productivity of teff under participatory approach by using Farmers' Research and Extension Group (FRG). Teff variety DZ-Cr-37 was used for the experiment in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizers had very highly influenced total biomass, grain and straw yields of teff but the effect of N and P interaction was not significant on these parameters. Highest net benefit was obtained with application of 23 kg ha-1 followed by 46 kg ha-1 after which the net benefit declined. Similarly, highest net benefit was obtained from the application of 10 kg P ha-1. Farmers’ evaluation result also indicated that most of the participating farmers preferred application of 23 kg N ha-1 and 10 kg P ha-1. Therefore, application of 23 kg N ha-1 and 10 kg P ha-1 is recommended for production of teff at Edo.

Field experiment was carried out at the farmer’s field at village Raghogarh, Dist. Guna of Madhya Pradesh to evaluate the effect of vermicompost, biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizers on the biochemical compounds (chlorophyll, carbohydrate and protein) of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Coriander was grown with 8 different combinations of fertilizers using vermicompost, biofertilizers (Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria sp. Pseudomonas strata) and chemical fertilizers (NPK) including one control treatment. The results indicated that the chlorophyll, carbohydrate and protein content of coriander were significantly higher in T7 treatment compared to other treatments and control at different growth stages. Thus it can be concluded that combined use of different fertilizers is the best option to coriander for better quality crop production.

The role of aquaculture in world food production is increasing very fast, contributing with more than 40% for the total production of aquatic organisms. The general approach in modern aquaculture resembles much that of industrial agriculture and husbandry, with large energy subsidies and the usage of many chemicals in, predominantly, monoculture systems, with a large ecological footprint. In spite of the large body of regulation available worldwide, there are important ecologic, economic and social impacts in many countries as a result of aquaculture. In some cases, the anticipation of these impacts by local populations represents a negative feedback for aquaculture development. In the present work, a review of those impacts is presented, followed by a discussion of the carrying capacity concept, then by presenting some approaches and methods that may help planning aquaculture developments including the Drives Pressures States Impacts Responses framework, modeling and Decision Support Systems and, finally, by a synthesis of aquaculture related legislation worldwide. In the 21st century the fresh water scarcity increased very rapidly due to the urbanization and industrialization process. In these conditions the urban wastewater plays an important role in the water usage criteria. In this aspect, in all the major cities, wastewater treatment plants have been constructed to treat the urban wastewater in view of decreasing the water scarcity. The presence of nutrients in the wastewater is considered as beneficial to agricultural and aquaculture practices. The contaminants present in the wastewater pose health risks directly to agricultural and aquaculture system and indirectly to the consumers as the long term application of the wastewater may result in the accumulation of toxic elements in fishes. In this way the heavy metals will circulate among the food chain and food web to cause adverse effects on human health as well as on soil health. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the characteristics of urban wastewater at wastewater treatment plant of Mysuru city, also heavy metal concentration was studied in fishes and wastewater.

An understanding of the principles of operation of capture and culture fisheries helps to throw light on the definition of aquaculture. The expressions capture and culture fisheries are self-explanatory. In the former, one reaps the aquatic harvest without having to sow, whereas, in the latter, one has to sow the seed, nurse it, tend it, rear it and harvest it when it grows to marketable size. Culture fisheries are usually carried out in small water bodies which can be manipulated, pre-prepared for stocking; which are often manured and/or fertilized before, during and after stacking; and/or where fish are fed from extraneous sources. The principles of management of capture and culture fisheries are very different from each other. In the case of capture fisheries one has to attempt to harvest maximum sustainable yield by regulating fishing effort and mesh after taking into account parameters of population dynamics such as rates of recruitment, natural and fishing mortalities, fish growth and size at which recruitment occurs. Management of capture fisheries requires knowledge of the dynamics of the fish populations under exploitation. For effective aquaculture, one has to gain familiarity and control water quality to enhance its biological productivity; one has to understand fish nutrition so as to be able to formulate nutritionally balanced fish diet; one has to delve deep into fish genetics so as to be able to evolve new varieties and strains which bestow commercial advantages to the product in terms of superior growth rate, nutritive value, bonelesness, taste, odour etc.; one has to prevent incidence of fish infections and diseases through prophylatics and therapeutics.

Five pedons were evaluated for their suitability to red gram on the basis of variation in physiography, parent materials, and soil nutrients in Ponnaniyar basin soils of Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu. The pedons were developed by non calcareous gneiss with feldspar (P1), granite and feldspar intermingled in pedon 2, weathered gneiss (P3), weathered quartz and felspatic gneiss (P4) and gneiss with lime parent materials (P5) and classified as Vertisol (P3, P5), Inceptisol (P1, P2) and Alfisol (P4). In general, sand, silt and clay contents ranged from 16.00 to 71.55, 8.95 to 49.50 and 12.35 to 55.25% in different horizons, respectively. The soils were calcareous and moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline in reaction. The organic carbon ranged from 0.13 to 0.39 g kg-1 and cation exchange capacity from 16.23 to 19.91 cmol(p+)kg-1 soil. The soils were low, medium and high in available N, P and K respectively. All five pedons are moderately suitable (S1) for red gram cultivation, except Eliyattur series, it showed temporarily not suitable (N1) category.

Introduction: Endometriosis is one of the most common benign gynecological diseases characterized by the implantation and growth of viable endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. The exact prevalence of endometriosis is not known but estimates range from 10-15% within the women of reproductive age group. Women with endometriosis are usually confronted with one or both of the two major problems-Endometriosis associated pain and infertility. Pain includes dysmenorrhea, Dyspareunia, Dyschezia and non menstrual pelvic pain with a significant effect on various aspects of women’s life including their social and sexual relationships, work and study. Objectives: The present work is an attempt to understand endometriosis through Ayurvedic concepts. Material and Methods: Ayurveda classics, text books of gynecology, and internet publications were consulted and reviewed for carrying out the present work. Conclusion: Endometriosis cannot be correlated to any single disease of Ayurveda. It can be considered as a syndrome complex of Vataja yonivyapaths based on the clinical presentation .The treatment can be formulated by following the treatment principles of Yonivyapath, Gulma, Granthi, Arthava dushti, Pradara etc. This type of interpretation may help to formulate an effective ayurvedic treatment modality that can efficiently reduce the lesions with limited side effects and no interference with the patient’s menstrual physiology and fertility.

Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles from seaweed extract is a promising alternative to the traditional method of chemical synthesis. In this paper, we report the synthesis of nanostructured zinc oxide particles by a biological method. Highly stable and spherical zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP’s) are produced by zinc acetate utilizing the biocomponents of crude extract of Turbinaria conoides. Formation of ZnO-NP’s has been confirmed by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential study and Scanning Electron Microscope with the Energy Dispersive X-ray studies (EDX). The ZnO-NP’s from Turbinaria conoides are expected to have applications in pharmaceutics, biomedical, cosmetic industries, biotechnology, sensors, medical, catalysis, optical device, coatings, drug delivery and water remediation. This new eco-friendly approach to synthesis is a novel, cheap and convenient technique suitable for large-scale commercial production.

In most cases Cochlear Implant users are subject to post-surgical treatment that not only calibrates and adjusts via mapping functions the acoustic characteristics of the recipient’s hearing, but also applies linguistic course treatments designed to reverse the physical or mental debilitating effects of severe hearing loss. Usually Cochlear Implant users attend stringent Special Education courses to regain normal schooling access. During this process, distinguishing features of oral and aural communication are promoted. This research extrapolates the learning aptitude tests, like storytelling, to the sphere of singing and music comprehension in general. It aims to evince how neurophysiological processes in oral and aural communication are affected by mental representations and how the observation of meaningful signals can reveal musical contours that link social or musical intelligence attributes with performance shapes.

As the use of digital techniques for transmitting and storing images are increasing, it becomes very important issue that how to protect the confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of images over the open network is not toiled with. There are various techniques which are discovered from time to time to encrypt and decrypt images to make them more secure during transmission. This paper reviewed 28 research papers dealing with wide-range of image encryption and decryption techniques that are combined to give a better algorithm. Those encryption techniques are studied and analysed to promote the performance of the encryption methods. Everyday new techniques are evolving hence fast and secure conventional encryption techniques work with high security rate. Each of the new techniques is unique in its own way and this makes it suitable for many applications. The results of the simulations showed that every algorithm has advantages and disadvantages. But the combined techniques are generally faster and the security level is high. Therefore, it is recommended that more complex algorithm should be used to provide high speed and security in cryptosystem and modified versions of various algorithms should also be used to increase the security level.

This study was performed to reduce greenhouse gas by producing the bio solid fuel with sewage sludge as the main material. However, the sewage sludge has a high moisture content, so the energy cost of the drying process is considerable, and the calorific value is 3000 ~ 4000kcal / kg, which is low value to replace fossil fuels. In order to improve these problems and to secure competitiveness against fossil fuels, bio - solid fuel was prepared by mixing sewage sludge and biomass, and then the mixing ratio was optimized. This study suggests a method to reduce the number of experiments and to optimize the composition of bio solid fuel by using mixture design which is one of the design of experiment (DOE). As a result, the moisture content was reduced by about 20% and the calorific value of about 1000 kcal / kg could be improved.

Advertising is the key for building, creating and sustaining brands. Advertisements play a major role in persuading, informing and reminding both potential and existing customers towards making a brand decision. It plays a vital role in shaping dreams and aspirations and helps customer take conscious product and brand decisions. Television advertising is the most memorable and easily digested formats around us. Unlike other strategies, television commercials have a variety of tools to call upon to gain a viewer’s attention, such as video, animation, graphics, voice, sound effects and music. Confidence is the factor for success of television advertising. No other medium projects the same amount of confidence as television advertising. With view of this point the study was conducted to know the opinion of teenagers, adults and adolescents about the impact of television advertisements. The study was conducted in and around Hubli-Dharwad and selection of respondents was through random sampling method. The total sample size was 50. The result indicated general information of the respondents indicated that cent percent of the respondents were belongs to 18 to 20 year age group. Majority (64.00%) of the respondents were male. The overall opinion index of the respondents to the extent of 57.20 and opinion of the respondents was non- significant relationship with age, gender, course studying of the respondents and parental occupation of the respondent.

In three-dimensional metrology. Three-dimensional measuring means the means have been widely multiplied in recent years, in metrology laboratories, in production workshops, with the evolution of technology in general, the software associated with these machines are multiplied and allow to obtain the results of measurements with different methods. In this paper we carried out a series of measurements of ten (10) identical parts on a numerically controlled three dimensional measuring machine. To do this we carry out computer-aided design, three-dimensional of the type of parts, in three-dimensional design software, for the manufacture of parts subject to experimentation. The least-squares method is applied for the evaluation of the geometrical specifications of the parts. A measurement repeatability procedure was carried out in order to overcome the influences of the operator in the measurement results. We define the parameters allowing to estimating the uncertainties of measurements or of the capacity to measure numerically controlled three-dimensional machine. After several studies and experiments, we have found it is important to estimate the capability of its three-dimensional digital control means. Our article series up a pragmatic approach to estimating the uncertainties of measurement results or the numerically controlled three dimensional machine-to-machine capability. In a simple tool for three dimensional controllers. From the results obtained from the software associated with the three-dimensional measuring machine. The approach makes it possible to estimate the uncertainties or the capability of numerically controlled three-dimensional measuring machines.

In this Paper we have studied the PLC and VFD, its operation which can be used along with the Induction Motor and can control the parameters of it for Automation in industries. The overall scheme and system of implementing V/f control has been presented. One of the basic requirements of this scheme is the PWM Inverter system. In this, PWM Inverters have been modelled and their outputs are fed to the Induction Motor drives system. The uncontrolled singl like transient and steady state response of the Induction Motor has been obtained and analyzed. The speed of the motor is controlled by varying the frequency through triggering the VFD i.e. PWM technique. Thus it causes the output voltage of the VFD according to its turn on time i.e switching time. The inverter converts DC power to AC power at the required frequency and define amplitude. By this the variable frequency is set by VFD and the motor speed can be changed to the required speed. The entire control system is switched by using PLC system. Thus the main Aim of this paper is the monitoring, operating speed control of motor based on VFD and programmable logic controller, and SCADA system is also developed which shows the parameters of IM on the GUI Application based Software.

This review was undertaken as preparatory work to provide the background and scientific rationale for a laboratory study on TheraCal. A review of the literature was performed by using electronic and hand-searching methods for the chemical and physical properties. More clinical studies will be necessary. Gaps in the research field for TheraCal include the topics solubility, setting mechanism, microhardness, and bond strength.

The work mainly deals with the design of a geostationary orbit for a communication satellite. The mission and requirements are determined by the ∆V budget calculation been done for four different cases and obtained the low ∆V total which will be more efficient for the fuel consumption. Six Keplerian Orbital elements and orbital perturbations for the low earth parking orbit and finally attained geostationary orbit is been calculated theoretically and shown. Further using GMAT software, the simulation of the geostationary orbit is attained and various analysis (Iterations, Differential corrector, Report and Ephemeris files, Graphs) are done based on the altitude of the orbit. In this paper a brief introduction is given for communication satellites and its importance and detailed study about various orbits which helps in obtaining a result of choosing a suitable orbit based on eccentricity and inclination classifications. Detailed explanation is given for the chosen orbit for communication satellite.

3/4th of the research work has been done based on selecting an orbit for a communication satellite, delta-V calculation to obtain a low delta-V total for fuel consumption, building required impulsive burns to attain the orbit by the satellite and six keplerian orbital elements to describe the satellite’s position and direction in the previous discussions of my paper. In this paper orbital perturbations calculation will be done for various disturbances which affect the satellite’s mission. Usually geosynchronous launch vehicle is used to spot the satellite in its particular position. GSLV–F04 of MK.II series is chosen for its perigee and apogee distance because with these values delta-V can be calculated. And along with orbital perturbations, satellites under various environments are also been explained theoretically. Rather than this, general and special perturbations are described briefly to attain perturbations are caused by the changes in the orbital elements and in the velocities, position and acceleration of a satellite.

After the detailed study about orbits, GEO is chosen based on developments to be done in the inclination and eccentricity. Hohmann transfer is needed to attain the GEO, so delta-V calculation is carried out for four different cases and proved the lower delta-V total. To extend further, calculations for orbital elements and perturbations to be done, to analysis the satellite’s position in its respective orbit. By determining these values, they can be entered in the software and orbit design will be optimized. In this paper, theoretical calculation for orbital elements, brief explanation of orbital man oeuvres and how to determine it will be studied. And calculation for six keplerian orbital elements for both LEO and GEO will also be carried out. The importance of epoch both in practical and software cases are explained in a detailed manner. The three dimensional trajectories which will be useful to locate the satellite’s position and direction are described in the manner how the software works on it.

This study aims to determine the impact of price indexes and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) index on trends in the use of domestic air transport in Vietnam. From the theoretical base, the article has developed a model of research and analysis the data of these elements over a 15-year period from 2002 to 2016. Research results show that the GDP index and transport price index of alternative modes have a positive impact on the trend of using domestic air transport service in Vietnam, but price index of air transport has a negative impact. In particular, the level of its impact in air cargo transport is quite low due to the proportion of air cargo transport in cargo transport modes is still low. While domestic passenger transport is strongly influenced by the air passenger transport price index and the passenger transport price index of alternative modes of transport due to the proportion of passenger in modes of transport is quite high. However the impact of GDP index is relatively low. These findings are an important basis for planning transport policy in Vietnam through transport pricing policies.

The current study is aimed at investigation of effective factors on successful implementation of knowledge management in Iranian public banks and its impact on job satisfaction of these employees. The increasing growth of knowledge and skills in information technology, globalization and competitive environment of the banking industry environment, as well as the rapid changes in this area have made it necessary to better organize and manage well-known and hidden organizational knowledge. Human resources management in all organizations should provide a bed for the management of knowledge in which the acquisition of information and knowledge and its sharing throughout the organization is institutionalized and a platform for increasing employee satisfaction is made. Therefore, the move towards the full realization of the knowledge management system has always been on the agenda of organizations, especially for the financial institutions. The tasks of human resources management in learning organizations are based on the attraction and maintenance of knowledge employees. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of knowledge management establishment on job satisfaction of employees. The statistical population of this study included employees who were aware of knowledge management. Using t-student test, it was found that the average of employees' opinions about the effect of knowledge management establishment on employee's job satisfaction is high, so all four research hypotheses were confirmed. The results showed that employees with a mean of 4.11 in Likert's 5-point scale believed that job satisfaction would increase if knowledge management was established.

Study of coordination compounds of heavy metal ions is of special interest since past due to their growing applications in science and technology. Complexation behavior of Triphenyl-Methane Dyes viz. Chrome Azurol-S,CAS; and Pyrocatechol Violet PCV, in the presence and absence of surfactant Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide has been found to form stable water soluble pink colored complexes. CTAB have shown to increase sensitivity of the color reactions of these complexes with greater solubility and higher stability. The addition of some heavy metal ions such as Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II), to these sensitized modified reagents resulted in the formation of intense, stable colored complexes. The composition of the complexes of metal ions under study remains same in both dyes CAS and PCV as 1:1, both in the absence and presence of CTAB except in case of Cd(II). In case of Cd(II) with CAS it is 1:1 and it changes as 1:2 in presence of CTAB. Dissociation constants pK values of dye- surfactant modified reagents has been calculated. Various analytical parameters including rate of color formation, effect of temperature and stability of color formation, range of adherence to Beers Law, Molar Extinction constants, Sensitivity, were studied for all systems in absence as well as in presence of CTAB.A simple, rapid, highly sensitized stable method has been proposed. Precision and Accuracy of the method suggested for microdetermination of metal ions was determined which shown suggested methods are both precise and accurate.

Memory is an important component of an embedded system. Memory testing is very complex. Large error rates are occurring because of technology scaling and also due to higher integration densities. Soft errors are considered as one of the problems with respect to the memories. This paper focuses on the design of an efficient system, that detects and corrects the error. Hence, the number of cycles required to detect and correct the error is also less. EG-LDPC codes, that is, Euclidean Geometry Low Density Parity Check codes are used here. Previous method like Majority Logic Decoding requires more number of cycles for detection and correction of error. But, this paper deals about Majority Logic Detector/Decoder (MLDD) technique wherein error detection and correction takes place in less number of cycles. Hence, the speed of operation can be increased, power consumption can be reduced and also area required for this technique is very less.

In developing countries the energy problems are both widespread and serious. Lack of access to sufficient and sustainable supplies of energy impacts around 90% of the population of many developing countries. People are compelled to live without regular and good quality electricity supply. The rural population remains dependent on fuels such as animal dung, crop residues, fuel wood and charcoal to cook their daily meals. Without efficient, clean energy, people are undermined in their efforts to engage effectively in productive activities and improve their quality of life (Barnes and Floor, 1996). India is home to the largest rural population in the world with approx. 68.84% of the total population residing in rural areas (Census, 2011). In order to contribute to the overall development in India, access to modern energy and cleaner fuel for rural households is important. There is a need to bridge the access gap by expanding energy systems to meet the energy requirements of the fast growing population and mitigate the threat of climate change. The best possible solution to the energy poverty challenges lies in the shift towards sustainable energy technologies. In the present scenario, the uncontrollable increase in use of non-renewable energies such as fossil fuel, oil, natural gas has led to fluctuation of demand and supply. This negative energy balance for decades has forced India to purchase energy from other countries to fulfill the needs of the entire country. Hence, energy access is an important component of poverty alleviation and an indispensable element of sustainable human development. Government of India has initiated numerous development programmes, focusing on providing sustainable energy solutions to rural communities often deprived of clean and uninterrupted energy supply for their daily energy requirements. The study entitled ‘Renewable Energy Options among Rural Households’ was conducted in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh states. The outcomes of the study provide a roadmap for future programmes promoting the use of clean, efficient and modern energy technologies, to be implemented more effectively. Findings would further benefit the primary and secondary key stakeholders involved in research and development, formulation of policies and regulations, promoting sale and purchase and provide financial assistance to future energy programmes meant to popularize the use of Renewable Energy Technologies.

To R. K. Narayan was born on 10th August, 1906 in Madras in a working class south Indian family. R.K. Narayan is widely considered to be one of India's greatest English language novelists. The most attractive feature of Narayan's personality is that he is a pure Indian both in spirit and thought, despite his preference for English language over his mother tongue for the expression of his creative urge. Deeply rooted in religion and family, he is understandably indiffrent to literary fashions of the West. All his works take place in the village of Malgudi, the typical Indian village. In The Man Eater of Malgudi, published in 1961, R.K.Narayan makes a conscious use of mythical technique. He goes to the ancient myths and legends, juxtaposes them with the facets of modern life and in this way brings out the similarities and contrasts between the past and the present. The novel presents a clear use of Narayan's experiment with the form of fiction, 'experiment in the employment of the Ravana and Bhasmasur myth'. It is clear that Narayan's employment of the Ravana and Bhasmasura myth in this novel is exlpicit. Narayan's concern with myth is related to the creation of Vasu as a constant human phenomenon, as a form of evil present in every human society, especially in urban developing societies like that of Malgudi. Vasu is modern equivalent of Ravana. The reference of the Ramayana is related to the myth of Ravana in a complex way. The present research is an attempt to prove that the use of myth, suggested and gathered up in bits here and there, is important for one valid reason. Even the simpler realities of life, however bold and uninteresting, they may appear to less discerning eyes, shows that eternity looks through the common place and meager chunks of life.

Despite the progressively expansion of global trade in services in developing economies today, with share of 31 percent in global exports and 38.7 percent in global imports of commercial services in the year 2015, and with 9.8 percent and 10.4 percent overall mean growth in exports and imports of commercial services in the span of 10 years (i.e. 2006 to 2015), whereas in the same span overall mean growth in exports and imports of commercial services in developed economies were 5.4 percent and 4.7 percent. Developing economies are more behind to developed economies in global trade of services in terms of percentage, having 66.8 percent and 58.2 percent share in world exports and imports of commercial services, in the year 2015. Participation of developing economies in exports of commercial services continues to lag behind in services of higher-skilled, such as charges for the use of intellectual property n. i. e., insurance and pension services and financial services, research and development, professional and management consulting services, and technical, trade-related and other business services. It remains challenges to these economies. This paper examines the participation of developing economies in world trade of commercial services, with a view to knowing both the challenges and achievements of several services in developing economies. Using UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics, UNCTAD Stat., latest trade trends jointly produced by WTO and UNCTAD according to BPM6 presentation and WTO’s statistical publication, We first highlight the developing economies at a glance. Second, highlights the share of developing economies in world trade of commercial services, structure of developing and developed economies’ exports of commercial services and comparison between them to investigate several parameters being world trade in commercial services of developing economies may go ahead in escaped global services. Finally, to analyze the developing economies’ global trade of commercial services.

School culture is a life attitude that is realized by the view of life by values that have become the nature, habits and driving forces that entrenched in the life of a group of society / organization, which is reflected in the behavior, beliefs, ideals, opinions and actions Tangible as work or work. The concept of school organizational culture will ultimately affect the school climate. Therefore, improving the quality and quality of education in schools should always be accompanied by the development of a conducive school culture and climate by applying the basic values as the principle of school life.

In our society, the analgesic care and quality of life issues in patients with fatal illnesses like advanced cancer and AIDS have become an important concern for clinicians. Similar to this concern has arisen another controversial issue-euthanasia or “mercy –killing” of terminally ill patients. Proponents of physician-assisted suicide (PAS) feel that an individual's right to independence automatically entitles him to choose a painless death. The opponents feel that a physician's role in the death of an individual violates the central precept of the medical profession. Moreover, undiagnosed sadness and possibility of social ‘coercion’ in people asking for euthanasia put a further question mark on the ethical principles underlying such an act. These concerns have led to strict guidelines for implementing PAS. Evaluation of the mental state of the person consenting to PAS becomes mandatory and here, the role of the psychiatrist becomes essential. Although considered illegal in our country, PAS has several advocates in the form of voluntary organizations like “death with dignity” foundation. This has got a stimulus in the recent Hon’ble Supreme Court of India Judgment in the ArunaShaunbag case. What remains to be seen is how long it takes before this sensitive issue rattles the Indian legislature.

In today’s Global Era, people focus too much on changing fashion trends and adopt new styles, colors, patterns, techniques, outfits and accessories. In this changing era, innovation of braiding techniques in garments can enhance the look of the outfits as well as bring something new in the society. Till today braiding is more significant to produce technical textiles and household textiles rather than fashion garments. So a study on “Braiding – Advancement in the world of Garment Designing” was conducted. In this study, braids were used in garment designing by three styles: Flat braid, hanging style and patch work style. 100% of the respondents like the concept of braiding.

The aim of this paper is to explore the current statutory law on the matter of custody and analyze the conditions under which the custody can be handed over under various personal law. Furthermore, the judicial response to this issue is evaluated through the help of various decided case laws. In addition to that this paper intends to provide an insight to judiciary's response to the principle of best interest of the child in the realm of deciding the matter of custody.

Urbanisation has become a rapid socio-economic phenomena in the twenty first century. Urbanism, or way of life of urban dwellers is the process which shapes the urban structure. Economic activities are a major part of this way of life, of which consumer behavior is a major part. It influences the urban scenario and environment in more than one way. The present study tries to assess the changing character of consumer behaviour in a peripheral municipality of Kolkata Metropolitan Area, Baidyabati, situated almost forty kilometers away from Kolkata. The study is based on data collected by primary survey and analysis of those data by qualitative and quantitative methods. The study shows how relationship between commodity and consumer has changed over the year and use and throw mentality has taken grip of a part of consumer psyche. It also shades light on how these factor, joined with a garbage management system that is trying hard to take care of more than it’s capacity, creates a problem for the environment of this urban area and tries to find a way for it’s sustainable development.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and life quality of physically handicapped individuals. Population of this study consisted of physically handicapped individuals who receive treatment at different rehabilitation centers of Istanbul province, and sample consisted of 172 volunteer participants who were selected randomly. Personal information form to determine demographical characteristics of participants prepared by researcher, self-esteem scale to determine self-esteem levels of participants developed by Rosenberg (1965) and adapted to Turkish by Çuhadaroğlu (1986) Life Quality Scale translated in Turkish by Aksungur (2009) were used in study. The data obtained were recorded in SPSS 23.0 Package Program. In accordnce with the purpose of researcher, it was determined that this study was a non-parametric study. In this direction Mann Whitney U test, Kruskall Wallis and Speaman correlation analysis were applied. As a result, according to gender; a significant difference was determined in self-esteem levels of physically handicapped individuals and also a significant difference was found in life quality according to ages and participation in sports status. In addition a positive relationship was determined between self-esteem and life quality levels of physically handicapped individuals.

This study examined cash less policy and the financial performance of banks in Nigeria. Time series data for the period 2007 to 2016 for five variables representing about fifty (50) annual observations was generated from the Central Bank of Nigeria Economic Reports and Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation Annual Reports. The study used Augmented Dickey Fuller test to determine the stationary state of the variables. It also employs the descriptive statistics and panel least squares multiple regression method to analyze the data generated. The empirical findings revealed that cash less policy largely determined the financial performance of banks in the Nigerian banking sector as indicated by the coefficient of determination. The volume of Automated Teller Machine (ATMVL) and Point of Sales (POSVL) were found to increased banks financial performance though not statistically significant. Web based Technique volume and bank size were negative and not statistically significant on the financial performance of banks. The study there recommends that more ATM centers/ outlets should be opened by banks through the influence of the Central Bank of Nigeria in order to enhance the success of the cash less policy. Point of Sales should be encouraged in business transactions by investors, the government and the general public at large in Nigeria as this would further deepen the penetration of the cashless policy.

The paper is a theoretical study on the problem of inconsistency and prospect in measurement and evaluation of students’ performance in the foundation lying of nation building. The paper extolled the role of accurate measurement and evaluation of students’ performance in quality (or safety) assurance in nation building. Clarifying the role of measurement and evaluation in nation building was not farfetched since the concept of ‘building’ is synonymous with construction whose key element is measurement. The task of ‘construction’ is the responsibility of skilled workers who are trained through the process of education. The inputs and outputs in the training system go through measurement and evaluation process. The outcome of the process forms the basis for making accurate decisions and policies for training the manpower which is strategic to nation building. And above all, measurement and evaluation report forms the basis of selecting prospective workers in different capacities. The marking of essay test is a significant aspect of measurement and evaluation in education and the focus of this study. The study thus periscopes the search for marking method in literature, that would yield improved measurement and evaluation of students’ performance in essay tests. Giving all the merits and demerits of the different methods, the conclusion of this paper is that the segmented method of marking essay test with the requirement of pre marking training session for examiners and legible examinees’ handwriting has the best comparative advantage. This would improve the accuracy of students’ grade, which will in turn, make the decisions in education and recruitment exercises in the various establishments enhance the effectiveness in the building of the nation’s institutions.

Advertisement is the promotional activity for marketing a commodity. In the present day world of mass production and distribution, advertising serves as the powerful tool in the marketing machinery. It is only through proper advertising a new product can be introduced in the market. Advertising to children is the act of marketing or advertising products or services defined by national legislation and advertising standards. It is often a subject of debate, relating to the alleged influence on children consumption. Laws concerning such advertisements have largely evolved in recent years. In most countries, advertising for children is framed by a mix of legislation and advertising self regulation. In this paper we try to focus on the advertisement factors that influence the purchase decision of the children.

The Philosophy of non violence is very important in the 21st century, because today we live in a violent world. Everywhere there is a mood of restlessness and a desire for change. It is absolutely true that violence can never solve problems or bring peace to the world. It is the law of our species as violence is the law of brute. But non – violence is a guarantee and is most efficacious virtue. If we apply the ideas and ideals of non violence in our day to day life we can establish the kingdom of God on earth. The present study intends to understand Gandhian contribution of Non violence.

The paper Right Implication of Unique identification Number tries to put the current UID project of India into a perspective to evaluate the set of issues and concerns, as pointed by various entrepreneur and try to understand the degree of criticality of those arguments. In this light, the areas of concerns around the UID project in India are also being pointed out. Given the largest IT project in any globally, the topic is of immense significance besides being timely and the discussion can provide encouragement to a series of research activities in the areas of public policy, information systems planning and execution as well as appreciating the risks that get associated with such large initiatives. This paper also tries to put the current UID project of India into a perspective to evaluate the set of issues and concerns, as pointed by various stakeholders and try to understand the degree of critically of those arguments, typically in a style of bringing up the perspectives presented. In this light, the areas of concerns around the UID project in India are also being pointed, with reference to information that already exists in the public domain. Given the largest IT project in any government globally, the topic is of immense significance besides being timely and the discussion can provide exhortation to a series of research activities in the areas of public policy, information systems planning and execution as well as appreciating the risks that get associated with such large initiatives.

A Comparison of the Ancient Zoroastrian Flood Saga and the Story of Noah in the Book of Genesis concerns the myth as related to Noah in the Book of Genesis, which originated in the ancient Near East. Commonalities among Noah's Ark and ancient Sumerian and Babylonian flood stories include a chosen hero, godly wrath, and flood warnings, instructions to build a mechanism to survive the flood, gathering of animal and human lives, survival, and repopulation. This article contextualizes and compares overlapping features of Mesopotamian, affirming the ancient Zoroastrian flood myth as an important part of the myth's overall, cross-cultural universality.

This paper is going to analyze and light on the political, economic, and trade cooperation between Somaliland and Ethiopia, the paper explores how Somaliland and Ethiopia’s bilateral relations to be sustained to the existing political context based on the status of de jure concept of statehood and de facto statehood Ethiopia and Somaliland respectively .The paper will also attempt to find out the political and trade implications encountered by both parts in their performance of diplomacy, security and economic relations. Despite that Somaliland is unrecognized state, it is notable to highlight that the prolonged sustained de factor status had led political maturity of Somaliland over the period, which de facto state sustaining its display for more than two decades and half created an international customary law in the eyes of international community, which Somaliland has proved its competence to contribute security interests of its neighboring states, regional and international and because of this, Somaliland is gaining political legitimacy and becoming an important hub of trade cooperation because of its geopolitical strategic location in the Horn of Africa and Gulf of Aden. Somaliland has also demonstrated the capacity and capability to enter bilateral and multilateral deals and there are many regional states and wider international community members who are dedicated to promote the democratic credentials and peacefulness in Somaliland, in the meantime, Ethiopia is second largest population in Africa, fastest economic growing and diplomatic home of the African Union.

Diabetes mellitus a concern for public health. Diabetes mellitus is increasingly becoming a prime chronic threat and burden around the globe. Unhealthy diet due to lack of awareness in health care leads to increase in the prevalence of diabetes. Along with medical nutrition therapy, nutrition education play a vital role in the management of diabetes mellitus. Periodically follow-up is also essential to maintain sugar level and hence will reduce the incidences of diabetes mellitus.

Aim: To present two cases of mandibular second molars with a single root and single canal which was diagnosed and treated successfully. The variability of root canal morphology of multirooted teeth represents a continuous challenge to endodontic diagnosis and therapeutics. Variations of root canal systems may not be only in the form of extra canals. Clinicians should be aware that there is a possibility of the existence of lesser numbers of roots and root canals than that encountered with normal root canal anatomy. Mandibular molars with single roots and single canals are one of the variations encountered. These teeth with large single canals pose a challenge in thorough debridement of the root canal necessitating the use of adjunctive aids. This case report present two rare cases of mandibular second molars with a single root and a single root canal, which was managed successfully using the Self Adjusting file system and thermoplasticized gutta percha under surgical operating microscope.

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease which leads to destruction of the attachment apparatus and supporting structures of the teeth. The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy is to not only arrest the progression of periodontal disease but also to establish a functional dentition by regenerating the lost tissues. Conventional periodontal flap surgery provides access to the root surfaces for proper debridement of infected tissues and plaque and calculus from the subgingival root surfaces. However, these procedures bid partial potential for periodontal regeneration. Recently, newer procedures have been proposed for attempting complete periodontal regeneration. This article reviews all the materials available for regeneration in periodontal therapy.

Introduction: The most significant cause of morbidity and mortality after pancreatic resection, either for malignancy or certain benign disorders, is the development of pancreatic leak and pancreatic fistula. Fistula formation is multifactorial and is often influenced by patient-specific anatomic features of the pancreas and operative techniques at the time of resection.Various strategies have been employed to decrease its incidence including pharmacologic manipulation, and modifications and refinements in surgical technique. Methods: A broad PubMed and Cochrane database search was conducted, on pancreatic fistula, post-operative fistula, and the various techniques in management. Conclusions: It is clear that early recognition of pancreatic fistula (PF) and prompt institution of appropriate treatment is the cornerstone in the prevention of potentially devastating consequences. While there are multiple surgical techniques and novel therapies, none have proven to be the gold standard thus far.

Alcohol use is common worldwide. Although used as a pleasurable substance, it has been associated with both acute and chronic diseases. Alcoholic hepatitis is a major life-threatening illness caused by chronic alcohol intake. Corticosteroids remain the mainstay of treatment in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Pentoxiphylline is used as an alternative drug where corticosteroids are contraindicated. In this review, we attempted to evaluate the largest multi-centric trial, “STOPAH”, which focused on possible treatment modalities for severe alcoholic hepatitis. This trial used a factorial design to evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroid and pentoxiphylline in alcoholic hepatitis management. In this article, the STOPAH trial is summarised in the first section, followed by comments which enumerates strengths, limitations and utility of trial results.

The use of a helicopter as a primary response vehicle for the ambulance service is presented. A brief analysis of the activities of the air ambulance is described and an appraisal of its effects on the overall performance of the service is given. Emphasis is given to patient acceptability and also to the flexibility of the helicopter in terms of its response to different situations. In conclusion, The air ambulance, as part of an integrated ambulance service, is an effective provider of good pre-hospital care.

Arch form is highly individualized. During orthodontic treatment patients original arch form should not be affect the equilibrium between bone, dental structure and muscular structure Dental arch width and form are important factors for determining the success and stability of orthodontic treatment. One goal of orthodontic treatment is to create a dental arch form that establishes a stable relationship with the underlying basal bone.

Introduction: Identification of humans is a prime requisite for certification of death, for personal, social and legal reasons in forensic sciences. Palatal rugae considered as an important tool in individual’s identification when other methods are not feasible or available. Objectives: To analyze the various palatal rugae patterns among adult central Indian population and to evaluate for any differences that could be related to gender identification in central Indian population. Material and method: Total 300 individuals (150 males and 150 females) were selected from rural and urban areas ranging in age from 17-25 years and evaluated for different rugae patterns by using Thomas and Kotze classification. Results: The total number and pattern of rugae were not significantly associated with gender. Whereas significant difference in rugae length was linked in both gender. According to length, the primary type of rugae was dominant and according to shape circular patterns of rugae were the most common, in both males and females. Conclusion: Our findings concluded that the palatal rugae patterns of an individual are uniquely structured and specific, when compared to other populations reported in the literature. Palatal rugae patterns are definitely associated with regional variation and can aid as an additional tool in various forensic identification procedures.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a critical and rapidly growing global health problem. Uremia is considered to be the second leading cause of frequent metabolic neuropathy. Neurological complications occur in almost all patients with severe CKD, potentially affecting all levels of the nervous system, from the CNS through to the PNS. Peripheral neuropathy manifests in almost all such patients, leading to weakness and disability. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the changes of Nerve Conduction Velocity in different potassium Value in Chronic Kidney Disease stage 5 and to establish any causal relationship of potassium level with neuropathy in ESRD Patient. Methodology: Patient admitted with CKD-5 (on Hemodialysis/Not on Hemodialysis) with symptoms of tingling, numbness or feature suggestive of peripheral neuropathy will be randomly selected accordingly inclusion criteria. All epidemiological and clinical data will be recorded. Everybody will be tested for basic investigations including electrolytes in addition to potassium and NCV study. Patients will be divided into three groups- Normokalemic, hypokalemic (potassium<3.5) and hyperkalemic (potassium>5.5). The patients with positive changes of NCV will be tested for any causal relationship with potassium value. Results: A positive and a highly significant correlation between the level of potassium and neuropathic features in an ESRD patient. A positive association is seen between the NCV changes, mainly axonopathy and demyelination (in long standing cases) and raised potassium levels in ESRD patients. A positive association is seen between potassium level and the stage of neuropathy. Conclusion: The present study supports the fact that abnormalities in serum potassium constitute a transient homeostatic disturbance which if persistent can lead to more permanent damage to neurons leading to irreversible neuropathy. As far as axons are concerned, regular monitoring and strict control of potassium in the normal range goes very far in the delayed progression of peripheral neuropathy.

Introduction: Leukoplakia has evolved as a clinic-pathologic concept over many years, with the current clinical term being established worldwide. Insightful of the biology of leukoplakia is the concept of cellular atypia and epithelial dysplasia. It is the most common potential premaliganant lesion and has high incidence of conversion into malignant lesion. Various noninvasive methods were studied to demonstrate metabolic changes in oral pathological condition. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme is found in various cells in our body. Salivary LDH is similar to that found in oral epithelium & serum. Conversion of a normal tissue into a premalignant lesion result in an alteration in glycolytic pathway causes variation in LDH level. Therefore this study was carried out to determine changes in salivary LDH level of individual with normal and to compare it with patient of different grades oral dysplasia. Method: Sixty patients reported to Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology at Vyas Dental College & Hospital were enrolled into study of which 15 patients with for each grade of dysplasia and 15 healthy controls were taken. Unstimulated saliva measuring 1ml was collected from each of the patient by spit method. The collected sample was centrifuged & evaluated for LDH level using Vitros 250 autoanalyzer. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Result: Salivary LDH level was higher in different grades of dysplasia patients when compared to healthy control group. Conclusion: Salivary LDH estimation can prove to be a valuable substitute as a biochemical marker as it is simple noninvasive and easily accepted by the patient.

Introduction: Interstitial cystitis is an odd, chronic and progressive disease of the lower urinary tract distinguished by urinary urgency, frequency and chronic pelvic pain in the absence of previous aetiology and poorly understood pathogenesis. It is well established that dysfunctional pelvic floor muscles contribute significantly to the symptom of Interstitial cystitis. Objective: To determine the efficacy of pelvic floor myofascial trigger release in female patients with Interstitial cystitis and pelvic pain. Methods: The study was performed and conducted among female patients with Interstitial cystitis who attended urology department at SRM Hospital. Female patients who demonstrated pelvic floor tenderness on physical examination are recruited. The outcome measures include PUF(Pelvic Pain, Urgency and Frequency) Questionnaire for disease symptom and bother score, VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) for pain and MOS(Modified Oxford Scale) for pelvic floor muscle tenderness measurement. Results: Within group analysis and between groups analysis was performed using paired t-test and student t-test. A total of 30 female patients were systematically allotted into two groups (experimental and control) who had similar baseline values. Pain, tenderness, urgency and frequency symptom score decreased in both the groups over a 4 week period of treatment and was also significantly different between the groups (p=0.000). Conclusion: Myofascial trigger release therapy along with conventional medical therapy has better effect in reduction of symptom (Pain, tenderness, urgency and frequency) than conventional medical therapy alone among female patients with interstitial cystitis and pelvic pain.

The odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a dilemmatic odontogenic developmental cyst of oral and maxillofacial region which has gained very special attention since last two decades. It has characteristic histopathological and clinical features but still the cyst is very special due to its aggressive behavior and high recurrence rate. Many prior attempts have been made to classify these cysts from 1887 to finally WHO 2017. Previously classified under developmental odontogenic cyst of jaw by WHO in 1971 & 1992, OKC has been reclassified and renamed as keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) in the WHO classifications of head and neck tumors in 2005 due to its aggressive behavior, high recurrence rates and specific histological characterstics. But recently WHO classification of Head and Neck pathology (2017) re-classified KCOT back into the cystic category. Despite of many classifications and nomenclature, unfortunately, clinicians are still facing difficulties in understanding the true nature, identification and management of OKC. An attempt is hereby made to review various aspects of OKC with emphasis on recent nomenclature, recurrence, molecular aspects, and management of OKC.

Osteosynthesis with open reduction technique in comminuted fracture has several disadvantages like increase rate of non-union, soft tissue problem, infection and implant failure. These problems may be overcome by percutaneous bridge plating technique which preserve the vascularity and soft tissue attachment of fracture fragments. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients were involve in this study. All of twenty-five patients with closed comminuted diaphyseal fractures of femur (n-10) and tibia (n-15) were operated on using the principle indirect reduction and biological fixation with bridge plate under image intensifier. Partial and full weight bearing were allowed according to clinical and radiological union. Results: Most regained excellent range of motion of knee and ankle. Mean time of radiological union was 20.12 weeks. Two patients had superficial skin problem which healed with local wound care. One patient had non union which was healed by bone grafting. In this study excellent result was seen in 18 cases, good in five and fair in two patients. Conclusion: Our study indicates that minimally invasive bridge plating is an effective alternative for treatment of comminuted diaphyseal fracture of long bones. These complex fractures give complete recovery of normal limb function at an early stage with less complication.

Introduction: Appendicitis is one of the commonest surgical emergency and appendectomy is the most common surgery. Histopathological examination of appendectomy specimens is must to confirm the diagnosis and also to report unusual findings and to detect incidental neoplasms at the earliest possible Aims and Objectives: To study the proportion of various lesions in resected specimens of appendix and to emphasize the need of histopathological examination. Material and Methods: A retrospective study including 761 appendectomy specimens over a time period of 2 yrs from October 2014 to September 2016 was conducted. Result: In our study, males are more as compared to females with sex ratio of 2.23:1. Maximum number of cases belong to age group 20-30 followed by 10-20 years. Most common finding is the inflammatory lesions accounting to 91.06%. Negative appendicectomy and incidental appendicectomy rates are 4.73% and 3.67% respectively. 10 cases (1.31%) showed benign and malignant neoplasm. Carcinoid is the most common malignancy (0.52%). Conclusion: This study showed a marked variations in morphological spectrum and also some incidental neoplastic and rare lesions hence emphasizing the need of histopathological examination.

Background: Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) is commonly associated with reversible peripheral blood abnormalities. Anemia is associated with more severe forms of TB and poorer TB outcomes, including deaths. Objectives: To determine the hematological profile among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients. Methods: The prospective study was conducted among 200 newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients at DOTS centre, Najafgarh, New Delhi between 2015-16.Blood sample was collected to measure Hemoglobin at the start and the end of Intensive Phase(IP) of anti-tuberculosis treatment. Data was entered and analysed in MS-Excel. Results: Anemia was found in 151 (75.5%) and 99 (49.5%) of the study participants at the start and the endof Intensive phase respectively. Most common type of anemia was Normocytic anemia. Conclusions: It is recommended that the universal screening for anemia at the time of diagnosis of tuberculosis should be done to improve the treatment outcome.

Purpose: This paper aims to study the role of five variables in the susceptibility to orthodontically induced root resorption in order to obtain an integrative model to predict the occurrence of this complication following fixed appliance therapy. Materials and Methods: Pre and post treatment records of 34 patients treated with MBT 0.022 slot appliances for a minimum of one year were studied. Root resorption was measured in the four maxillary and mandibular incisors using pre and post treatment orthopantomograms and lateral cephalograms. Statistical analysis was done to assess the role of five variables in the susceptibility of orthodontically induced root resorption Results: Among the variables studied; gender, treatment duration, age and alveolar bone thickness significantly contributed to orthodontically induced root resorption. Conclusion: Among the variables studied that are potential contributors for orthodontically induced root resorption, four variables associated with root resorption were identified.

The concept of preventive prosthodontics deals with the preservation of remaining teeth and decreasing the rate of existing alveolar bone resorption. It also highlights the importance of any procedure that can delay or eliminate future prosthodontic problems. In fabrication of complete denture the rules of preventive prosthodontics were violated as the remaining teeth were extracted and the rate of bone resorption is not declined. In an order to achieve measures of preventive prosthodontics telescopic dentures are an effective treatment modality. Double crowns system used in this type of prosthesis provides retention, stability and support with preservation of remaining teeth. Retention offered by these double crown systems is higher when compared with conventional clasp system as these double crowns are retained by friction between the two crowns. The following case report utilizes this concept of Tensofriction between the double crowns for rehabilitation of worn out dentition.

Introduction: Development is the process by which each child evolves from helpless infancy to independent adulthood Developmental delay if detected during early years of life can be prevented from causing further damage. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in Aliganj, urban field practice area of Vardhmann Mahavir Medical College, Delhi. A pretested, semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection, growth was assessed using WHO growth charts and Developmental delay was assessed by Ages and Stages Questionnaire, 3rd edition (ASQ-3). Data was entered into excel and analysis was done in SPSS. Results: Out of 210 children studied, 50 (23.8%) children were underweight, 46 (21.9%) were stunted and 37 (17.6%) children were wasted and 10 (4.8%) had developmental delay. Illilterate father (p value 0.012), low birth weight child (p value= 0.001), place of delivery ( p value = 0.049) underweight (p value =0.001), stunting ( p value =0.003) and wasting (0.003) were found to be significantly associated with developmental delay. Conclusion: Developmental delay is associated with underweight stunting and wasting among children

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are not passed from one person to another. The NCDs include cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructed pulmonary disease and asthma), diabetes etc. The objective of the present study was to compare the prevalence of NCDs focusing mainly on Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Cardio-Vascular Diseases (CVD)/Hypertension (HTN) in High Socio-Economic Groups (HSEG), Middle Socio-Economic Groups (MSEG) and Low Socio-Economic Groups (LSEG) staying in Mumbai. A total of 14 municipal wards in Mumbai Metropolitan Region were selected by simple random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect information on the general background of the families, and incidence of non-communicable diseases in the families. 100 families from each SEG were selected by snowball sampling from 14 Mumbai Metropolitan wards. The results showed that the prevalence of DM was 14% in HSEG as compared to 11% in MSEG and 9% in LSEG. CVD/HTN prevalence was 10% in MSEG and comparatively lower in LSEG and HSEG. It was concluded that the prevalence of NCDs were slightly lower in LSEG compared to other two SEG.

Aim: Comparing Cone Beam Computed Tomography and clearing technique in human primary molars for detection of accessory canals. Materials and Methods: 100 extracted human primary molars constituting of maxillary and mandibular molars were collected. The study compared number of accessory canals using Cone Beam Computed Tomography and clearing technique in primary molars. The accessory canals were observed in furcation area; coronal one-third, middle one-third and apical one-third of root canals. Results: Although, the clearing technique showed more number of accessory canals as compared to CBCT technique, the difference was statistical significant insignificant. Conclusion: The clearing technique is nondestructive and more accurate but the main disadvantage of this method is that it cannot be used in vivo. Hence Cone Beam Computed Tomography which is clinically feasible can be considered over the clearing technique for detection of accessory canals.

Dental caries is a progressive microbial damage to teeth that affects 95% of the population. There is currently no highly sensitive and specific clinical means for detection of dental caries at its early stage. Detection of early caries in enamel would be of significance since it is possible to reverse the process of decay therapeutically at this stage. Caries diagnosis continues to be a challenging task for dental practioners. Hence, the purpose of the present article is to review the various methods of diagnosing dental caries.

Dental implants have become a treatment option for the replacement of missing teeth. The ideology of osseointegration has rapidly led to the use of dental implants over the years. New technologies are emerging and have been readily accepted into dentistry. There is a need for high accuracy in treatment planning and surgical procedures to obtain a high success rate in implant treatment as implant complications mainly occur due to improper diagnosis, treatment planning and execution of surgical procedures. This can be achieved by the use of CAD-CAM technology, 3D planning software, image guided surgical template and computer aided surgery. The surgical template is a guide used to assist in proper surgical placement and angulation of dental implants. The main objective of the surgical template is to direct the implant drilling system and to provide an accurate placement of the implant according to the virtual plan. In patients where a sufficient number of teeth are present surgical stent can be reoriented with the help of the teeth. CBCT tracing of soft tissue on mandibular ridges seems difficult due to the overlap of adjacent structures. This problem is addressed by using glass bead markings which are well visible on the CBCT.

Haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most widely distributed and has the broadest range of genetic resources. In Ethiopia, the yield of haricot bean is extremely low mainly due to nitrogen deficiency and also little information is available regarding diversity of rhizobia nodulating haricot bean. Hence, this study was conducted to isolate and characterize of Rhizobium Species phenotypically and biochemically from Root Nodules of Haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia to know their diversity, efficiency of infectivity and effectiveness using haricot bean variety Omo-90. The results of the study revealed that isolates were able to form nodules on the roots of the haricot bean variety. The colony morphology of isolates was found to be viscous in consistency, round in shape and watery translucent pigmentation. The cells were also found to be gram negative and cocci in shape. The biochemical test revealed that the bacterial isolates were positive to catalase test. The result of this project activity is believed to provide information for isolating efficient nitrogen fixing strains of rhizobium species from Arba Minch and it also have some contribution for the effort being made in using leguminous plants to increase soil fertility as a substitutes for commercial fertilizers, which are costly and not environmentally friendly. However, to come with sound conclusion, the study should be repeated.

The present paper deals with an addition of new taxa of flowering plant to the flora of Palamu division of Jharkhand State. Updated information on nomenclature, correct description and locality is provided. This is a new distributional record for this area.

This study was conducted to assess and analyze the prospects and challenges involved in contractual rice seed multiplication programme for seed companies in Benue state, Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the profitability and constraints of the seed farmers. Purposive and random sampling were used to select 68 rice outgrowers/ contract farmers. Data was collected on farm management systems, production information including cost and return figures and lastly constraints faced by the respondents. Gross margin analysis and the likert scale model were the tools used in achieving the objectives. The results showed that the farmers had a gross margin of N97866.47 per hectare. The net return on investment was 0.52. High cost of labour, unfavourable buy-back prices and delay in buy-back by seed companies were the biggest constraints faced by the rice seed contract farmers. It was recommended that efforts should be made to support smallholder rice farmers to access affordable handy technologies for their rice growing operations, and legislations should be made, aimed at protecting smallholder contract farmers especially from breach of buy-back process (time, price and logistics) from the contracting seed companies.

Introduction: A study on Evaluation of methodology and comparative study between Spin saline tube using without AHG, with AHG and Gel card technique for blood cross- matching on the basis of efficacy, sensitivity and specificity was undertaken on approximately 500 samples processed in Blood Bank of U.P. University of Medical Sciences, Hospital, Saifai, Etawah, India. Material and Methods: Most commonly Spin saline tube method are used widely in blood banks. A new technique of cross matching is introduced as AHG gel card. In this study we used Matrix gel card method based on indirect coombs test (ICT) for cross match and tube method including Spin saline tube method with AHG and without AHG. Result: five hundred samples are taken for the study and out of this 490 samples are compatible using Spin saline tube method without coombs reagent, 10 sample shows incompatibility, whereas in Spin saline method by using coombs reagent shows 99.2% compatibility, 06 samples show false positive and 04 samples show true positive of previously result. As per findings specificity and sensitivity is 100% of gel card and tube test using AHG, whereas Spin saline tube test specificity is 98.8 %. Spin saline tube method at room temperature, shows 98% compatibility due to 06- sample false positive and 04 sample true positive, whereas Spin saline tube with coombs reagent at 370C, shows 99.2% compatibility due to 496 sample were found compatible and 04 sample true positive. In matrix gel card also shows 99.2% compatibility. Conclusion: The usage of Matrix Gel card in Blood Bank for cross match is easy to performed with recorded test result and more sensitive and specific then Spin saline tube method whereas indirect coombs tube test is also sensitive and specific but more time consuming as compare to Gel card but cannot recorded result and more time consuming than Spin saline and gel card method.

The interaction with AM Fungi, Rhizobium and Rock phosphate application has been studied on very good number of plants. Studies were undertaken on Mirabilis jalapa Linn. (Four ‘O’ clock plant) with inoculation of Rhizophagus fasciculatus (AM fungus) and Rhizobium leguminasarum with four levels of rock phosphate in which 30mg/kg soil with mycorrhiza and rhizobium influenced significantly an increased plant height, root length, biomass yield with nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in both shoot and root. However, the spore number was higher among the only mycorrhiza inoculated plants compared to the control or noninoculated plants. Use of rock phosphate application with bioinoculants to Mirabilis jalapa Linn. have been discussed. There was an increase root shoot ratio in controlled plants over the bioinoculated plants with rock phosphate application.

A study was undergone to explore the soil beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere soils of Garcinia lanceifolia (D.Don) Roxb. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from ten different villages of Jorhat, Nagaon, Golaghat, Sivasagar and Dima Hasao districts, Assam. Beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere soils of Garcinia lanceifolia were cultured, isolated and identified during 2016-17. The study exposed that Garcinia lanceifolia has Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) association in roots. Average root colonization of the plant species was recorded for 63.4 with a range of 50- 96 per cent depending on the place of collection. AMF spores were isolated from rhizosphere soils and identified tentatively up to the genus. AM fungi, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing microorganism (PSM) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been reported as useful for sustaining soil health and plant survival. Twenty-one (21) types of AMF spores were isolated from Garcinia lanceifolia rhizosphere soils belongs to eight (8) genus of 5 families of Glomeromycota i.e. Glomus, Acaulospora, Diversispora, Steptoglomus, Funneliformis, Rhizophagus, Entrophospora, and Gigaspora. Apart from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi some other beneficial bacteria such as Fluorescent Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp were isolated from different culture media and identified. Some PSM, phytostimulator and decomposer microfungi such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Mucor etc were also isolated from rhizosphere soils of the plant species.

An investigation entitled “Heterosis manifestation of MAGIC lines over the prevalent lines of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was carried out with 40 genotypes, in F4 derived F5 MAGIC lines, consisting of eight parents. ICC-4958, ICCV-10, JAKI-9218, JG-11, JG-130, JG-16, ICCV-97105, ICCV-00108 during rabi 2012-13 and 2013-14.The observations were recorded for quantitative traits namely, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), pods per plant, primary branches, secondary branches, pod length (cm), seed yield (g), 100 seed weight (g),seeds per pod, root length (cm), root weight-fresh and dry (g), relative water content of leaf and partitioning coefficient to roots, stem, leaves and pods. The information was derived on mean performance, range, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, genetic advance and heterosis. The highly significant variability was found amongst genotypes. For most of the characters the range in the mean performance was quite wide. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were found high in F5 generation. Seed yield and pod per plant exhibited very high heritability. Also high (plant height, 100 seed weight and secondary branches) to very high (seed yield and pod per plant) genetic advance was recorded. Root length and relative water content of leaf showed very high heritability and genetic advance, too. High heterosis was exhibited in characters like primary branches, secondary branches, pods per plant, grain yield, root length, partitioning coefficient to pods and relative water content.

Selfed progenies derived from diverse populations were evaluated in two seasons at Agricultural Experimental Farm, University of Calcutta, Baruipur, West Bengal, India to investigate the correlation of seed iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content with seed yield and component traits in sesame. Significant genetic variability among the progenies was observed for Fe, Zn seed yield and other component traits. Significant and positive correlation was observed between Fe and Zn. Seed yield was significantly correlated positively with plant height, capsule no/plant and 1000 seed wt. While Fe content in seed was negatively associated with capsule length. The PCA revealed that seed yield per plant had a strong relation with capsules per plant and plant height suggesting the need for more emphasis on these components for increasing the seed yield in sesame. Zinc and iron also had a strong relationship but there are no significant relationship with seed yield per plant and micronutrients.

The present study was conducted with sixty three diverse genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Main Rice Research Station (MRRS), Nawagam, Gujarat during kharif season of 2011 to assess the relationship and selection index among yield and yield attributing characters. Total six characters were used for construction of selection indices i.e. Grain yield per plant, plant height, panicle length, number of productive tillers per plant, 1000 grain weight and harvest index. Two different weight methods were used for this study like simple correlation coefficients and path coefficients (Direct effects). The analysis of variance revealed that the presence of considerable amount of variation among the test of genotypes for all the characters. The simple correlation study revealed that harvest index, number of productive tillers per plant and 1000 grain weight had positive and highly significant correlation with grain yield per plant. The path analysis results showed that number of productive tillers per plant had the highest direct effect on grain yield per plant followed by 1000 grain weight, harvest index, panicle length and plant height. Results of selection indices showed that a progressive increase in the efficiency of selection was observed with the inclusion of additional character in the selection index. Selection index (I123456) which was combinations of grain yield per plant, plant height, panicle length, number of productive tillers per plant, 1000 grain weight and harvest index had highest per cent relative efficiency (PRE) among all the indices including rice grain yield per plant for simple correlation coefficients and path coefficients weight method. Looking to simplicity, selection index (I256) which was combinations of plant height, 1000 grain weight and harvest index showed highest PRE and it was suggested to use for selection of genotypes for rice grain improvement without grain yield per plant.

The present study was undertaken to analyse the quality of compost and vermicompost produced by the action of epigeic earthworm, E.eugeniae out of different organic wastes such as Lawn Grass Waste (LGW), Cotton Residue Waste (CRW), Ashoka Tree Waste (ATW), Parthenium Waste (PW) and Cattle Manure (CM) as standard food for earthworms. The physico-chemical parameters of both compost and vermicompost have been analysed by standard specified methods so as to check the role of the earthworm, E. eugeniae in biodegradation of different organic wastes and recycling of plant nutrients. Results revealed that there is a wide variation in physico-chemical parameters of both composts and vermicomposts. A significant reduction in Organic Carbon (OC) have been observed in vermicompost than in the compost of all organic wastes may be due to usage of Carbon (C) for the building up of body of the worms during their growth. There is an increasing level of physico-chemical parameters such as pH, EC, both macro nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca and Mg) and micro nutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) in vermicompost when compared to compost in all organic wastes. This may be because of more biodegradation process by the action of earthworm and mineralization of degraded organic wastes by the action of saprophytic microorganisms present in the gut of earthworm, E.eugeniae.

Histological examination of rat testis treated with RNase A and drug metosartan by staining with eosin Y has proven to be one of the challenging things because it reveals the exact histology associated with it. Treatment of testis with RNase has resulted in necrosis of tissue, where as with metosartan, leydig and sertoli cells are wiped off. However treatment of tissue with both RNase and drug has resulted in inter linkage of sperms and loss of clear demarcation as cells when observed under compound microscope.

Azolla anabaena azollae is a symbiotic association between the aquatic fern Azolla and nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria anabaena azollae, by the exchange of carbon and nitrogen between them. The nitrogen fixed by the cyanobacterium is converted into ammonium and is transported via ammonium transporters. AMT1family of ammonium transporters are high affinity transporters hence are quick to respond under very low levels of nitrogen supply.AMT1 will be the best AMT to be studied under nitrogen limiting growth conditions. Putative AMT1 sequence was cloned from the symbiotic Azolla-Anabaena using reverse transcription PCR and phylogenetic analysis was conducted with the nearly similar sequences using BLAST. The amplified putativeAMT1sequence from the cDNA of Azolla anabaena azollae was sequenced and the sequence was submitted to NCBI. Multiple sequence alignment was performed using ClustalW and the Maximum Likelihood and Neighbour Joining tree was developed using Tamura-Nei model of MEGA 6.0.The reliability of each branch was tested by bootstrap analysis with 1,000 replications. In the phylogenetic analysis, AMT1of Azolla anabaena azollae showed a close similarity with Azolla caroliniana AMT1.The transmembrane AMT1 protein structure was predicted with Raptorx structure prediction program.

Acacia torta stem bark extracts are a focus of study in ethno pharmacology due to its reported antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogenic microbes. In this study, ethanolic extract (80%) of Acacia torta leaf extracts were studied for in vitro antimicrobial activity against two gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis), two gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), two fungal strains (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger) by agar well diffusion method. The sample showed its highest inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Aspergillus niger showed resistance to lower concentrations of the plant extract, whereas, higher concentrations of the extract showed significant zones of inhibition against fungi.

This work investigates the effect of different chloride-based deicers (NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, and calcium magnesium chloride (CMC)) on mobilization of lead in saturated soil. Batch experiments were carried out on lead contaminated bentonite at room and refrigerated temperature. The results showed that NaCl and CMC have the least impact on mobilization of lead. The highest mobilization was found by CaCl2 application. The first order desorption coefficient (kt) was calculated for all deicers types based on 48 hr batch experiments. CaCl2 was found to exhibit the highest kt value (0.4 hr-1). The highest mean kt value was also found for CaCl2 (0.05 hr-1), a value that is 25 % greater than that for CMC. The statistical analysis of the data using R-Studio software indicated that the concentration of deicer is the major influencing factor on mobilization of lead from soil, whereas, deicer type and temperature has lesser effect.

This publication follows, recent works (Conte M., Rosca et al., 2017) on the correlations between the consequences of the relationship of Newton and the black body surfaces emittances of the objects. The consideration of these photonic energy irradiated by the surfaces in space suggests the presence of mini black holes at the zero resulting potential between two masses in quantum gravity EVTD2. Taking into account the products of the considered body’s emittances it was possible, by copying the relationship of Newton, to show that the gravity force can be defined only by using the product of black bodies’ temperatures Te to power fourth divided by the square of their distances. Verifications by calculi using solar system data and from works (Conte and Rosca et al., 2017; Conte and Rosca, 2015) shows the accuracy of this new gravity approach where the masses are no more considered.

The termiticidal properties of acetone, ethanol and aqueous extract of African locust beans (P. biglobosa) seed were investigated on Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae. Mineral compositions of the raw and boiled seeds were evaluated and heavy metals such as cadmium, cobalt, lead, nickel and copper were only detected in raw seeds, which show that heavy metals were leached out of the seeds during boiling process. Extracts from the raw seeds exhibited varying degree of termiticidal activity, while extracts from the boiled seed had no effect on the termites. The aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts of boiled African locust bean seed had no effect on termite, while extracts of raw seeds affected them. The aqueous extract of raw seeds exhibited concentration dependent termiticidal activity. However the acetone extracts were more active than the aqueous and ethanol extracts. Termites died within 20 min of exposure to paper pad treated with concentration of 5 g mL−1 of ethanol and acetone extracts. The heavy metals found in the samples were in safe levels compared to regular or synthetic termiticides. Hence, the extract of African locust bean seeds have termiticidal effects and can be effectively used to control termite infestation instead of the toxic and environmentally unfriendly chemicals. The optimization process shows that the increased application time (0 to 34 s) is safer to detect any health hazard on human (if any) while the survival chances for termites decrease by 400%.

The noise levels are increasing beyond the permissible limits at many cities due to rapid urbanization and its related activities. Increased noise levels beyond limits result in reduced work efficiency, loss of hearing, annoyance, psychological impacts. Increased traffic in all the cities is becoming the major source of noise pollution. The ambient and traffic noise levels are studied in and around Vijayawada. Sampling is done for 10 hrs from 7am-9am, 10 am-12 noon, 1pm-3 pm, 4pm-6 pm, 7 pm-9 pm. Ambient noise levels are beyond the permissible limits at the urban locations sampled based on Lavg, L10, L50, L90, Leq, NPL, NC parameters. Traffic flow is measured at four locations representing residential, commercial, industrial, and silent zones. Simultaneously, sound levels are collected and analyzed based on traffic flow, Lavg, L10, L50, L90, Leq, TNI, NC parameters. It is noted that, high noise levels are recorded at high traffic flows. The 2-and 3-wheelers are contributing to 69% of vehicular flow at the sampling locations.

The quality of performance and the impact of an organization very much depend on the nature of its personnel (Saarni, C., 2000). It is increasingly being accepted in elite circles that the success of that organization hinges on the level of Emotional Intelligence possessed by its activists. (Rani, Usha., D.P.J.Reddy., & M.V.S.Reddy.(2004), Parker, J.D.D., (2010) and Palmer, F., Donaldson and Stough, (2002). Kafetsios, K (2010) studied socio-economic impact of Self Help Groups and found that the overall impact of Self Help Group was significant both on social and economic spheres of the house hold. The main aim of the study is to understand and measure the level of Emotional Intelligence of the SHG members from Arakuzha Grama Panchayat in Muvattupuzha Block in Ernakulam District of Kerala. Descriptive Research design will be the best suitable one and hence the author has used this research design for the present study, out of a total of 150 SHGs, 350 members were selected based on the criteria. Using simple random sampling method, 65 persons were selected finally. The major findings of the study is more than 37 percent of the members are having High Emotional Intelligence Score. Nearly One Third has Low Emotional Intelligence score and it is obvious from the Karl Pearson's Correlation Matrix table that the 'r' values are positive and significant. These findings clearly explains that when the age of SHG members, Family Income of them, Years of Membership of them, and their education levels are increasing then their level of Emotional Intelligence is also increasing significantly (p<.05 level). The level of their Emotional Intelligence came into the lime light. The result is highly empowering. The SHGs can use the unmistakable finding to modulate to their image and operations. This will be immensely useful to fully realize their goals in a stunningly successful manner. This scientific assessment will further refurnish their status as a socio-economic development agency.

The objective of the study is to examine the internal and external factors influencing the consumer buying behavior in the washing machine segment of FMCD sector. This study covered the area of Cuttack and Bhubaneswar selecting about 200 respondents from different retail malls/retail outlets of the electronic products. All the respondents replied to the questionnaire given to them completely. The questionnaire consists of two parts:the first part deals with the personal data of the respondents and the second part had questions regarding the selected variables affecting the buying behavior of the respondents. The data so collected had been analyzed by using SPSS software package. The descriptive statistics and the chi-square test were applied to examine the significant relationship between the satisfaction level and the demographic factors. The result shows that the demographic factors do not have significant impact on the satisfaction level of the consumers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship established between parental involvement in children schooling and children’s academic achievement at alternative basic education and regular primary first cycle schools in Hamer Woreda. This study also investigated differences on the degree of involvement of parents and academic achievement of children in ABE and RPFC schools. To this end, parental involvement having two categories (high and low) was made based on the response of parents using the measure of parental involvement. Additionally, teacher made achievement tests were used to determine the academic achievement of children. The study followed quantitative approach to see the relationship and difference between variables. A sample of 60 children and their parents (totally 120) were selected using stratified and systematic random sampling techniques from the schools. Data were gathered using structured interview. A structured interview was made with parents/guardians. In an attempt to look for the degree of parental involvement in education of children, the study revealed that there is high (50%) and low (50%) parental involvement in children’s schooling both in ABE and RPFC schools. Accordingly, the result of analysis showed that there is a positive relationship between parental involvement and children’s academic achievement. It was also found significant difference between parental involvement and children’s academic achievement (t= 2.224, p< 0.05). Also there exists a significant differences in the parental involvement of ABE and RPFC school children (t= -5.784, p<0.05). RPFC school children enjoy more parental involvement than their counterparts in the ABE centers. Besides, there exists a significant difference in the academic achievement of ABE and RPFC schools children (t= -3.604, p<0.05). RPFC children scored better than their ABE center counterparts in academic achievement. Finally, based on the findings, it is recommended that a comprehensive and more targeted intervention programs has to be designed and implemented quickly.

Tragedy deals with the serious aspects of life as comedy deals with the cheerful and lighter mood. It is essentially a tale of suffering ending in death (Tragic end) of the main characters of the play according to Aristotle. Tragedy is the representation of an action, which is serious complete in itself, and of a certain length. It is expressed in speech made beautiful in different ways in different parts of the play; it is acted not narrated; and by exciting pity and fear gives a healthy relief to such emotions”. Shakespearean Tragedy conforms with this definition of Aristotle but it violates the principle of Greek philosopher in one important respect; its action is not all serious; its seriousness is often relieved by the comic. In this respect Shakespeare was but holding a ‘mirror to life’ in which joy and serious, tears and smiles, frequently alternate. He was thus a greater artist than the other dramatists who blindly followed Aristotle.

Mass movement is a major problem in mountainous regions of India. Mass movements cause road blockage, causality and property loss which affects the economic development of that region. The use of Remote Sensing and Geographical Informatics System (GIS) can be highly useful for prediction of mass movement in vulnerable regions and it is also time and cost effective. This information can be used by natural hazard planners and decision makers for proper management of mass movement related hazards. In this paper a comparison between Uttrakhand and Sikkim state of India is studied in terms of its vulnerability for mass movement using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Parameters which trigger the occurrence of mass movement such as rainfall, slope angle, aspect, geology, landuse landcover (LULC), proximity to drainage and road network was considered in this study. The results show that Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a good tool for remote prediction of mass movement. In this study Sikkim shows more vulnerability for mass movement then Uttrakhand.

Time is running out, as the Keeling curve measuring carbon dioxide continues its relentless rise (Earth CO2). We stand now close to 410ppm CO2:s. The upcoming COP23 in Bonn, sponsored by Fiji, must outline how its COP21 objectives are to be promoted, fulfilled and implemented. Only a massive replacement of fossil fuels and wood coal by solar power, together with wind power and atomic power, can save mankind from the threat of global warming. This paper presents a tentative estimation of what is involved with regard to the fulfilment of COP21’s GOAL II, using a model calculation of solar power parks of Ouarzazate size.

In recent times extreme rainfall events as cloudbursts are dominant phenomenon trigger large scale mass movement and flash floods in the Himalayan region. Cloudburst is a natural and common phenomenon in the Himalaya, especially in Garhwal and Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. Cloudburst and associated disaster affect thousands of people every year and cause loss of life, property, livelihood, infrastructure and environment. Slope failure incidences took place at many places in Pithoragarh district on 1st July 2016 amid heavy rainfall. According to District Emergency Operation Centre (DEOC) and local persons, 160 mm rainfall recorded within 4 - 5 hours in Didihat area. Bastari, Naulra (Kumalgaon) and Didihat were amongst the worst affected regions. Total 160 families of 15 villages with Didihat town are affected in Thal, Munsiyari and Didihat tehsils of Pithoragarh district, 24 persons were killed in this incidence. Due to torrential rainfall Thal - Munsiyari road was cut-off and dozens of vehicles remained stranded on both sides. Since the area is tectonically active, heavy localized precipitation and anthropogenic activities play a major role in triggering landslides and flash floods. Changing pattern of rainfall that it makes heavy localized precipitation or cloudburst all the more common in this region is a cause of concern for the state government, meteorologists and other researchers. The present study focuses on some significant aspect of cloudburst and associated hazards in Uttarakhand Himalaya.

Background: Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases among children, which has a high prevalence in Saudi Arabia. The assessment of knowledge about asthma among schoolteachers is important to provide early diagnosis for students who suspected to have bronchial asthma. Objectives: To assess the knowledge of teachers working at primary schools about bronchial asthma among school students. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a random representative sample of primary school teachers in Sabya city, Saudi Arabia. Multstage sampling technique was adopted. A structured self-distribution questionnaire was applied to collect the study data. Results: with response rate91.2% of study population 393 responded .All were Saudis half of them (50.6%) were males. 42.7% of them their age ranged between 40 and 49 yearsMajority of the teachers knew that parental smoking may make the child`s asthma worse (85.7%) and children with asthma have abnormally sensitive air passages in their lungs (85.5%). However, only 18.8% of them could recognize that coughing, wheezing and shortness of breathing are the three main symptoms of asthma. Only 11% of teachers knew that Ventolin doesn`t damage the heart and 13.8% could recognize all the asthma triggers. Majority of teachers did not know the possible reason for failure of a medicine to relieve the symptoms of an acute attach of asthma (95.2%) as well as the ways that can prevent attacks of asthma during exercise (86.5%). The highest level of knowledge was concerning general knowledge subscale (47.5%) the lowest was concerning acute attack recognition, triggers, and management (18.8%). The overall Newcastle asthma knowledge score was 31.9%). Teachers with personal or family history of asthma were more knowledgeable. Conclusion: The knowledge of primary school teachers in Sabya city regarding bronchial asthma among children is overall suboptimal, particularly regarding recognition, triggers, and management of acute attack of asthma. Frequent false myths and beliefs were identified among them.

Objective of the study: The purpose of study is to compare the effects of strengthening the quadriceps combined with strengthening of hip muscles (hamstring, adductors, abductors, extensors) in unilateral OA knee. To compare the gender difference in the rehabilitation protocol of OA knee. Background of the study: Quadriceps weakness is one of the most common and disabling impairments seen in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Sufficient quadriceps and hip muscles strengthening in both isometric and dynamic strengthening are essential for undertaking basic activities of daily living. Strengthening of the leg muscles in OA patient will help them to have a better balance and stance during the gait cycle. Methodology: 40 subjects were included based on the inclusion criteria out of 60 volunteers, 20(A) male and 20(B) female were randomly assigned to two equal groups10 in each (A1, A2, B1, B2). A1 and B1 will receive the quadriceps strengthening along with SWD. A2 and B2 will receive the quadriceps strengthening & hip muscles strengthening along with SWD. Pre and post test were done using WOMAC scale. Result: On comparing the mean values of all the four groups quadriceps and hip muscle strengthening, shows significant reduction in the post –test mean but(sub Group A2 in Group A) shows (47.59) lower mean value is more effective than other three groups at p≤0.005.Hence null hypothesis rejected and alternate hypothesis accepted. Conclusion: The study showed that there is significant difference in the post test values of quadriceps strengthening along with hip muscles strengthening more for males than females in OA patients of six week study. Group A sub division A2 showed more significant difference than the group B. Hence alternate hypothesis is accepted.

Introduction: Gingival Probing to assess gingivitis during routine periodontal examination will induce bleeding from the gingival sulcus which can be used to determine the blood glucose level. Objective: To assess gingival crevicular blood glucose levels from inflamed site and non-inflamed periodontal sites and compare it with venous blood glucose and capillary blood glucose levels to check its usefulness as a diagnostic tool. Methodology: According to inclusion and exclusion criteria 100 subjects reporting to the outpatient section of Department Of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, KIMSDU, Karad, were enrolled in the study. For all the participants three blood samples were collected for glucose level estimation namely gingival crevicular blood (GCB), finger capillary blood (FCB) expressed by the finger prick method and the Venous blood (VB. For Group A patients (N=50) GCB sample was collected from inflamed gingival units and for Group B patients (N=50) GCB sample was collected from non-inf1amed gingival units. The blood glucose level of the GCB and FCB samples then was evaluated by using glucometer and VB glucose level was estimated by using calorimetric method. Result: GCB Glucose level Values (91%) are closer to the VB Glucose level values as compared to the FCB glucose levels (74%). For group A participants, correlations between VB and GCB glucose readings were high (92%) as compared to the Group B (86%). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study it can be concluded that gingival crevicular blood can be used for the screening the blood glucose levels And blood glucose levels of the GCB are quite comparable to gold standard laboratory venous blood glucose levels than that of the routinely done finger capillary blood glucose levels. It can also be concluded that inflamed gingival site is preferable over non-inflamed gingival site for screening blood glucose levels during routine dental check-up.

Background: Acute pancreatitis refers to an acute inflammatory process of the pancreas with a variable clinical course. It is a serious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. So early identification of clinically severe acute pancreatitis (AP) is critical for the triage and treatment of patients. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of various scoring systems for predicting the severity of AP on admission. Methods: The study was prospectively carried out on 50 patients attending the surgical emergency ward with clinical features of Acute Pancreatitis in our instititution. They were evaluated clinically and subjected to laboratory and radiological investigations as per the designed Performa. Ranson’s criteria, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE)-II, and bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis (BISAP) scores, and computed tomography severity index (CTSI) of all patients were calculated. The predictive accuracy of each scoring system was measured by the area under the receiver-operating curve (AUC). Results: From a total of 50 patients included in the study, 32 were diagnosed with mild to moderately severe acute pancreatitis and 18 with severe pancreatitis and two patients with severe pancreatitis died during the hospital stay. The study reveals that when CTSI ≥ 3 was selected for prediction of severe AP, sensitivity and specificity were 55.9% and 63.8%, respectively and BISAP score of more than 2 has sensitivity 86% and specificity 69% and the sensitivity and specificity of Ranson’s score was 95% and 44.3% respectively. APACHE-II score is the more effective scoring tool than the other scoring systems, although no statistically significant pair-wise differences were observed between APACHE-II and other scoring systems. Conclusion: The various scoring systems to evaluate the severity of acute pancreatitis included in the study showed similar predictive accuracy. Hence unique models are required to achieve further improvement of prognostic accuracy in acute pancreatitis.

Aim of the study: The purpose of the study is to assess the awareness of applications of lasers in dentistry among dental undergraduate students. Materials and Methods: This is a subjective questionnaire study including 100 dental undergraduate students of Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad. A questionnaire of 10 closed ended questions pertaining to awareness of lasers in dental undergraduate students will be given and data obtained will be analysed. Results: Most of the respondents (72%) did not have enough knowledge about dental lasers. In general, majority of them had insufficient knowledge about dental lasers in various disciplines of dentistry. Conclusion: Undergraduates students should be provided with appropriate hours for laser dental education supported by practical evidences and experiences.

Background: labour is a physiological and emotional process for which a woman needs to be accompanied by someone she trusts. Objectives: To assess pregnant women’s views regarding the importance of social support during labour and their preferences of companions at OMH 2015 Methods: A descriptive, hospital-based, cross-sectional study conducted at OMH during 2015. All pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics who were booked for vaginal delivery were included in the study after an informed consent. Data was collected by trained registrars; recorded information included socio-demographic parameters, woman’s views on the importance of social support during labour (SSL), preference for companionship and whether they would like their supporters to attend childbirth. Those with previous childbirth were asked about their experience on labour or having SSL given to them by medical or nursing staff. All were asked about their need for formal education about labour and childbirth during the antenatal visits. Results: Out of 2348 women included in this study, 1995(85.0%), would like their companions to be present during childbirth particularly; educated (PV= 0.001), urban residents (PV= 0.0001), nulliparous (PV= 0.0001) and younger age clients (PV= 0.0001). The preferred companion was the mother 1091 (54.7%) followed by sisters 559 (28.0%), husband 305 (15.3%) and other relatives 40 (2.0%). Refusal of companion was mainly due to socio-cultural reasons, particularly among elder multiparous less educated women. Most (98.5%) of participants would like to have education during antenatal care visits. Among women with previous experience of delivery 979(95.0%) rated the care providers during labour as poor social supporters. Conclusions: Most of pregnant women appreciated the importance of SSL and would like to have a companion, mainly by mothers and sisters, and they would like to have formal education about labour and childbirth. There is a need for change in health policies and practice and strengthening providers’ practice towards social support.

Introduction: Emergency Medicine EM is experiencing significant growth in graduate medical education. In undergraduate programs emergency medicine-related competencies in medical school curricula may lack uniformity and standardization. In developing countries like Sudan, teaching EM faces many challenges including lack of standardized curricula, well designed learning methods and scarcity of faculty with EM background. Introduction of boot camp training during career transition period may enhance trainees’ clinical skills, knowledge, and confidence. Methods: Eight days boot camp was designed to enhance the skills of final year medical student. The camp was divided into two sets of tour days. The first four days for didactic and scenario based classroom teaching. The other four days were organized in skills lab. Training was designed to improve the skills related to immediate life support for adult and pediatrics, trauma management and ECG workshop. Participants were surveyed before and after the boot camp by self-administered questionnaire. Results: The total number of the students was82. Rate of response to questions was variable, ranging from 74-93.3%. Responses to pretest were less than post-test. Tow third of the participant were female. Age ranged from 22.6-27, with the mean age of 23.4. Among the 25 items surveyed, students reported statistically significant improvement in competency in all items. Conclusion: Boot camp training significantly improved the skills of the final years medical students as measured by self-reported competency. Designing boot camp is a challenging process and requirres measurring baseline status and future benchmarks.

Introduction: India has recorded a death rate of 7.3 / 1000 individuals in the year 2016. From the multicentric study done on 5,478 ITU admissions, mortality was 59% of which 25% of patient in SIRS with organ dysfunction of which 52.77% were due to sepsis. With such high prevalence, it becomes important to point our focus on early and aggressive measures to reverse sepsis. In a country like India, decision on type and extent of intervention is greatly affected by the financial aspect. Hence, it is important to prognosticate the patient early in order to make treatment decisions. Lactate is one such parameter which denotes sepsis, so we would like to study if serial lactate levels could help prognosticate. Aims and Objective: 1. To measure the lactate levels at the time of presentation and 24 hrs and determine the better predictor of mortality. 2. To compare lactate clearance between survivors and non-survivors. Methodology: It was a prospective observational study. 40 subjects who were in sepsis or septic shock were included in the study and lactate levels were measured at 0hrs and 24 hrs and the lactate clearance was also calculated. Results: Initial lactate levels correlated best to mortality (p-0.003) whereas serial lactate and lactate clearance did not show any positive predictive value. An initial lactate levels of 1.45 could be taken as a cut off for predicting poor mortality and it showed 75% sensitivity and 65% specificity. Discussion: When compared to other studies, certain studies showed near equal correlation of both initial lactate as well as lactate clearance to mortality whereas some other studies showed more correlation between lactate clearance and mortality. Though all our patients received standard care offered to a patient in sepsis but the degree of intervention varied from person to person due to a major concern of financial constraints by relatives. Conclusion: Since initial lactate levels showed good predictability in mortality prediction , it could be used as a parameter to assess prognosis at the initial phase of presentation and thereby determine the extent of intervention to be implemented at the golden hours.

Background: An epidermal inclusion cyst refers to a cyst that results from the proliferation and implantation of epidermal elements within a circumscribed space in the dermis. Such cysts can occur anywhere in the body, although they are more common in head and neck region, trunk and extremities. The occurrence of EIC in breast is very rare. Case: We report a case of large sized epidermal inclusion cyst of breast mimicking fibroadenoma in a 30 years old female. Result: This was diagnosed as EIC on FNAC and confirmed on histopathology. Conclusion: EIC should be considered a differential diagnosis in breast lump.

Aims and Objectives: Based on the radiographic evaluation of the pulp cavity width of the maxillary central incisors the age of the patients belonging to the age group of 15 – 50 years was estimated, those attending the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Patna dental college and hospital, patna-4, based. Materials and Methods: The study group comprised of 240 subjects. Intraoral periapical radiographs of the maxillary central incisors were taken for all subjects, using the conventional paralleling angle technique and the pulp cavity width was measured at the cervical and middle third using a digital vernier caliper. The data obtained was subjected to correlation and regression analysis. Results: A negative linear relationship was obtained between the age and pulp cavity width (cervical third, r = -0.459 and middle third, r = -0.704). Cubic regression analysis was done and the regression formulae were obtained. A mean difference of 0.1 years was obtained between the estimated age and real age, indicating the reliability of the derived formula. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the width of the pulp cavity of maxillary central incisors are reliable for estimation of age.

Background: Osteoarthritis is the most common arthritis in humans, and knee OA is a major cause of chronic disability. There are no treatments that change the natural course of OA. Aims: To study age wise and gender wise prevalence of varus-valgus deformity in patients with osteoarthritis of knee. Method & Materials: Ethical clearance from IEC was obtained. In this retrospective study, 214 radiographs of subjects in the age range of 50-65years, both genders without history fracture or other severe arthritic condition were assessed on the PACS software. The radiographs were graded according to kellgren and lawerence classification & all 4 grades of OA knee were included. A long axis of femur and tibia were drawn and the angle formed by the two lines was measured.. The values were recorded as varus (lesser than 1800) or valgus (greater than 1800) and presented based on the grade-wise, age groups-wise & gender-wise distribution. Statistical analysis was done and presented. Results: Knee alignment was measured in 214 radiographs, within the age group 50-65 years. The mean of the angulations was found to be 173.190(±4.25). The mean of tibiofemroal angle in different grades of osteoarthritis was gr. 1(n=96) 175.530(±3.37), gr. 2(n=83)172.530(±3.59), gr.3(n=31) 167.930(±2.28), gr.4(n=4)166.920(±2.08).Varus-valgus prevalence being varus=197 (92.05%) valgus=17(7.94%). The prevalence of deformity and angulations is greater in females (173.54) as compared to males (172.74) Conclusion: In this study we can conclude that there is greater prevalence of varus deformity in osteoarthritis of knee and the amount of deformity tends to increase with an increase in the severity of osteoarthritis. The prevalence of deformity and angulations is greater in female as compared to male.

Use of ICT is changing the way health services are delivered. It also has tremendous role to play in strengthening management and monitoring of health services. Rajasthan is India’s geographically largest state and the state lags the country on most of the socio-economic & health related indicators. One of the key challenge faced in terms of ensuring proper functioning of health facilities was lack of proper monitoring and supportive supervision mechanism. The monitoring visits by district officials were few and also there was lack of mechanism to follow-up on the gaps identified during the visit. Hence, to strengthen the monitoring of primary health care facilities, facilitate data driven decision making and ensure timely solution of gaps identified, a mobile application along with accompanied website was developed. The mobile application was used by around 3000 officials for monitoring of more than 15,000 primary health facilities in the State. In a year, more than 70,000 visits were undertaken using this application and it has facilitated systematic collection of the data & provided facility for addressing the gaps & monitoring the improvement. It was a cost effective & efficient way for strengthening primary health care services and highlights tremendous potential of mobile in strengthening management of health services.

Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is an in heritedneurometabolic disease caused by deficiency of enzyme arylsulfatase A resulting in deficiency of sulfatide degradation. The responsible gene is arylsulfatase A(ARSA) gene. Sulfatide accumulation in myelin-producing cells causes progressive destruction of white matter (leukodystrophy) throughout the nervous system, including in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) and the nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to muscles and sensory cells that detect sensations such as touch, pain, heat, and sound (the peripheral nervous system). A pathological hallmark of MLD is demyelination and neurodegeneration. In people with metachromatic leukodystrophy, white matter damage causes progressive deterioration of intellectual functions and motor skills. We report a case of the lateinfantile MLD that was diagnosed by means of clinical history and typical MRI of brain findings.

It is seen that while treating fractures surgically using plating one of the challenge is to measure exact screw size to fix the fracture. Various modalities are being practiced like use of depth gauge, (Williams and Roaf, 1973) fluoroscopic guidance and clinical experience. Our study shows that among all methods used, there is one more method that we are using since 3 years (2014—2017) has much more reliability and also no need of any external appliance to depend upon. The method named by us as drill bit method proved to be very much reliable in assesessing exact screw length.

Molars and premolars are the most helpless teeth to caries assault. The high helplessness of these teeth to caries is straightforwardly identified with morphology of their occlusal surface that counteracts both concoction cleaning by salivation and mechanical cleaning by toothbrush. Pit and fissure are in this manner the most inclined ranges to caries and need extraordinary assurance to counteract carious sores. Fluoride is the main substance component utilized for caries anticipation. Truth be told, it supports the remineralisation of introductory injuries, keeps the generation of polysaccharides basic for the advancement and sustainment of bacterial plaque, and the retention of salivary glycoprotein. Fluoride additionally fortifies finish, making it less vulnerable to caries.

Background: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) has become the gold standard for treatment of benign Gall Bladder disease. Laparoscopy provides many benefits over conventional open procedures including faster recovery time, shorter hospital stay, less pain, and in some cases, fewer complications. Post Operative pain management has an important role in preventing the postoperative morbidity and its consequences. This study is designed to evaluate the effect of intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine with hydrocortisone in comparison to bupivacaine alone for pain relief following laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Aim and Objectives: To compare the effect of intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine with Hydrocortisone versus Bupivacaine alone for post-operative analgesia in laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Methods: This study includes Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy conducted in the department of General Surgery at the Sir Sayajirao General Hospital & Medical College Baroda during a period of 12 months from January 2015 to December 2015. The patients were randomized into two groups by envelop method. Assessment of the pain was done & its intensity was recorded on VAS (visual Analogue scale) after 0hrs, 6hrs, 12hrs & 24hrs of surgery. Results: Total 50 patients were studied. Each group contain 25 patients. Bupivacaine with hydrocortisone instillation shows significant reduction in VAS Score at 6hr, 12 hr and 24hr (2.40, 3.28 and 4.00) as compare to bupivacaine alone (3.24, 4.28 and 5.04) and it is statistically significant as p value is <0.05 (0.0039,0.0026 and 0.0046) While reduction in VAS Score at o hr (1.08 and 1.48) is not statistically significant as p value is > 0.05 (0.3950). Conclusion: Intraperitoneal preoperative pre-emptive instillation of hydrocortisone with bupivacaine in laparoscopic Cholecystectomy significantly reduce post operative pain at 6 hr, 12 hr and 24hr but not at 0 hr, in comparison to bupivacaine alone.

The purpose of the study is to follow the caries development for a two year period and to evaluate the dental sealants as a successful option in the treatment of occlusive cavities. Materials and Methods: Our study is experimental and is conducted on children 6-11 year old. We included 144 children, where 72 of them were the group of treatment with sealants and 72 were treated with composite. The caries lesions were checked with radiography every six months for a two year period. Results: The group treated with sealants with 72 children had 188 treated teeth and 100 untreated teeth, from which in treated children we noticed caries on 34 teeth and from 100 untreated teeth we noticed caries in 60 teeth. In the first group of children 32.7% of the children presented caries. In the second group of filling with composite 116 were filled with composite and 172 did not. In the subgroup of untreated children 74 children did not present caries. In the second group, the children treated with composite 25.7% presented caries and 79% of untreated children presented caries. Conclusions: We cannot conclude that sealant treatment is higher in number than composite treatment. In the future it is worthwhile to go further in this study, however, as the initial treatment for prophylaxis compared with non treatment; we can say that sealant treatment reduces by half the presence of caries.

Epidermoid cysts are among the rare benign tumors contributing to only 0.3% to 1.8% of all intracranial tumors. This tumour is located most commonly in the region of cerebellopontine angle cistern, the parasellar region, and diploic space being the rarest location. In this case report of a4yr old female child who had history of epidermal cyst located in left parietal bone for which she was operated twice and recurrence of the cyst occurred again with sinus tract formation between two layer of the skull. We present pre-operative and postoperative radiological presentation, clinic-pathological correlation and surgical outcome. During 8 months of follow-up, the patient remained in good condition without recurrence and complications.

Dental plaque is a structurally- and functionally-organized biofilm that is formed in an ordered way and has a diverse microbial composition that, in health, remains relatively stable over time (microbial homeostasis). The predominant species from diseased sites are different from those found in healthy sites, although the putative pathogens can often be detected in low numbers at normal sites. In dental plaque, there is a shift toward community dominance by acidogenic and acid tolerating species such as Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, although other species with relevant traits may be involved. Strategies to control plaque could include inhibition of biofilm initiation by various chemical and natural substances. In this study, various products both natural and commercial were used to evaluate its ability to control plaque formation. Essential oils such as Eugenol, Eucalyptus, Thyme, Peppermint, Cinnamon have been well known since centuries for their anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory properties and have been used to prevent and cure dental plaque formation. Along with traditional use of essential oils, recent trends of commercial mouth rinses such as Listerine, Colgate Plax, Chlorhexidine etc have also been used widely for prevention of dental plaque prevention. The diet we consume also plays a major role in the formation of dental plaque, different kinds of food that we consume daily contribute differently to plaque formation, previous reports suggest that cranberry juice, pomegranate juice have the ability to eradicate dental plaque. Hence in this study, the activity of pomegranate juice was also assessed for inhibition of plaque.

Objectives: The primary objective of our study is to evaluate the effect of Hemi Body Irradiation and Focal Radiotherapy with Zoledronate on pain management in patients with extensive bone metastases after completion of definitive treatment. The secondary objective is to evaluate the toxicities and Skeletal Related Events eg. fracture. Material and Methods: We have analyzed the difference in pain reduction comparing two groups of patients in a prospective non randomised study . The first group comprised of 10 patients treated with Hemibody Irradiation (HBI), the second one included 14 patients treated with focal radiotherapy and zoledronic acid, 4mg iv, 4 weekly (RT + ZA). In both groups single fraction radiation of 8Gy (UHBI = 6Gy) was given & followed up for 3 months .All patients were assessed before, during and after treatment with a questionnaire that rated the grade of pain, type of analgesic therapy and patient’s performance status. Response assessment was done using Visual analogue scale, percentage of pain relief and total score reduction on a scale of 0 - 20. Acute & chronic haematological and GI toxicities were assessed as per standard guidelines. Statistical analysis was done by Chi square test & Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Long term pain score & total score reduction was more in (RT + ZA) arm (P =0.002 & 0.001) with less toxicity (P=0.002) and SRE.(P=0.324) Conclusions Focal RT with ZA showed better result on long term pain management and may be preferred in cancer patients with longer median survival. As our sample size was small, study with larger sample size is warranted.

Clothing has always played a central role in the evolution of human culture by being at the forefront of both technological and artistic developments. A mosquito repellent helps prevent and control the outbreak of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever. Most plants contain compounds that they use in preventing attack from phytophagous insects. Thus, special products like mosquito repellents for combating mosquitoes are required. The present study was an endeavor in this direction, where attempt has been made to collect, the information on natural mosquito repellent and to standardize the research is mainly carried out for the development of anti mosquito finished cotton fabric using Marigold flower petals extract. A series of experiment were conducted to optimize the of Marigold flower petals, concentration of Marigold flower (Calendula offcinalis) petals extract, concentration of mordant and dyeing time on the basis of optical density and mosquito repellency test. After that padded and cured samples with Marigold flower petals were more methanol for different time and tested for wash durability and mosquito repellency test and its 95 percent mosquito repellency.

Background: Acute appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency and remains challenging diagnosis inspite of imaging techniques and acute inflammatory markers (TLC, Neutrophils). Aims: The aim of the study is to prove the significance of inflammatory markers (TLC and Neutrophil Count) and correlation with histopathology in diagnosing acute appendicitis. Secondly to interpret how these investigations can be used effectively to improve the diagnosis, decision making and hence reduce negative appendicectomies. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in the department of pathology and surgery. The clinical history of all the patients was taken. There was no gender discrimination and the age group included 15-50yrs. The clinical details diagnosing acute appendicitis with inflammatory markers (TLC, Neutrophil count) was correlated with histopathology sections of appendicectomies. Results: In the present study Out of 250 patients, 182 were males and 68 were females with male to female ratio were 3.1: 1.70% of acute appendicitis were in the 2nd & 3rd decade and frequent symptom was pain in the right iliac fossa, with tenderness. Total Leukocyte Count was > 11000/mm3 in 63% of patients and < 11000/mm3 in 37% patients. Neutrophil Count was > 75% in 56% and < 75% in 44% of patients. Conclusions: Simple laboratory investigations of Total Leucocyte Count and Neutrophil Count effectively improve the decision making of acute appendicitis and hence reduce negative appendicectomies.

Parkinson's disease is related to the aggregation of α-synuclein but the effect of single-point mutations (A53T, E46K and A30P) on the early events of aggregation remains elusive. The effect of structural heterogeneity of α-synuclein mutants in promoting the dimerization is critical. From the conformational dynamics of monomers of α-synuclein (WT and mutants), we noticed mutants to display beta structures and more intra-molecular contacts. We also studied inter-molecular interactions promoting the dimerization. We observed lesser number of inter-molecular interactions in the homo-dimer of WT than the mutants. The interactions demonstrated here may be used to design potential inhibitors to inhibit dimerization.

Fruits make important diet for human beings. The high concentration of various sugars, minerals, vitamins and amino acids also provide a good platform for the successful growth and survival of various parasitic and saprophytic forms of fungi. Fruits are highly perishable and maintain an active metabolism during the storage phase. During post harvest period diseases can affect the quality of fruits. Post harvest deterioration of fruits may take place in any stages. Penicillium is a diverse genus occurring worldwide and its species play important roles as decomposers of organic materials and cause destructive rolls in the food industry where they produce a wide range of mycotoxins. Other species are considered enzyme factories or are common indoor air allergens. In the present study, an investigation was carried out to study the Penicillium sps. from Citrus fruits. Samples were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 26± 20C. Resulting growth screened microscopically for Penicillium sps. Twenty eight different isolates belonging to 6 species was isolated and identified from lemon, orange and citrus fruits. Penicillium camemberti, P. italicum, P. expansum, P. digitatum, P. glaucum and P. citrinum were isolated from all the citrus fruits.

In this study an experiment is conducted to determine the properties of M40 concrete such as compressive strength, split tensile strength etc. after which a chemical called aluminium powder is introduced to enhance these properties. This powder is used in different percentages in the concrete. Khangar, a coarse aggregate is also used in making of concrete. Impact test is performed to determine the exact percentage of khangar to be used. Casting of cubes and cylinders of the concrete with Aluminium powder and Khangar individually is performed to determine the above mentioned properties. A mixture of aluminium powder, khangar and super plasticizer which is an admixture is also used to cast cube and cylinder. Finally, it leads to the conclusion that addition of aluminium powder individually results in enhancement of the properties of M40 concrete while the addition of khangar individually and the mixture of aluminium powder plus khangar results in depreciation of the properties of M40 concrete.

The main objective of this work is to analyse the situation and behavior of M30 grade concrete with proportion 1:1.6:2.6 with 0.45 w/c. Here cement is partially replaced by 5%, 10%, 15% of alccofine by weight of cement also addition of coir fibre in percentage of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% by weight of cement is used to produce M30 grade concrete. Aspect ratio (l/d) of coir fibre used is 125. Compression strength test, flexural strength test and split tensile strength tests are conducted according to guidelines of BIS. The tests were compared with the normal concrete. Due to addition of coir fibre and alccofine compression strength, tensile strength, and flexural strengths are increased. The high results were obtained at a percentage of 10% of alccofine with 1% of coir fibre.

In order to obtain the optimization of a given experiment, we need to carry out a triage, using either full or fractional factorial planning. These are statistical procedures that seek to minimize the work required. This eliminates the variables called factors, which are not significant in the experiment. Factorial planning basically consists of carrying out a survey of the factors of the proposed experiment and evaluating the effects they exert on each other and on the final result. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) consists of a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques based on the fit of a polynomial equation to the experimental data, which should describe the behavior of a dataset in order to make statistical predictions. The objective of the present work is to synthesize the theoretical and practical knowledge of the methodology of Factorial Planning and RSM as statistical tools for evaluation and optimization of parameters involved in an experimental scientific research project.

Water of good quality is essential to human life and water of acceptable quality is essential for agricultural, industrial, domestic and commercial uses. Industries produces large amount of wastewater which is needs to be treated before dispose of. The presence of Phosphate in aquatic environment has a direct threat on public health.Wastewater contains phosphate which causes eutrofication. Adsorption is the process of accumulating substances that are in solution on a suitable surface. The carbon is used to remove a portion of the remaining dissolved organic matter, residual amounts of inorganic compounds such as nitrogen, sulfides and heavy metals. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), has large growth rate in wastewater due to nutrients present in it causes its extremely rapid proliferation and congest growth, presenting serious challenges in navigation, irrigation, and power generation. However, the same plant having ability to absorb and concentrate many toxic metals from aquatic environments. This experiment used water hyacinth as a activated carbon for the removal of phosphate from the wastewater in Pune region. This project work has been patented.

This papers present a floor layout optimization system with Genetic algorithms. Efficient market floor layour management is required for better customes satisfaction and increased visibility of the product. It can be achieved through propoer allocation of the shelves on shop floor. The paper also compares the results for layout optimization for different sizes with the on varying population size.

As the field of sustainable design grows and matures, the relevance of acoustics in architecture is paramount, generally subjected to attributes of human comfort and sustainability. With the general faith being instated into the saying, “Quality is more important than Quantity of any built space”, noise abatement is the major issues of sustainable design of built environment focussing the same; because one of the criteria for establishment of indoor and outdoor spaces of good quality is the abatement of noise pollution. Due to bad planning and fastest growth of the city, noise exposure is also rising in the developing countries. But still, acoustics are an aspect of design that has been scarcely ever discussed when the design works well, but they can be a major source of annoyance or worse when there are problems. Since, acoustic comfort is paramount in all kind of environment we live, in that, the major concerns remain to be the low cost and sustainable acoustic design which is influenced by its materials. Poor acoustical conditions can cause unhealthy environment while good acoustics increase the overall comfort level of a space. The aim of this research paper is to present the various essential aspects & attributes of sustainable materials which can be used in the acoustical treatment, with the brief description of the types of materials which absorb and reflect sound, low carbon and natural materials for acoustic treatment with varieties of low-cost materials and also methods to compare the amount of sound insulation from different materials.

The external energy supply to the sun is overwhelmingly obvious even before space probes (Voyagers and IBEX) have detected it. The sunspot cycle, the surface temperature, the reverse temperature gradient and the existence of the corona in itself, are some of the outstanding evidence that point to the external energy supply that our star receives. In fact, all the basic features of the Sun are in complete disagreements (or in direct contradictions) with the concepts of the Standard Solar Model (SSM). In physical reality our star is not an isolated celestial body, but rather it is linked permanently to the Universe- not only to our galaxy-since magnetic fields are permanently present in the building blocks of matter. Furthermore, the Sun-like all stars- is not a self-sufficient entity, but it is externally powered by inducing current from high energy particles (cosmic rays). And yes, its radiated energy is the result of nuclear fusion, except that this nuclear fusion is a consequence of another primary process. In other words, the process of nuclear fusion-not thermonuclear fusion- is generated in the sun as a result of interactions between the sun's layers and the external energy source which is transported by complex galactic magnetic fields. More importantly, the sun converts energy to mass, not the other way around. Nonetheless, those theoretical physicists who established and developed the concepts of the SSM had simplified it by ignoring the roles of magnetic fields and rotation. They assumed that the sun is spherically symmetric and neutral object. Based on real solar physics, the Sun is an overall positively charged celestial object, where interaction of magnetic fields and rotation have the dominant roles on the solar surface, over the corona and in the solar interior. In addition to that, the physical mechanism of the Heliosphere is completely governed by magnetic fields interactions. Nevertheless, the high energy cosmic particles that power the sun are modulated by the Heliospheric Current Sheet (HCS) and the Solar Polar Fields (SPF). The increasing phase of the external energy supply is during solar minimum while the decreasing one is during solar maximum.

This paper is an attempt to explore the significance of tourism economy for the development of India. Tourism is the integral part of Indian culture and tradition. Tourism industry is the vigorous triennial action and a multibillion industry in India. The potential and performance of Indian tourism industry needs an indicator in terms of its economic magnitudes. It also consider the effects of tourism economic growth in India, major players to the economic growth, Role of Indian tourism industry in GDP, contribution of Indian tourism industry in foreign exchange, FDI and employment generation. Tourism is the world’s largest and fast growing labour intensive industry in the nation with gigantic potentials for its further expansion and diversification. Tourism as a service industry plays a pivotal role for the nation’s economic development. While tourism is no universal elixir, the development of tourism can play a much more significant role in the future than it does at present. Analysis of the economic effects of tourism based on a comparison of the nation’s shows that mobilising the demand and supply chain for tourism services has extremely beneficial effects on employment and the current balance of payments. The nations have a major responsibility to promote the economic role of tourism, towards both themselves and the entire international community, especially to under develop and developing countries.

Coastal environment plays a vital role in a nation’s economy by virtue of their resources, productive habitats and rich biodiversity. The coastal belt is about 14km length from the Orissa border to Jaldha mouja, situated in the district of Purba Medinipur of West Bengal, India, and it is well known as Digha coast. The coast is doubly vulnerable today on one hand, it is facing unprecedented pressures because of tourism and urban development; on the other hand, it is threatened by climate change related devastation from growing intensities of cyclonic storms to sea surges and eventual sea level rise. Frequent embankment failures, submergence and flooding, beach erosion and siltation at jetties and navigational channels, cyclones and storm surges are all making this area increasingly vulnerable. The present paper attempts to highlight the various coastal issues of Digha coast, West Bengal.

The Campania Region is the second Italian, on a par with Tuscany and Veneto, by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The recognized world cultural heritage sites in Campania are: the Royal Palace of Caserta with the Park, the Carolino Aqueduct and the complex of San Leucio and the monumental complex of Santa Sofia in Benevento, the historic center of Naples, the archaeological areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata and the Amalfi Coast, the National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano with the archaeological site of Paestum and Velia, Roscigno Vecchia and the Charterhouse of Padula. This narration is part of a wider research on the theme of World Heritage Sites in the Campania region and the relationship between cultural and natural aspects, including architecture and the environment. Italy is the country to hold the largest number of sites included in the list of World Heritage Sites (49 sites), followed by China (45 sites) and Spain (44 sites).

Polysaccharides produced by microorganisms are utilized for a variety of purposes, including the use in cosmetics and as food additives. More recently, polysaccharides have been exploited by the medical and pharmaceutical industries. The production and synthesis of these compounds is costly and time consuming. In the present work isolation of Aureobasidium pullulan was done from soil sample. The production of pullulan was done by using complex nitrogen medium with different concentration of soyabean oil. Pullulan yield was determined and optimum soyabean oil concentration in the growth medium for pullulan production was determined